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1.
Taxonomic distances between pairs of soil orders in the Russian soil classification system have been calculated using a methodology suggested for calculation of taxonomic distances between the Reference Soil Groups in the international soil classification system (WRB). Basing on the data obtained, some proposals for the development of the Russian soil classification system have been formulated. Most of the orders are characterized by considerable taxonomic distances between them, and their identification in the classification system is doubtless. Small taxonomic distances are characteristic of the following pairs of orders: organo-accumulative and structural-metamorphic soils, hydrometamorphic soils and lithozems, and cryometamorphic and eluvial soils. Therefore, criteria for defining some orders, and/or profile formulas for some soil types composing the orders may be revised. The comparison of taxonomic distances between soil orders in the Russian system and between Reference Soil Groups in the international system allows us to suggest their certain similarity. 相似文献
2.
N. I. Orudzheva 《Eurasian Soil Science》2011,44(11):1241-1249
The results of a long-term study of the dynamics of taxonomic groups of microorganisms in irrigated soils of the subtropical
zone of Azerbaijan under rotation with vegetable and forage crops and under continuous growing of these crops are discussed.
It is shown that the maximum population density of the microorganisms consuming organic nitrogen is typical of the alluvial
meadow-forest and yellow ferralitic gley soils. The population density of microorganisms is lower and the mineralization coefficient
is higher in the soils under continuous crops as compared with the analogous soils under the crop rotation system. 相似文献
3.
4.
Growing demand for alternative energy sources has led to an increased production of biomass crops. In order to limit the use of fertile agricultural land for producing bioenergy, low quality agricultural land, as well as degraded or drastically disturbed soils have been proposed for the cropping of bioenergy cultivars. Our work aimed at assessing the dynamics of soil invertebrate diversity after plantation of perennial energy crops on metal polluted soils. The results were compared with invertebrate diversity dynamics in soils of other plots, representative either for the dominant land occupancies in the study area, or for unpolluted soil situations. We investigated taxonomic, compositional and functional dimensions of diversity in soil- and surface-dwelling communities. Changes in land use from annual crops to perennial energy crops led to a higher number of individuals in soil. No or few changes in taxonomic richness were recorded with an increasing age of energy cropping. Regarding functional diversity, the proportions of resident invertebrates tended to vary with the age of energy cropping, but neither the trophic composition nor the body spectra were modified. Our findings highlighted an increase of soil carrying capacity after perennial energy crop plantation on metal polluted soils, but effects on invertebrate diversity were limited. 相似文献
5.
Data on the taxonomic and trophic composition, population density, and biomass of invertebrates in the soils of the main mountain
vegetation zones of the Khibiny Mountains—taiga, subalpine, and alpine—are obtained. The degree of similarity between soil
faunal complexes in different vegetation zones within the studied slope is higher than that between zonal biocenoses of Murmansk
oblast. The mountain tundra zone differs from the zonal tundra in a higher population density and taxonomic diversity of invertebrates,
which are similar to those in the northern taiga podzols. At the same time, invertebrate complexes in the mountain taiga zone
are poorer than those in the zonal plain taiga soils. The analysis of invertebrate taxa present in all the studied mountain
vegetation zones demonstrates similar effects of the altitudinal and latitudinal zonality on the species composition of invertebrates.
A conclusion is made about a higher functional activity of saprotrophs in the high-humus soils enriched in biogenic elements
of the Khibiny Mountains in comparison with the functional activity of saprotrophs in the zonal plain podzols. 相似文献
6.
K. M. Mehta H. S. Shankaranarayana C. J. Jaisinghani 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):32-38
The soils of Rajasthan vary from desert sand to heavy clay with all intermediate stages like sandy loam, loam and clay loam. The last two textural groups are more prevalant on the eastern, northeastern and southeastern part of the Aravallies which run almost in the middle of the State from southeast to northeast. The latter groups of soils have more potential from the point of agricultural development in the State. These soils are widely termed as alluvial soils which is a general term to indicate the nontaxonomic group of soils that have parent material of alluvial origin, Riecken 17, Kelloog 8 has referred to the soils developed from the alluvium as classified under variety of world soil groups. In our country many of the alluvial soils have not yet been studied from the soil genesis point of view as a measure to classify the soils under taxonomic groups. Ray Chawdhary and Mukerji 15, concluded that the alluvial soil groups of our country are ill defined and the classification of these soils need more study. Basu 3 was able to distinguish the genetic characteristics of the soils of Deccan. Agrawal and Mukherji 1) established that distinct genetic soil types have come into expression under Gangetic alluvium. Agarwal 2 has concluded about the three types of soils in the toposequence with precipitated calcium throughout, zone of calcium accumulation in the bottom of the profile and soils free of calcium, and suggests that the soils of Gangetic plain be called as derived from alluvium. A process of reclassifying the alluvial soil series into taxonomic groups is a common trend in the United States since the last two decades. 相似文献
7.
