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1.
A pot experiment with wheat plants was carried out to study how late application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer affects the use of pre‐anthesis N reserves during the grain‐filling period. Increasing doses of N fertilizer were applied (0, 40, and 52 mg N plant–1), either in two amendments (growth stages GS20 and GS30, according to Zadoks scale) or in three amendments (GS20, GS30, and GS37). The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized three‐block design with 129 plants per treatment. The plants were watered daily, harvested every 2 d between anthesis and maturity, and were separated into roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, and ears for further N determination. Grain N concentration improved due to a late N application in GS37 by 14% (higher N dose) and by 7% (further splitting the same N‐fertilizer dose, respectively). The higher the N‐fertilizer dose applied, the greater was the amount of pre‐anthesis reserves in vegetative organs, these reserves became later available for remobilization. Although splitting the same N dose in three amendments did not increase the N reserves, these reserves were more efficiently remobilized allowing an improvement in grain N concentration. The fertilizer management did not change the temporary pattern of N accumulation in the ear, but did induce a change in the amount of N remobilized and in the contribution of each organ (root, leaf sheath, leaf blade) to this remobilization. Late N amendment allowed a greater N availability of leaf blades and ear N reserves (from 20% up to 26% and from 19% up to 22%, respectively) for remobilization towards the grain, decreasing the root contribution from 28% down to 15%, while the contribution of leaf sheaths was maintained around 35% irrespective of the N applied.  相似文献   

2.
The proportion of straw and grain as well as of nitrogen (N) in the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant was greatly changed by the distribution of rain in the pre‐ and post‐anthesis periods and by the existence of air temperatures above 30°C during grain filling along with N fertilizer rate. The response of barley to N rates of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg N/ha was studied over a three‐year period. Adequate rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period, little rain in the post‐anthesis period, and air temperatures above 30°C during the hard dough stage of the grain development, produced high N translocation to the grain as well as a positive response on grain yield and N content in the grain up to a fertilizer rate of 118 N kg/ha. Above this rate, grain yield decreased, while the N content in grain continued to increase. Optimum moisture conditions during the pre‐ and post‐anthesis periods, and mild temperatures during the grain filling period, produced a good grain yield response to N fertilizer rate, increases up to 131 kg N/ha without varying the N content in grain. The N translocation efficiency was somewhat lower than low rainfall in the post‐anthesis period. Low rainfall in the pre‐anthesis period and air temperatures above 30°C in the early milk stage of the grain made grain filling difficult, even when the rainfall was sufficient in the post‐anthesis period. Hence under these conditions, N fertilizer rate did not increase the grain yield, but the N content and the N‐translocation efficiency decreased with increasing N fertilizer rates.  相似文献   

3.
To investigate the genotypic differences of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and remobilization as well as the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf during grain filling under water-limited conditions, nine winter wheat cultivars were planted under two irrigation treatments including W0 (no irrigation applied during spring) and W2 (1500 m3 ha?1 applied 50% at stem elongation and 50% at anthesis). Results showed that cultivar and irrigation significantly affected the accumulation and remobilization of DM and N as well as the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf. No irrigation in spring on average decreased the photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, accelerated leaf senescence, and consequently decreased the accumulation of DM and N, but increased the ear distribution ratio and the remobilization and contribution of DM and N in leaf and stem to grain. Maintaining high photosynthetic activity and promoting DM and N distribution in ear and the remobilization of DM and N in leaf and stem may lead to higher grain filling rate and lower yield loss under water-limited conditions in North China Plain.  相似文献   

