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Colonoscopy and proctoscopy are primarily performed on dogs and cats with signs of chronic large bowel or rectal disease, and ileoscopy is typically performed in patients with signs of either large or small bowel disease. These techniques should not be used indiscriminately but only on animals that have a reasonable chance to benefit from their use. Even then, the techniques must be performed carefully so that the results are meaningful instead of misleading. We first consider what does and what does not constitute a reasonable indication for endoscopic examination of the lower intestines. After that, we turn to the specific techniques involved.  相似文献   

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The demand for advanced and correlative imaging methods in equine medicine is growing. Scintigraphy can provide unique information about the physiologic status of an animal that cannot be discerned by other imaging modalities.  相似文献   

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Rhinoscopy, pharyngoscopy, and laryngoscopy are important procedures to include in the workup of patients with upper airway disorders. They are simple to perform, yield important information, spare the patient from undergoing invasive rhinotomy, and improve client relations when a diagnosis is reached.  相似文献   

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Pamaquine and primaquine, the well known antimalarial 8-aminoquinolines, have not been reported for their anticoccidial activity. A series of battery experiments was conducted to investigate their activity against a laboratory strain of Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, or E. brunetti and revealed that both drugs were effective against E. tenella and E. necatrix, but not against the other three species. Pamaquine suppressed the symptoms of E. tenella induced coccidiosis at concentrations above 125 ppm in feed and primaquine controlled the clinical signs as well at levels above 31.2 ppm. The activity against E. necatrix was observed with pamaquine at 250 ppm and with primaquine at levels above 125 ppm. Pamaquine showed a tendency apparently to reduce body weight gain at 125-500 ppm, whereas primaquine showed the same tendency at 500 ppm. In a concomitantly conducted experiment, this adverse effect of pamaquine was averted in its molecular complexes with benzophenone, nitropyrazole, dinitrobenzoic acids and quinoline, and in its salts of sulfate or zinc chloride, and yet these compounds retained the same anticoccidial activity as of pamaquine. This suggests that these compounds had the broadened safety margin. Judging from their susceptibility to these compounds. E. tenella and E. necatrix will have similar metabolic functions to those of blood cell parasitizing protozoa like plasmodia and prioplasma, which are easily suppressed by this class of compound.  相似文献   

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Crystalluria results from oversaturation of urine with crystallogenic substance. However, oversaturation may occur as a result of in vitro as well as in vivo events. The microscopic appearance of crystals only represents a tentative identification of their composition because variable conditions associated with their formation, growth, and dissolution may alter their appearance. Definitive identification is dependent on physical methods such as optical crystallography, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopic analysis.  相似文献   

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Decline in cognitive function that accompanies aging in dogs might have a biological basis, and many of the disorders associated with aging in canines might be preventable through dietary modifications that incorporate specific nutraceuticals. Based on previous research and the results of laboratory and clinical studies, antioxidants might be one class of nutraceutical that benefits aged dogs. Brains of aged dogs accumulate oxidative damage to proteins and lipids, which can lead to dysfunction of neuronal cells. The production of free radicals and lack of increase in compensatory antioxidant enzymes might lead to detrimental modifications to important macromolecules within neurons. Reducing oxidative damage through food ingredients rich in a broad spectrum of antioxidants significantly improves, or slows the decline of, learning and memory in aged dogs; however, determining which compounds, combinations, dosage ranges, when to initiate intervention, and long-term effects constitute critical gaps in knowledge about this subject.  相似文献   

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