O. S. Kukharenko T. G. Dobrovol’skaya A. V. Golovchenko A. L. Stepanov G. V. Matyshak 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(4):426-431
The tundra cryogenic soils of Yamal Peninsula have a high pool of prokaryote microorganisms characteristic of ecosystems where the environmental conditions are unfavorable for microbiological processes. The lowering of the cultivation temperature from 20 to 5°C did not affect the number of bacteria and their taxonomic structure. Psychrotolerant gram-negative bacteria represented by oligotrophs and copiotrophs predominated in the bacterial communities. Among the bacteria of the hydrolytic block, only bacilli were isolated upon cultivation on the media. The species spectrum of the Bacillus genus was determined by the capability of its representatives for growth at low temperatures. The bacteria isolated from the cryogenic soils had a high nitrogenase activity, which increased under the lower cultivation temperature. This fact shows that the majority of the bacteria in tundra soils has adapted to functioning at low temperatures. 相似文献
8.
The direct impact of the long-term extreme pollution by emissions of the Severonikel copper-nickel processing plant per se
is not capable of inhibiting the organic matter transformation even within the local zone of this enterprise. However, a great
number of indirect pollution factors can affect the organic matter content and the composition of the soils in the local zone.
The destruction of the vegetation and the changes in the amount and botanical composition of the falloff influence the soil
humus status to the greatest extent. As fresh falloff is absent, the old (formerly accumulated) organic matter of the soils
is gradually mineralized, and its content decreases. In the most damaged ecosystems of the local zone, the soils have lost
almost all their organic matter, and their properties are returning to those of the initial parent rock. The disturbance of
the water regime of some ecosystems and of the whole landscape intensifies the migration of substances within the soil profiles
and in the whole landscape. This is the second by significance factor affecting the humus status of the soils in the local
zone. The transformation of the organic soil profiles under the influence of the indirect factors is sufficient to change
their taxonomic position at the level of subtypes or type. 相似文献
9.
Three soil classification systems—the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), Soil Taxonomy, and the recent Russian system—were used for the identification of 17 soil profiles in southwestern Poland; all the systems put emphasis on the soil properties as diagnostic criteria. Different soils developed on glaciofluvial plains, loessic uplands, and in the Sudetes Mountains were classified. The best correlation between the classification decisions in the different systems was obtained for the most widespread soils owing to the similarity of the diagnostic criteria, which were essentially close although not coinciding. The most prominent divergence between the systems in both the names and the taxonomic categories of the soils was found for the polygenetic soils and for the soils developing from the lithologically discontinuous parent materials. It was also found that the diagnostic elements differ in terms of their taxonomic importance among the classification systems. 相似文献
10.
Using the latest version of the international soil classification (WRB 2014/2015) and the classification of soils of Russia (2004/2008), the authors attempted to demonstrate how specific profiles of urban soils in green massifs are classified at different taxonomic levels. The soil profiles were shown in the excursions of the 9th International Conference “Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic, Mining and Military Areas” and were discussed by the representatives of national scientific schools. The diversity of the soils studied is determined primarily by the technology of their creation or by the nature of human impact, soil age, properties of the soil-forming rock, and, to a lesser extent, by the type of artificial phytocenosis. By the properties of their profiles, soils are qualified as ones on technogenic deposits (artificial buildings or displaced natural grounds with fragments of soil horizons), buried agrozems and cultural layers. The comparison of two classification systems showed their similarity with respect to the taxonomic level. One can note a similarity of the main solution: are the soils natural or anthropogenic, although the degrees of “anthropogeneity” given in their names may not coincide. The existing differences in the sets of characteristics–qualifiers reflect the genetic trend in the Russian soil classification and strict following the rules in the WRB system. 相似文献
11.
J. D. Phillips 《European Journal of Soil Science》2013,64(4):391-400
Soil types or map units are considered to be taxonomically adjacent if they differ in only one criterion, defined by an arbitrary threshold value. By treating soil types as nodes of a graph and taxonomic adjacency as the graph edges connecting nodes, algebraic graph theory can be used to produce a measurement of the uncertainty in a soil map associated with arbitrary classification boundaries between soil types. The largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a graph, the spectral radius, is an indication of network complexity. A larger spectral radius indicates a more complex network, and a greater degree of uncertainty or potential error associated with taxonomic adjacency. Benchmark values of spectral radius for cases of no taxonomic adjacency, including a single pair of adjacent soils, a chain or cycle‐type graph structure and a fully connected graph, are established so that taxonomic adjacency indices based on the spectral radius can be established. Examples are shown from two contrasting USA soil landscapes in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas, and the coastal plain of North Carolina, using both US Soil Taxonomy and the world reference base. The taxonomic adjacency indices are also useful in assessing soil richness and pedodiversity, with smaller values indicating a greater likelihood that identified soils represent distinct entities. 相似文献
12.
