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| 有机物料还田对夏玉米田土壤氮素形态、转化及利用的影响 |
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陈琳,杜海伦,刘晴,李腾,张学鹏,李金娜,陈兴琼,隋鹏,刘瑾,陈源泉
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中国农业大学 农学院, 北京 100193
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| 摘要: |
| 为探究不同有机物料还田对土壤氮素转化与利用的影响，通过田间定位试验，在夏玉米季不同生育时期以无机肥(CF)为对照，测定秸秆(ST)、猪粪(PM)和沼渣(BR)3种有机物料等氮量还田处理的土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮以及微生物量氮以及玉米产量等指标，并通过室内培养测定不同物料还田的土壤净氮矿化速率。结果表明:从对土壤总量影响来看，添加3种有机物料均能不同程度地增加土壤全氮含量，成熟期PM、BR和ST处理分别比CF提高16.62%、9.14%和8.60%。从氮素形态来看，PM处理可以提高土壤硝态氮含量，在玉米扬花期和成熟期分别提高37.05%和75.86%；BR处理可以提高土壤铵态氮含量，在整个玉米生育期土壤铵态氮提高16.83%。3种有机物料还田均可提高土壤微生物量氮，ST、PM和BR分别比CF高出15.76%、14.84%和17.85%。从不同有机物料还田的土壤氮矿化速率来看，PM和BR处理可显著提高土壤氮矿化速率，分别比CF高出33.53%和12.93%，ST处理的土壤氮矿化速率最低(0.03~1.06 mg/(kg·d))。就产量与氮肥吸收而言，PM处理玉米产量比ST处理提高8.10%，PM和BR处理氮肥吸收效率均显著高于CF和ST处理。3种有机物料还田均可提高土壤全氮水平，但在土壤氮素形态和氮矿化速率上有差异。在3种有机物料处理中，沼渣处理最有利于增加土壤无机氮含量，猪粪处理对于促进土壤氮矿化效果最佳，秸秆则显著减弱了土壤中氮的矿化速率。综上，猪粪和沼渣还田在提高土壤供氮能力、促进氮矿化与促进氮肥吸收上均显著优于秸秆，猪粪还田有利于提高玉米产量。 |
| 关键词: 秸秆还田 猪粪还田 沼渣还田 氮形态 氮矿化 |
| DOI：10.11841/j.issn.1007-4333.2022.07.01 |
| 分类号: |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金(31571595) |
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| Effects of organic materials returning on the form, transformation and utilization of soil nitrogen in summer maize field |
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CHEN Lin,DU Hailun,LIU Qing,LI Teng,ZHANG Xuepeng,LI Jinna,CHEN Xingqiong,SUI Peng,LIU Jin,CHEN Yuanquan
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College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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| Abstract: |
| To explore the effects of different organic materials returning to the field on soil nitrogen conversion and utilization, a field positioning experiment was conducted with chemical fertilizer(CF)as the control at different growth stages of summer maize season. The changes of soil total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, microbial biomass nitrogen and maize yield after straw(ST), pig manure(PM)and biogas residue(BR)returning to the field were investigated. The net mineralization rate of soil nitrogen was measured by indoor culturing. The results showed that: Applying three kinds of organic materials could increase soil total nitrogen content in different degrees, and the soil total nitrogen contents in PM, BR and ST treatments were 16. 62%, 9. 14% and 8. 60% higher than CF treatments at maturity stage, respectively. In terms of the nitrogen form, PM treatment could increase soil nitrate nitrogen content by 37. 05% and 75. 86% at flowering stage and maturity stage, respectively. BR treatment could increase soil ammonium nitrogen content, which increased by 16. 83% in the whole maize growth period. All the three kinds of organic materials increased the soil microbial biomass nitrogen, and they were 15. 76%, 14. 84% and 17. 85% higher in ST, PM and BR treatments than in CF treatment on average. In terms of soil nitrogen mineralization rate of different organic materials returning to the field, PM and BR treatments significantly increased the soil nitrogen mineralization rate, which was 33. 53% and 12. 93% higher than that in CF, respectively. ST treatment had the lowest soil nitrogen mineralization rate(0. 03-1. 06 mg/(kg·d)). In terms of yield and N uptake, the yield of maize of PM treatment increased by 8. 10% compared with ST treatment, and N uptake efficiency of both PM and BR was significantly higher than that of CF and ST. Returning of the three kinds of organic materials to the field all increased soil total nitrogen level, but there were differences in soil nitrogen form and nitrogen mineralization rate. Among the three organic treatments, biogas residue treatment was the most beneficial for increasing soil mineral nitrogen content, pig manure treatment was the best for promoting soil nitrogen mineralization, and straw significantly reduced soil nitrogen mineralization. In conclusion, returning pig manure and biogas residue to the field was superior to straw in improving soil nitrogen supply capacity, promoting nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen uptake, and pig manure returning to the field was beneficial to improve maize yield. |
| Key words: straw returning pig manure returning biogas residue returning nitrogen form nitrogen mineralization |
