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玉米果穗不同位势子粒灌浆特性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以8个玉米品种为试材,研究玉米灌浆期果穗不同部位子粒灌浆特性。结果表明,供试8个玉米品种,中下部子粒的百粒重变幅范围为34.02~51.38 g,极差为17.36 g,品种之间的变异系数为13.76%;上部子粒的百粒重变幅范围为28.61~35.13 g,极差为6.52 g,变异系数为7.29%。从灌浆开始至灌浆快增期结束上部子粒百粒重变异系数为66.13%~13.18%,中下部子粒百粒重变异系数为54.38%~12.10%,随灌浆进程子粒百粒重变异系数呈减小趋势。中下部子粒平均灌浆速率始终高于上部子粒,上部子粒灌浆速率的变异系数大于中下部子粒,且灌浆速率的变异系数随灌浆进程呈先降后增的趋势,吐丝后56 d灌浆速率的变异系数快速增长。品种间各灌浆参数的变异系数均为上部子粒大于中下部子粒。选用子粒灌浆粒位差异小的品种,采取有效措施促进上部子粒灌浆、提高粒重是实现玉米高产栽培的技术途径。 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》2004,90(2-3):203-212
Previous research indicated that prolific (multi-ear) maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids might perform better than nonprolific (single-ear) hybrids under lower-yielding environments. Field experiments were conducted during 1996–1999 to evaluate the agronomic responses of 10 maize hybrids differing in ear prolificacy under reduced-input and high-input cropping systems. Hybrids were of similar maturity (FAO 400) and divided into two prolificacy groups (prolific versus nonprolific), each consisting of five hybrids. The reduced-input system consisted of plowing at 20–22 cm; fertilization at 105, 104, and 104 kg ha−1 N, P2O5, and K2O; 37–38 000 plants ha−1; and low input of herbicide. The high-input system involved plowing at 30–32 cm; fertilization at 213, 130, and 130 kg ha−1 N, P2O5, and K2O; 60–65 000 plants ha−1; and high input of herbicides. Grain yields significantly decreased under reduced-input compared to high-input cropping system by an average of 26.1%. Significant cropping system×prolificacy group interactions were found for most yield components but not for grain yields. This indicated that both prolificacy groups exhibited a similar yield decrease under the reduced-input system even though prolific hybrids had 1.33 ears per plant compared to only 1.01 ears per plant of nonprolific types. All prolific hybrids responded similarly to various cropping input levels principally by means of changes in kernels per plant, whereas some nonprolific hybrids had greater response through 1000-kernel weight then kernels per plant. Prolific hybrids tended to achieve higher grain yields which averaged 10 414 kg ha−1 compared to 9383 kg ha−1 for nonprolific types partly due to less barren plants per hectare and primarily because of a higher grain weight per plant. Larger grain weights per plant of prolific hybrids were primary due to more kernels per plant in the reduced-input system, and a combined effect of more kernels and heavier 1000-kernel weight per plant in the high-input system. Improved kernel number per plant for prolific hybrids was associated with kernels from secondary ears. Although prolific hybrids outyielded nonprolific types, our findings failed to indicate that the prolificacy trait per se had any important effect on hybrid performance when grown under reduced-input compared to high-input cropping system. 相似文献