The population density, physiological state, and taxonomic composition of bacterial nanoforms were first studied in soils
of Russia. It was demonstrated with the help of fluorescent microscopy that the populations of nanoforms in the studied soils
are very high and comprise tens and hundreds of millions of cells per 1 g of soil. The portion of cells with undamaged cell
membranes was significantly higher in the nanoforms (95–98%) than in the cells of common size (about 50%), and this fact suggests
the viability of the nanoforms. The taxonomic diversity of the nanoforms is great; the representatives of the main phylogenetic
groups widespread in the soils were found among the nanoforms, namely, Archaea, Actinobacteria, Cytophaga, and Proteobacteria.
The results allow assuming that the transformation of the cells into nanoforms is a relatively common event in the life of
soil bacteria, allowing them to remain viable under unfavorable conditions and participate actively in soil processes. 相似文献
13.
由于与全球变化密切相关,发育于永久冻土层上的冻土资源受到了日益普遍的关注,冻土研究正在成为包括土壤学在内的多个学科的热点领域。为了达成多个目标,对冻土分类的深入研究势在必行。本文介绍了国际上有代表性的土壤分类系统中有关冻土分类的最近进展,并分析和讨论了存在的普遍问题以及在实际应用中面临的困难。同时,提出了在中国土壤系统分类框架内恢复和重构我国冻土分类的建议,阐述了我国土壤分类学界在这一领域内拥有的优势和可能面临的挑战。最后,根据我国冻土资源的特点,提出了关于恢复和重构我国冻土分类的具体意见。 相似文献
14.
T. V. Korolyuk I. I. Lebedeva M. I. Gerasimova S. V. Ovechkin I. Yu. Savin 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(3):272-284
The principles of typological soil-genetic zoning based on the substantive-genetic classification of Russian soils (2004) and realized for the State Soil Map of Russia on a scale of 1 : 1 M are considered. Three categories of characteristics are applied to the system of zoning units: taxonomic, process-based, and landscape- indicative characteristics. The relationship between them changes in dependence on the taxonomic level of the zoning unit; at the lower level, the spatial (landscape-indicative) criterion plays the major role. This criterion is also important in the delimitation of soil groups (soil communities) serving as the central taxonomic unit of the zoning. At this level, all the three groups of characteristics are equally important. The definitions of the taxonomic units of the soil-genetic zoning are given, and their characteristic features are described. An algorithm of the zoning procedure is illustrated by the example of the maps developed for the Privolzhskii federal okrug. It is suggested that the soil-genetic zoning can be used as one of the ways to update the State Soil Map. 相似文献
15.
B. F. Aparin E. Yu. Sukhacheva A. M. Bulysheva M. A. Lazareva 《Eurasian Soil Science》2018,51(9):1008-1020
The origin, structure, composition, and properties of soil humus horizons in functional zones of St. Petersburg have been studied. The radiocarbon age of organic matter in the humus horizons varies from 500 to 2700 years, which attests to the natural origin of humus. The structure of microbiomes in the humus horizons of soils under different plant communities has its specific features. The taxonomic structure of microbial communities at the phylum level reflects both genetic features of natural soils and the impact of anthropogenic factors, including alkalization typical of the studied urban soils. Tomographic studies have shown that the transporting system of humus horizons is less developed in the anthropogenically transformed soils in comparison with the natural soils. It can be supposed that the intensity of water and gas exchange in the anthropogenic soils is much lower than that in the natural soils. The fractional and group composition of humus in the urban soils is specified by the long-term pedogenesis, on one hand, and by the impact of metabolic products of the city and the factors of soil formation in the megalopolis, on the other hand. Bulk density of the humus horizon in the urban soils is higher than that in the natural soils; the portion of overcompacted humus horizons in the urban soils reaches 44%. Humus horizons of the lawns along highways are most contaminated with heavy metals: Pb, Zn, and Cu. There are no definite regularities in the distribution of major nutrients (NPK) in the humus horizons of anthropogenic soils. 相似文献
16.