4.
为阐明黄淮海平原滴灌条件下施氮对不同高产冬小麦品种的调控机理,明确高产高效优质的施氮方式,以高产品种济麦22和烟农1212为试材,于2018—2020年2年间在大田滴灌条件下设置0,150,210,270 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平(济麦22用J0、J1、J2、J3;烟农1212用Y0、Y1、Y2、Y3),研究不同施氮量对滴灌冬小麦光合生理特性、籽粒灌浆特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施氮可显著提高冬小麦上三叶的SPAD值,适量施氮显著提高了灌浆中后期的SPAD值和旗叶净光合速率(Pn),小麦旗叶SOD活性呈现单峰曲线的变化规律,各施氮处理的SOD活性均在花后14天达到最大值,N0处理的SOD活性在花后7天达到最大值,N2施氮水平下,2品种灌浆中后期旗叶SOD活性均最高。适量施氮能降低生育后期叶片膜脂过氧化程度,降低叶片MDA含量,使叶片功能期延长,从而提高生育后期的光合性能。随着施氮量的提高,2个品种的籽粒灌浆速率和最大理论千粒重均先增高后降低,不施氮处理下的Tm较各个施氮处理相对提前,济麦22的最大灌浆速率、最大理论千粒重在N1处理下最大,烟农1212则在N2处理下最高,2个品种的产量均随施氮量的增加而先增加后降低,且均在N2处理处最大,在N0、N1水平下,济麦22的产量高于烟农1212,在N2、N3水平下济麦22的产量低于烟农1212,说明烟农1212对氮肥较敏感,在高肥水条件下有更高的产量潜力,而济麦22有较强的氮肥适应性,在中低肥条件下表现更优。施氮对2个品种产量构成因素的调控存在差异,济麦22产量的提高主要依靠穗数、穗粒数,而烟农1212产量的提高则是依靠穗数、穗粒数、千粒重的协同作用。施氮显著提高2个品种的蛋白、湿面筋和沉降值,2个品种受氮素的调控效应不同,烟农1212的品质在0~150 kg/hm2随着施氮量的提高而提高,而济麦22则是在0~210 kg/hm2范围内随着施氮量的提高而提高。在试验条件下,滴灌分次施肥210 kg/hm2时,济麦22和烟农1212的光合特性、酶活性、灌浆特性、产量和品质均优于其他处理,是最优施氮量。  相似文献   

5.
Late application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers at heading or anthesis is usually performed to produce wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with high bread‐making quality. However, increasing energy costs and ecological problems due to N losses call for efficient and simplified N fertilization strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of late N fertilization on grain protein quality and thus baking quality and to evaluate if similar wheat quality can be maintained without late N application. Field experiments with two winter wheat cultivars differing in quality groups were conducted. The fertilization treatments comprised a rate of 220 kg N ha?1 applied in two or three doses (referred to as split N application), and 260 kg N ha?1 applied in four doses (additional late N fertilization) with different N fertilizer types. The results show that although split N application had no effect on grain protein concentration (GPC), it affected N partitioning in the grain, increasing mainly the concentration and proportion of the glutenin fraction. As a result, baking quality was improved by split N application. Late N fertilization enhanced GPC and the relative abundance of certain high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS). However, it had no effect on N partitioning in the grain and did not further improve baking quality. No obvious differences were found between N fertilizer types on grain yield and quality. The N fertilization effect was more pronounced on the wheat cultivar whose baking quality was more dependent on protein concentration. In evaluating baking quality of wheat flour, gliadin and glutenin proportions were better correlated with loaf volume than the overall protein concentration.  相似文献   

6.
Dry-matter transportation and redistribution is an important factor influencing grain weight during the grain filling period. This study, carried out over two consecutive winter wheat growth seasons (2010/2011 and 2011/2012), examined how dry-matter partitioning across segments of the wheat internode during grain filling period is influenced by fertilizer and tillage treatments. The contributions of current assimilates and remobilization of dry matter to final grain weight were calculated. To precisely illustrate the changes in dry matter during the grain filling period, the whole wheat stem was divided into two parts, the top three part and bottom two part. The former included three segments: the exposed part of the uppermost internode (EXUI), the enclosed part of the uppermost internode (ENUI), and the penultimate internode (PI). The latter included two segments: the lower internode (ERI) and the lowest internode (ESTI). During postanthesis, two different phases characterized by different rates of dry-matter accumulation could be distinguished. The first phase was the dry-matter accumulation; the second phase was mobilization to grains. The bottom two parts contributed more dry matter during pre-anthesis to the final grain; on the other hand, the top three parts contributed more dry matter to the final grain during postanthesis. On average, for the bottom two parts, the ERI segment had the greatest contribution of pre-anthesis dry matter to grain weight (CRAP) (3.68% in 2010/2011 and 5.31% in 2011/2012 growth seasons). For the top three parts, the EXUI segment had the greatest contribution of postanthesis photosynthetic assimilate to grain weight (CAPA) (99.71% in 2010/2011 and 99.08% in 2011/2012 growth season). The top three parts achieved maximum dry weight at 15 days after anthesis (daa), 5 days earlier than the bottom two parts. The heavy rainfall in the late grain filling period of 2011/2012 growth season inhibited postanthesis dry mobilization, and to maintain the grain filling requirements, more dry matter stored during pre-anthesis was redistributed. The present results suggest that rainfall occurring late in the grain filling period may have adverse impact on postanthesis accumulation. To avoid this phenomenon, early sowing with plastic film cover and split nitrogen application may be recommended. Fertilizing with 195 kg hm?2 (120 + 75) N plus 45000 kg hm?2 of ox manure and 120 kg hm?2 phosphate with wheat straw retention during the summer fallow period under conservation minimum tillage produced the greatest stem dry matter at anthesis.  相似文献   