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Dry-milling performance of maize (Zea mays, L.) kernels primarily depends on their hardness. The flint type is harder than the dent and semi-dent maize, yielding a higher proportion of big endosperm pieces in the mill. Nevertheless, crop growing conditions could modify milling properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of different crop environments and management practices on dry-milling quality of flint maize kernels. Two orange-flint hybrids from different eras of breeding differing in flint type expression and grain yield potential were evaluated. They were grown at three different locations of the Argentina's main maize-production area under different sowing dates, plant densities, and fertilization rates during two growing seasons. Crop post-silking growth, grain yield and its components (kernel number and weight), kernel size and hardness-associated properties (test weight, percent floaters and milling ratio), and flaking-grit yield were analyzed. Most of observed differences in physical properties of kernels, particularly for the high-yielding new hybrid with unstable flint expression, were associated with the source-sink ratio established during the post-silking period (explored range from 154 to 617 mg kernel−1). This variable mainly results from changes in crop growth during that period. Increases in weight per kernel improved hardness-associated properties. High crop grain yields together with top dry-milling quality were achieved when the new high-yielding hybrid was cropped with an appropriated crop management. 相似文献
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低氮胁迫下我国不同年代玉米品种产量及产量构成因子变化趋势研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
试验以我国不同年代的35个玉米品种为材料,在施氮肥和不施氮肥两个水平下对产量、穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、秃尖长、轴粗、百粒重共7个农艺性状进行考查比较。结果表明,除轴粗以外,其余几个农艺性状不同年代间差异均达到显著或极显著水平,随年代变化玉米品种产量显著提高,氮胁迫压力下不同年代玉米品种产量均下降。正常施氮条件下,各年代玉米品种的穗长、穗粗、穗粒数呈上升趋势,低氮胁迫降低了穗长、穗粗、穗粒数及百粒重,而对轴粗无明显影响。研究还表明,1950年以来我国玉米品种的耐低氮能力没有明显提高。育种工作要在自交系选育中重视低氮条件,为进一步培育耐低氮杂交种奠定基础。 相似文献
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西南及四川区试玉米组合主要性状分析及育种对策探讨 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
对2005年西南及四川区试玉米组合主要性状的分析结果表明,共有17个组合的小区产量显著或极显著高于对照品种川单13,高产组合的株高、穗位高、穗长、行粒数、子粒深度、穗行数和出籽率与对照品种存在显著或极显著差异。相关分析表明,除穗长和行粒数与单株产量显著或极显著正相关外,其余性状与单株产量的相关系数均未达显著水平。通径分析表明,各性状对单株产量的直接作用从大到小依次为穗长、穗行数、子粒深度、行粒数、株高、穗位高和出籽率,其中穗长和穗行数对单株产量的直接效应达显著或极显著水平。变异系数分析表明,高产组合间各性状变异都在一个较小的范围内。玉米突破性高产育种应加强种质的创新与改良,注重穗长、穗行数、子粒深度、行粒数和出籽率的选择,并把遗传改良的重点放在穗长上。 相似文献
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Kernel water relations play a key role in controlling the duration of grain filling. This duration is controlled by the relationship between kernel water and biomass development, as it determines the timing kernels reach a critical percent moisture content (MC, measured on a fresh weight basis) at which biomass accumulation stops. The time in which this critical percent MC is attained can be affected by the timing kernel net water uptake stops (i.e. maximum water content is reached), or by the relationship between water loss and biomass deposition after maximum water content is attained. Which of the two mechanisms could be behind genotypic differences in maize (Zea mays L.) grain-filling duration was unknown. We also studied the relationship between kernel water and volume development, as it was unknown in this species. Thirteen commercial hybrids were evaluated under different growing environments, and weight, water content and volume of their kernels were measured throughout grain filling. 相似文献