K. B. Gongalsky A. S. Zaitsev D. I. Korobushkin R. A. Saifutdinov T. E. Yazrikova A. I. Benediktova A. Yu. Gorbunova I. A. Gorshkova K. O. Butenko N. V. Kosina E. V. Lapygina D. M. Kuznetsova A. A. Rakhleeva S. V. Shakhab 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(3):358-366
Relations between soil biota diversity and its contribution to the performance of some ecosystem functions were assessed based on the results obtained in undisturbed and burned spruce forests near the Central Forest Nature Biosphere Reserve (Tver oblast). In August 2014, in two 4-year-old burned areas, abiotic parameters of the soils, indicators of the state of the microbial communities, the number, taxonomic diversity, and the abundance of the main groups of soil invertebrates (testate amoebae, nematodes, enchytraeids, mites, collembolans, and the mesofauna as a whole) were determined. In the soils of the burned areas, higher CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions were observed. The number of bacterial cells remained similar, and the total length of active mycelium was not significantly different. All this implies a certain intensification of biogenic processes promoting the mobilization of carbon and nitrogen after fire. The number of most of the groups of soil animals was lower (not always significantly) in the burned area than that in the soils of the undisturbed forests. The changes in the taxonomic diversity were specific for each taxon studied. Overall, the diversity of invertebrates was related to the litter thickness. However, the high taxonomic diversity of soil fauna did not always correspond to the active functioning of the ecosystem. Thus, for some taxa, a quite close correlation was found, for instance, between the total number of species (of testate amoebae in particular) and the berry crop, as well as between the soil mesofauna population and the dead wood stock. The total diversity of the investigated taxa included in the detrital trophic web was the most reliable indicator of the carbon stock in the burned areas. 相似文献
17.
I. B. Archegova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(8):854-859
This paper covers the specifics of the temperature regime in reclaimed tundra soils under a sown perennial herb meadow and a restored (secondary) ecosystem as compared to the small-shrub yernik (birch)-willow-moss and shrub yernik-willow-moss tundra types. The taxonomic position of the anthropogenic soils and those of the secondary (restored) biogeocenosis is discussed as related to the transformation or regeneration of the biotic and thermal components of the biogeocenosis. The soil development causes profound changes in the freezing-thawing regime, which gives grounds to distinguish the developed soils as an individual soil type. 相似文献
18.
Blue-green algae (Òyanobacteria) have been studied in soils of specially protected natural territories of the Cis-Ural and Southern Ural regions. The species composition of the algae has been determined in water and dish cultures with fouling glasses. The investigated soils are characterized by the rich flora of bluegreen algae comprising 79 species and intraspecies taxa. Recreation loads on the territory have resulted in a drop in the species diversity and numbers of algae; their taxonomic structure is becoming simplified. Active development of algae from the Oscillatoriales order assigned to the P-form and to the typical xerophytes (species of the Oscillatoria, Phormidium, and Plectonema genera) has been registered in some anthropogenically disturbed areas. 相似文献
19.
中国土壤分类四十年 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
建国以来土壤分类是不断完善的过程。涉及全国的土壤分类系统至少有9个。可分为三个时期。解放初，采用美国马伯特土壤分类系统，以土类为基本单元，土系为基层单元，其中就有我国特有的山东棕壤、砂姜黑土和水稻土等类型；从1954年开始采用土壤发生分类系统，之后陆续提出了一些新土类，如黄棕壤、黑土、白浆土、砖红壤性红壤等，接着由于对耕地土壤的普查，充实了水稻土、明确了潮土、灌淤土和塍土等的独立土类地位。并提出了其他许多磷质石灰土等新土类。目前正在开始以诊断层如诊断特性为基础、结合我国丰富土壤类型的实际，在已有基础上，建立具有我国特色、具有空量指标的土壤系统分类。但这需要有一个较长的研究和完善过程。 相似文献
20.
The presence of soils with andic properties on German territory has been suspected for decades and there are numerous reports of sites where they may potentially occur. Andic properties, however, are not adequately represented by the German soil‐classification system. The German taxonomic category “Lockerbraunerde” has not been revised or reconciled with international taxonomic categories since the year 1957, when it was initially proposed. With this review, we show that there are true Andosols of both the silandic (allophane‐containing) and the aluandic (Al‐Humus‐dominated) type in Germany and that their properties differ substantially from other soils which merely exhibit low bulk density. By (1) comparing soil carbon storage between some German Andosols, Chernozems, and nonandic Cambisols with particularly low bulk density and (2) elucidation of the differential pedogenetic pathways leading to Andosol formation, we further demonstrate that Andosols are important objects of study in research issues of contemporary interest. We propose that appropriate measures be taken to lay the foundations for the protection and conservation of these soils, because they are valuable as archives of natural history and provide opportunities to study unique soil processes. 相似文献