7.
在大田试验条件下,采用15N示踪法,设置不遮光(T0)、开花后1～10d遮光(T1)、开花后11～20 d遮光(T2)和开花后21～30 d遮光(T3)4个处理,每个处理设置15N尿素作底肥+普通尿素作追肥和普通尿素作底肥+ 15N尿素作追肥两个15N示踪的微区,研究灌浆期弱光条件下不同穗型小麦品种对不同来源氮素的吸收、分配、转运和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明,灌浆期不同阶段遮光均不利于植株对氮素的吸收、积累和转运,品种间表现一致,呈T0 ＞T3 ＞T2 ＞T1规律;小麦植株吸收的氮素68.0 ％～71.39％来自土壤氮,对追施氮的吸收量大于底施氮,灌浆期遮光增加了土壤氮素在营养器官的分配比例,不利于营养器官中土壤氮素向籽粒中的转运;各处理籽粒产量、肥料氮吸收量、氮肥利用率和肥料偏生产力均表现为T0 ＞T3＞ T2 ＞T1.相同处理条件下,济麦22籽粒产量和对肥料的利用大于山农8355.小麦灌浆期阶段性遮光降低了植株对氮素的吸收、转运和籽粒产量,以灌浆前期遮光影响最大,中期次之,后期最小;相同遮光条件下济麦22的籽粒产量和氮素利用率较高.  相似文献   

8.
通过田间试验研究了旱地不同栽培模式和施肥方法下冬小麦氮素吸收运转的特点。结果表明,与平作相比,垄沟栽培明显降低了开花期地上部分的氮素累积量,但显著增加了成熟期地上部分和子粒的氮素累积量;垄上覆膜有增加开花和成熟期地上部及子粒氮素累积的作用。从花后氮素转运与吸收情况看,垄沟栽培花后累积氮量及其对子粒的贡献率显著高于平作,但其转运氮贡献率显著低于平作;垄上覆膜有较高的氮素转运量和花后累积量。垄下施肥地上部和子粒的氮素累积量比常规施肥分别高1.47和1.75.mg/stem,差异达显著水平。  相似文献   

9.
In many regions, drought during flowering and grain‐filling inhibits micronutrient acquisition by roots resulting in yield losses and low micronutrient concentrations in cereal grains. A field and a greenhouse experiment were conducted to study the effect of foliar applications of zinc (Zn), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) at late growth stages of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown with or without drought stress from booting to maturity. Foliar applications of Zn, B, and Mn did not affect grain yield in the absence of drought. However, under drought, foliar application of Zn and B in the field increased grain yield (15% and 19%, respectively) as well as raising grain Zn and B concentration, while Zn and Mn sprays in the greenhouse increased grain yield (13% and 10%, respectively), and also increased grain Zn and Mn concentrations. Furthermore, under drought stress both in the field and greenhouse experiment the rate of photosynthesis, pollen viability, number of fertile spikes, number of grains per spike, and particularly water‐use efficiency (WUE) were increased by late foliar application of micronutrients. These results indicate that by increasing WUE foliar application of Zn, B, and Mn at booting to anthesis can reduce the harmful effects of drought stress that often occur during the late stages of winter wheat production. These findings therefore are of high relevance for farmers' practice, the extension service, and fertilizer industry.  相似文献   