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应用莫惠栋最新提出的p q 2pq交配设计及其分析方法,研究84个玉米杂交组合及其13个亲本的株型、穗型、粒型等14个性状的遗传机制。结果表明:株高、叶夹角、穗长、穗粗、秃尖、结实长、穗行数、行粒数、容重、子粒长、子粒厚11个性状的遗传符合加性-显性模型,穗粗、穗行数、容重、子粒长、子粒厚以加性效应为主;穗位、百粒重、子粒宽的遗传符合加性-显性-上位性模型,其中子粒宽以上位性效应为主;除容重、子粒厚外,各性状的显性方向为正向显性;除子粒宽、子粒厚外,各性状还受到细胞质效应的影响;狭义遗传力排序为子粒长>子粒宽>容重>穗行数>穗粗>子粒厚>百粒重>株高>穗位>叶夹角>穗长>秃尖>结实长>行粒数。 相似文献
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浚单系列玉米品种对弱光胁迫的响应 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
从拔节期到吐丝期进行50%遮荫处理,研究玉米品种浚单18、浚单20和浚单22对弱光胁迫的响应。结果表明,遮光处理使3个品种的植株矮化变细,叶片净光合速率、比叶重、地上干物质积累及吐丝期和成熟期叶面积指数均显著减少,中上部叶片功能期缩短1～3d,雌雄间隔期延长1～2 d;遮光处理还造成果穗缩短变细,穗粒数和子粒产量显著减少;遮光显著提高子粒中蛋白质的相对含量,赖氨酸相对含量也有所增加,而淀粉和油分相对含量则减少,但与对照相比,差异均不显著。综合性状表明,浚单20的耐荫性优于浚单22和浚单18。 相似文献
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Evaluation of the Lime-Cooking and Tortilla Making Properties of Quality Protein Maize Hybrids Grown in Mexico 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Serna-Saldivar SO Amaya Guerra CA Herrera Macias P Melesio Cuellar JL Preciado Ortiz RE Terron Ibarra AD Vazquez Carrillo G 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(3):119-125
Eleven experimental and three commercial white quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids and two regular endosperm controls were planted at Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico with the aim of comparing grain physical characteristics, protein quality, lime-cooking and tortilla making properties. All genotypes were planted under irrigation using a density of 80,000 plants/ha and fertilized with 250 kg N-60 P-60 K per hectare. When compared with the controls these QPM genotypes had lower test (77.4 vs. 76.5 kg/hL) and 1,000 kernel weights (327 vs. 307 g), softer endosperm texture (2.5 vs. 1.8 where 1 = soft, 2 intermediate and 3 hard endosperm), lower protein (10.0 vs. 8.0%), higher nixtamal water uptake after 30 min lime-cooking (50.0 vs. 53.1% moisture) and lower pericarp removal scores. The lower thousand-kernel weight and softer endosperm texture observed in the QPM genotypes lowered the optimum lime-cooking time as estimated with regression equations. Most QPM genotypes had higher amounts of lysine, tryptophan and albumins/globulins when compared with the controls. QPMs HEC 424973, HEC 774986 and HEC 734286 had the best grain traits for nixtamalization and therefore the best potential for industrial utilization. The commercial use of these QPM hybrids should benefit Mexicans who depend on tortillas as the main staple. 相似文献
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我国不同时期玉米主要农艺性状与产量变化分析 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
利用我国不同时期具有代表性的20个玉米单交种及其32份亲本为材料,采用裂区试验设计,进行产量与主要农艺性状变化的相关分析、通径分析和产量构成主因子分析。结果表明:品种产量和中亲产量随着年代推进逐渐提高,亲本产量与品种产量极显著正相关;产量与穗粗、单株穗干重、单株粒干重、穗轴粗、子粒长、株高、叶片宽、生育期、百粒重、行数和出籽率呈极显著或显著正相关;与穗上叶夹角、雄穗分枝数呈极显著或显著负相关;出籽率、百粒重、穗位高、生育期、穗长、穗行数等对产量增加直接作用最大;穗粗、密度、穗干重、百粒重是产量增加的主要因子。种植密度的提高、株型的改善及果穗性状的优化是玉米产量提高的主要原因。 相似文献
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密度对高油玉米298产量和含油率的影响 总被引：9，自引：8，他引：9
以高油玉米298为材料,研究了密度对高油298产量和含油率的影响.结果表明:密度对高油298的产量和含油率有显著影响,随密度增加,高油298的穗粒数、百粒重、子粒的含油率降低;吐丝期光合速率随密度增加而下降;成熟期粒叶比随密度增加而减小;子粒产量均在一定范围内先升后降.在本试验条件下,获得最高子粒产量的密度为60 000株/hm2,产量为7 472.4 kg/hm2,子粒含油率为9.84%,综合考虑子粒产量和含油率二因素,密度为60 000株/hm2时油产量最高,为643.2 kg/hm2。 相似文献