| 氮肥和品种及种植密度对春玉米机械化收获性状及产量的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 杨泽宇,吕慎强,李嘉,李惠通,王筱斐,王林权.氮肥和品种及种植密度对春玉米机械化收获性状及产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2023,39(18):41-50. |
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| 作者姓名： | 杨泽宇 吕慎强 李嘉 李惠通 王筱斐 王林权 |
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| 作者单位： | 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院, 杨凌 712100 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201503124） |
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| 摘 要： | 机械化收获是提高农业生产效率的重要措施，但机械化收获受倒伏、籽粒脱水特性和收获籽粒含水率等的影响。为探讨春玉米形态结构与抗倒伏性之间的关系、籽粒脱水进程和收获籽粒含水率对品种、施氮量和种植密度的响应，该研究以先玉335和陕单609为试验材料，设置0、180和225 kg/hm2 三个氮肥水平、6.5×104和8.5×104 株/hm2 两个种植密度，通过2 a大田试验研究品种、种植密度和氮肥对株高、茎粗、穗位系数、抗折强度、弯曲力矩、倒伏系数、灌浆末期籽粒脱水速率、收获籽粒含水率、产量和生物量等的影响。结果表明：不施氮条件下，株高和茎粗对倒伏系数影响较大；施氮条件下，倒伏系数主要受弯曲力矩、抗折强度和株高影响。施氮显著降低陕单609的倒伏系数（P<0.05），施氮处理下陕单609的株高和茎粗较不施氮处理分别增加8%～21%和26%～45%，抗折强度和弯曲力矩分别增加157%～277%和72%～114%，倒伏系数降低30%～47%。施氮可降低籽粒脱水速率，推迟脱水进程，显著增加收获籽粒含水率（P<0.05）。施氮处理籽粒含水率较不施氮处理提高7%～9%。高密度处理收获籽粒含水率比低密度处理低3%（P<0.05）。先玉335的籽粒脱水速率快，收获籽粒含水率比陕单609低7%（P<0.05）。与不施氮处理相比，施氮处理产量和生物量分别显著提高92%和63%（P<0.05）。与低密度处理相比，高密度处理产量显著增加12%（P<0.05）。综上所述，春玉米的倒伏性、灌浆后期籽粒脱水速率及收获籽粒含水率受品种特性影响，也受施肥、栽培措施和气候条件的显著影响。选育籽粒脱水快的品种、适当增加种植密度并合理统筹氮肥施用量可以提高春玉米机械化收获适宜性。
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| 关 键 词： | 机械化 氮肥 玉米 种植密度 倒伏指数 籽粒含水率 收获 |
| 收稿时间： | 2023/3/21 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2023/4/10 0:00:00 |
Effects of nitrogen, variety and planting density on the mechanized harvest characters and yield of spring maize |
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| YANG Zeyu,LYU Shenqiang,LI Ji,LI Huitong,WANG Xiaofei,WANG Linquan.Effects of nitrogen, variety and planting density on the mechanized harvest characters and yield of spring maize[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2023,39(18):41-50. |
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| Authors: | YANG Zeyu LYU Shenqiang LI Ji LI Huitong WANG Xiaofei WANG Linquan |
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| Affiliation: | College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China |
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| Abstract: | Mechanized harvesting has been one of the vital measures to improve the efficiency of agricultural production. The popularization of mechanized harvesting can also be confined to the lodging resistance and grain moisture content. Particularly, it is difficult to realize the mechanized harvest of tall crops (such as maize), due to the large-area lodging and high grain moisture. Previous studies were focused mainly on harvesting machinery and breeding new varieties. However it is still lacking in the agronomic measures. There is a high demand to combine agricultural machinery and agronomy practices during maize harvesting. This study aims to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) application rate, variety, and planting density on the lodging resistance and grain moisture content of spring maize. The field experiment was performed on the Loess Plateau in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, from 2019 to 2020. Xianyu335 and Shaandan609 were also used as the test varieties. Three rates of nitrogen application were set as 0, 180, and 225 kg/hm2, and two planting densities were 6.5×104 and 8.5×104 plants/hm2. A series of parameters were assessed via field experiments, including the plant height, stem diameter, bending moment, bending strength, lodging index, grain dehydration rate at the end of the filling stage, grain moisture content at harvest, grain and biomass yield. The results showed that the lodging was only affected by the N application. The lodging index was significantly affected by the plant height and stem diameter without the N, whereas, the lodging index was closely related to the bending moment, bending strength, and plant height with the N (P<0.05). The N application enhanced the stem diameter and bending strength for a better lodging index of maize, indicating the different response of the lodging index of maize varieties to N. Specifically, the plant height and stem diameter of Xianyu335 increased by 13%-31% and 28%-38%, respectively, whereas, the bending strength and bending moment increased by 153%-203% and 133%-203%, respectively, under N treatment, compared with the without N. At the same time, the plant height and stem diameter of Shanndan609 increased by 8%-21% and 26%-45%, respectively, whereas, the bending strength and bending moment increased by 157%-277% and 72%-114%, respectively, under N treatment, compared with the without N. The stem diameter and bending strength of Shanndan609 increased more than that of Xianyu335, but the plant height and bending strength increased less than that of Xianyu335. N significantly decreased the lodging index of Shanndan609 (P<0.05), but there was no effect on Xianyu335. The lodging index of Shanndan609 decreased by 30%-47% under N treatment, compared with the without N. The grain moisture content was affected by N application rate, variety and planting density. N application decreased the grain dehydration rate and delayed the ripening, thus significantly increasing the grain''s moisture content by 7%-9% at harvest (P<0.05), compared with the without N treatment. There was a delay of 10 d in the grain moisture content for the requirement of mechanized harvest, while the grain ripening was delayed by 4 d, due mainly to the nitrogen application. Compared with the lower density, the higher density treatment improved the grain dehydration rate at the end of the filling stage, where the grain moisture content decreased by 3%. In addition, the grain moisture content at the high density reached the requirement of mechanized harvest 10 d in advance. The grain moisture content of Xianyu335 was lower than that of Shaandan609 by 7% at harvest. Furthermore, the grain moisture content of Xianyu335 reached the requirement of mechanized harvest about 10 d earlier than that of Shanndan609. The yield and biomass of N treatment significantly increased by 92% and 63%, respectively, compared with the without N treatment (P<0.05). Furthermore, the higher-density treatment significantly increased the yield by 12% (P<0.05), compared with the lower density. Consequently, the lodging index, the grain dehydration rate at the late filling stage, and the grain moisture content of maize were significantly controlled by the variety, nitrogen, cultivation practices and climatic conditions. The varieties with fast grain dehydration, the optimal application of N fertilizer, and the high planting density can be expected to improve the suitability of spring maize for the mechanized harvest. |
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| Keywords: | mechanized nitrogen maize planting density lodging index grain moisture content harvest |
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