10.
在池栽条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤相对含水量对小麦氮代谢特性和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,在同一施氮量下,旗叶和子粒硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性表现为花后土壤相对含水量（Soil relative water content , SRWC）以60%～70%最高,过低（40%～50%）或过高(80%～90%)均降低NR和GS活性。旗叶蛋白酶活性随土壤相对含水量增加而降低;花后土壤相对含水量过低不利于叶片游离氨基酸含量的提高,过高则前期氨基酸合成少,后期向子粒转运不彻底。子粒游离氨基酸和蛋白质含量也随土壤相对含水量增加而降低;子粒蛋白质积累量以花后土壤相对含水量为60%～70% 时最高,过高和过低均不利于子粒蛋白质积累。在同一土壤含水量下,旗叶和子粒NR和GS活性表现为随着施氮量的增加而升高,蛋白酶活性随着施氮量增加而降低;旗叶和子粒游离氨基酸含量、子粒蛋白质含量和积累量随施氮量增加而提高,但施氮量过多,蛋白质积累量增加幅度减小。试验表明,小麦生产中可以通过施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量技术,调节植株氮代谢,提高子粒蛋白质含量。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

An upland rice variety IAC‐47 was grown in a greenhouse to determine the effect of foliar nitrogen (N) supplementation during grain development on the activity of the N assimilation enzymes, nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS), on free amino‐N content and leaf soluble sugars, and on grain crude protein content. At 10 and 20 days after anthesis (DAA), the leaves were fertilized with a liquid fertilizer containing 32% N as 12.8% urea, 9.6% ammonium (NH4), and 9.6% nitrate (NO3) in increasing rates corresponding to 0,20+20, 40+40, and 60+60 kg N ha‐1. Leaves were collected twice (at 12 DAA and 14 DAA for GS activity, sugar and amino‐N content, and at 11 and 13 DAA for NRA) after each application of leaf N. The late foliar application of N increased significantly grain crude protein without a corresponding decrease in grain weight. The NR activity (NRA) increased after the foliar application of N. In the flag leaf, 60+60 kg N ha‐1 (21 DAA) resulted in higher NRA (20x over the control), while GS activity was smaller than the control. At 22 DAA there was an increase in GS activity in the flag leaf at 20+20 N level. However, the GS activity decreased as applied N levels increased. Also at the 20+20 level, there were increases in free amino‐N in the flag leaf and second leaf at the final harvest. Throughout the experiment, plants at the 60+60 N level had the lowest levels of soluble sugars. Increases in crude protein were highest at 40+40 N level (27.9%), followed by 60+60 (18.7%).  相似文献   

12.
冬小麦对基肥和追肥15N的吸收与利用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
【目的】 研究不同生育期 (花期、灌浆期和收获期) 肥料氮的去向和氮素的吸收运转对冬小麦产量形成的贡献。 【方法】 采用15N示踪结合盆栽试验,尿素N 90 mg/kg等分为基施和拔节期追施。分别在开花期、灌浆期和收获期破坏性取样,测定冬小麦地上部、根和土壤15N含量等指标。 【结果】 在整个生育期,冬小麦吸氮量42.8%来自土壤,57.2%来自肥料,其中来自基肥和追肥的比例分别为26.6% 和30.6%。冬小麦植株对氮肥15N 的吸收率随作物的生长而增加,从开花期到收获期增加了50%,15N氮肥在土壤中的残留率从开花期到收获期下降约50%。冬小麦收获后,约28.6%的肥料15N残留在土壤中,肥料15N损失率为33.9%,基肥氮的损失率比追肥氮高21%。冬小麦对肥料15N的全部回收率为37.5%,其中籽粒吸收量约是秸秆的4倍,64.9%的籽粒氮素从开花前营养器官吸收转运而来。 【结论】 在整个生育期,冬小麦吸收的氮素来源于肥料和土壤氮的比例约为6∶4,基肥和追肥氮对冬小麦氮素吸收具有同等贡献,在当前N 250 kg/hm2的施氮水平下,适当增加追肥氮的比例可以减少氮肥损失率。残留在土壤中的肥料氮对于补充土壤氮素消耗具有重要意义。   相似文献   

13.
  【目的】  研究浅埋滴灌下不同施氮量对玉米产量和花后氮代谢的影响,为西辽河平原玉米丰产与氮素资源高效管理提供理论依据。  【方法】  玉米浅埋滴灌水肥一体化定位试验在内蒙古自治区通辽市科尔沁区农业高新科技示范区连续进行了3年。设置N 0、150、210和300 kg/hm2 4个处理,分别记为N0、N150、N210和N300。完熟期测定玉米植株氮含量、干物质积累量和产量及产量构成因素,开花期至成熟期定期取样测定氮代谢相关酶活性、光合氮素利用效率和非结构性碳水化合物含量。  【结果】  N300处理与N210处理3年玉米产量差异不显著,但显著高于N150处理;N300、N210处理玉米穗粒数、千粒重无显著差异,但均显著高于N150处理,穗粒数较N150处理分别提高15.70%、10.85%,千粒重分别提高了9.78%、5.82%。N210处理氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率和氮素吸收效率均高于N300处理,3年平均较N300处理分别提高37.01%、29.84%、10.10%和28.89%。N300处理花后氮素积累量高于N210处理,但二者转运量差异均不显著。N300处理与N210处理花后氮代谢酶活性、光合氮素利用效率和非结构性碳水化合物含量的差异均不显著,且二者均显著高于N150处理,其中氮代谢酶活性和光合氮素利用效率的差异在花后10天开始显现,非结构性碳水化合物含量差异的显著变化则在花后30天开始。  【结论】  西辽河平原灌区玉米浅埋滴灌水氮一体化条件下,施氮210～300 kg/hm2增加了植株氮素吸收转运,提高了氮素利用效率,增强了花后氮代谢酶活性和保持了花后氮素光合生产能力,进而促进产量提高。施氮量210 kg/hm2与300 kg/hm2之间没有显著产量差异,但前者氮肥利用效率显著增加,因此,施氮量210 kg/hm2是较为经济合理的施氮量。  相似文献   

14.
以玉米品种“天赐19”为材料,于2017年和2018年在宁夏引黄灌区进行滴灌水肥一体化田间试验,设置0（N0）、90（N1）、180（N2）、270（N3）、360（N4）和450（N5）kghm-2 6个氮肥水平,测定玉米百粒干鲜重,计算籽粒含水率,建立基于Logistic方程的籽粒灌浆模型并验证,分析玉米籽粒脱水动态特征,以探讨不同氮素水平对玉米籽粒灌浆和脱水过程的影响,探究明确玉米籽粒灌浆和含水量动态变化规律。结果表明：（1）滴灌水肥一体化条件下,利用2017年试验资料获得不同施氮水平玉米品种“天赐19”籽粒灌浆过程均符合Logistic方程。模型检验结果RMSE=0.203,R2=0.954（P＜0.01）。（2）各处理玉米籽粒灌浆速率均表现为先增后减的变化特征,两年试验均以施氮270kg·hm-2处理（N3）灌浆速率最大。（3）施氮使玉米达到最大灌浆速率时间（Tmax）、最大灌浆速率（max）、达到最大灌浆速率时生长量（Wmax）和活跃灌浆期（T）均有所提高,N3（270kg·hm-2）处理缩短了达到最大灌浆速率时间（Tmax）,延长了灌浆持续期（t3）。（4）运用Logistic方程将各施氮处理灌浆过程划分为渐增期、速增期和缓增期3个阶段,其中速增期灌浆速率最大,对籽粒累积贡献率最高。（5）滴灌水肥一体化追施氮肥对玉米籽粒灌浆和脱水过程的调控具有明显促进作用。各处理籽粒含水率均表现为单调下降的趋势,脱水速率在生理成熟后期差异明显。两年试验均表现为270kg·hm?2施氮处理玉米籽粒含水量较低,生理成熟后期脱水速率较快。  相似文献   

15.
Controlled‐release urea (CRU) is a new type of urea, which may increase crop nitrogen (N)‐use efficiency compared with conventional urea (CU), but the conditions where it outperforms urea are not well defined. A field experiment assessing responses of plant growth and grain yield of maize to CRU and irrigation was conducted on a typical agricultural farm in Shandong, China. Five treatments of the two types of urea (75, 150 kg N ha–1, 0 kg N ha–1) were applied as basal fertilizer when sowing maize, and two water treatments (W0 and W1) were used 23 d after anthesis. Net photosynthetic rate (PN) and chlorophyll concentration as well as leaf‐area index (LAI) increased significantly by both CRU and CU application, with the increases being larger in CRU‐treated plants than in CU‐treated plants at grain filling and maturing stages. CRU significantly enhanced the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv / Fm), PSII coefficient of photochemical fluorescence quenching (qP), and actual quantum yield of PSII electron transformation (ΦPSII) but decreased the nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Cob‐leaf N concentration of CRU‐treated plants was significantly higher than that of CU‐treated plants under no irrigation, but not in the irrigation treatment 30 d after anthesis. Significant positive correlations were found between cob‐leaf N concentration and PN both with and without irrigation. Grain yield of maize was significantly higher in the CRU treatment than in the CU treatment under both irrigation conditions. In conclusion, CRU as a basal application appeared to increase the N‐use efficiency for maize relative to CU especially by maintaining N supply after anthesis.  相似文献   

16.
施氮对不同基因型夏玉米干物质累积转移的影响   总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13  
在黄土高原南部的红油土上,以陕单16、陕单9号、户单4号、陕资1号、掖单19号、中单2号、豫玉22号、陕单902号、农大108号和户单2000等10个当地常用的夏玉米品种为试材进行田间试验;在低氮（0 kg/hm2）和高氮（240 kg/hm2）水平下研究了不同夏玉米品种在子粒灌浆成熟期间干物质累积、转移及分配规律的差异。结果表明,夏玉米干物质累积及其转移效率受品种与氮素调控共同影响。不论施氮与否,各器官干物质量在不同品种间差异显著,施氮能明显提高各器官的干物质量,且其提高幅度因品种不同而明显差异。各个器官的干物质转移量、干物质转移效率和转移量对子粒的贡献率因品种和施氮量不同而异。不施氮处理下叶和茎转移量最大的是户单2000,转移量分别达到53.2和28.2 g/株,叶转移量最小的是中单2号,茎转移量最小的是陕资1号;施氮后叶转移量最高的是掖单19号,转移量分别达到54.7 g/株,茎转移量最高的是中单2号,转移量为52.4 g/株。不施氮处理下,除豫玉22号和陕资1号外,其它品种子粒干物质中50％以上来自于开花前期储存同化物的再转移;施氮后则所有品种的子粒干物质中50％以上均来自于开花前期储存同化物的再转移。干物质转移量对子粒的贡献率不施氮处理下穗部（苞叶和穗轴）大多数为负值,施氮后则为正值。对子粒的建成,叶干物质转移量贡献最大,其次为茎,穗部(穗轴和苞叶)最小。总体来说,干物质转移量、干物质转移率和干物质转移量对粒重的贡献率在不同品种间的差异大于施氮处理间的差异,施氮后的转移因品种而异。  相似文献   

17.
以9 个旱地冬小麦品种为材料, 通过田间试验研究不同产量水平冬小麦品种氮磷钾累积和转移的差异。结果表明: 高产冬小麦品种的花前氮累积量随养分投入水平提高而增加的幅度明显高于中、低产品种, 具较高的花前氮累积量, 但其花前磷累积量无明显优势; 高产冬小麦品种花后能累积较多的氮磷, 但其氮磷转移量、转移率、转移氮磷对籽粒的贡献率均低于中、低产品种; 高产冬小麦品种花前钾累积量和钾转移量无明显优势, 但其籽粒对钾的保存能力较高, 花后钾损失较少。因此, 较高的花后氮磷累积量、较低的花后钾损失量是旱地冬小麦品种高产的重要原因。  相似文献   

18.
为明确微喷水肥一体化条件下灌溉次数和氮肥用量对冬小麦产量形成和水分利用的影响,该试验在灌水定额1 500 m3/hm2下设置微喷2次(拔节期750 m3/hm2+开花期750 m3/hm2)、3次(拔节期450 m3/hm2+开花期750 m3/hm2+灌浆期300 m3/hm2)、4次(拔节期450 m3/hm2+孕穗期300 m3/hm2+开花期450 m3/hm2+灌浆期300 m3/hm2)和氮肥追施45、90、135 kg/hm2处理,N肥随灌水等量分次施入,考察群体光合特性、物质生产和水分利用特征。结果表明:微喷3次和4次相比于微喷2次,产量提高了5.3%~18.9%,水分利用效率提高了5.3%~27.8%,但微喷3次与4次之间差异不显著。适当增加微喷次数提高了开花期和灌浆期群体绿色叶面积指数,延缓了叶片衰老,提高了生育后期干物质积累,增加了千粒质量,进而提高了籽粒产量;多次微喷(3次或4次)降低了总耗水量和开花前耗水比例,提高了开花后耗水比例;适当增施氮肥能进一步提高花后物质积累和花后耗水比例。综合来看,1 500 m3/hm2灌溉定额下微喷4次,追施氮肥90 kg/hm2产量和水分利用效率较高。  相似文献   

19.
In order to optimize N application and understand how the different combinations of water and N management affect grain filling characteristics and yield, we designed three irrigation regimes (W1 submerged irrigation, W2 alternate irrigation, W3 dry cultivation), and different N application strategies at 180 kg ha?1 in 2010 and 2011. The relationship between grain filling characteristics and grain yield formation were respectively investigated. The results revealed that there were obvious interacting effects of irrigation regime and N application strategies on grain yield and grain-filling characteristics as well. Compared with W1 and W3 treatments, under W2, the N-fertilizer should account for 30% base, 30% tillering, and 40% panicle fertilizer with the last being applied equally at 4th and 2nd leaves emerged from the top. Correlation analysis revealed that grain filling rate during middle grain-filling stage was the largest and contribute more than 50% to grain-filling. Grain yield was significantly related to grain filling rate (Gmax or Gmean), final weight of a kernel (A), and mean grain filling rate (MGR) of the early, mid and late stages during grain filling in inferior spikelets, which is the important reason for water and N coupling effect further to increase yield and fertilizer use efficiency.  相似文献   

20.
Corn plants grown under higher nitrogen (N) fertility have a higher grain protein concentration. However, it is not known whether the increased protein concentration is due to decreases in the concentration of non‐structural carbohydrate (energy content approximately equal to protein), lipid (energy content approximately 2.5 times that of protein), or other components (largely structural carbohydrate). An increase in protein concentration that results in a decrease in lipid concentration will decrease the energy content per unit dry weight of grain corn. A 3‐year field experiment was conducted at four locations in Eastern Canada to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer source, application rate, and application time on the yield and quality of corn (Zea mays L.). Ammonium nitrate, urea, and calcium ammonium nitrate were applied at rates of 90 and 180 kg N/ha. The N fertilizer was applied as a) a single application: entirely pre‐plant incorporated (PPI), b) in two applications: 1/2 PPI and 1/2 when corn plants were 15 cm tall, and c) in three applications: 1/3 PPI, 1/3 when plants were 15 cm tall, and 1/3 when plants were 90 cm tall. Corn grain protein concentration increased with N application in all the location‐years; the average increase was 8.40%, with the application of N fertilizers as compared to the control. The protein content (nig) per kernel increased with N application in half the cases. Both corn grain protein concentration and content were not different among the three N application timings in most location‐years. The lipid concentration of the grain was not affected by any N treatment indicating that the increase in protein concentration did not decrease in energy concentration. However, the concentration of remaining grain components (largely fibre and cellulose) decreased as the protein concentration increased, so that high N fertility may have increased both protein and energy concentrations of the grain. Grain yield increased with increasing N fertilizer application rate, and it was generally not significantly affected by the number of the N application times. Neither corn yield nor corn quality were affected by the different N sources.  相似文献   

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