共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
2.
众所周知,韩国是世界上的牛肉消费大国,但韩国牛肉的自给率刚过三分之一,其余全部依赖进口。从2001年开始,作为履行乌拉圭回合协议的一部分,韩国全面进口美国牛肉,每年从美国进口20多万吨,是美国牛肉的第三大进口国。2003年12月,韩国因美国发生疯牛病而宣布全面禁止进口美国牛肉。2008年4月18日,韩美达成一项协议,在美国切实提高牛肉安全标准后,韩国进口的美国牛肉将不受月龄限制。谁知,政府大开方便之门却招致了韩国民众的强烈反对抵制。两个月以来来,韩国民众的抗议声一日高过一日,使得牛肉风波逐渐升级,最后演变成政治风暴。
因为牛肉,上百万民众走向街头;因为牛肉,韩国全体内阁递交辞呈;因为牛肉,高票当选的韩国总统失去民心。那么,韩国的牛肉风波对中国有哪些教训可供借鉴、汲取呢？有些问题值得我们去认真的思考。 相似文献
3.
2008年4月,韩国与美国就恢复进口美国牛肉达成协议,韩方同意进口美国30个月以上的牛肉,并全面开放本国牛肉市场.这一协议不但遭到了韩国养牛业的一致批评,更引发了韩国消费者对美国食品安全的担忧,遭到了韩国民众的强烈反对(有研究表明,染上疯牛病的牛99%都是年龄在30个月以上的). 相似文献
4.
5.
《饲料与畜牧》2002,(4):32-33
“疯牛病”曾给世界牛肉市场带来致命冲击,广大消费者“谈牛色变”,对食用牛肉普遍产生一种畏惧感。然而一年之后,随着“疯牛病”阴影的渐趋消退,世界牛肉市场也开始复苏。据美国农业部的预测,2002年全球牛肉出口总量有望达到600万吨,比2001年增加4%。据预测,澳大利亚今年的牛肉出口将突破140万吨,仍将在世界牛肉市场上独领风骚。目前,澳大利亚的出口商正全力拓展加拿大、韩国和墨西哥的牛肉市场份额。美国因国内市场价格有利,加之日本市场的牛肉需求急剧萎缩,其今年的牛肉出口将有所减少,预计全年牛肉出口总量为99.3万吨。近年来,巴西已成为澳大利亚和美国牛肉出口的强劲竞争对手。巴西利用去年“疯牛病”肆虐欧洲的机会,在欧盟国家发起声势浩大的宣 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
9.
《北方牧业》2006,(9)
<正> 中国近日宣布恢复进口曾因疯牛病疫情而受禁的美国牛肉,美国农业州的国会议员和农业团体备受鼓舞。然而,中国的养牛业却感受到市场的挑战。前些年,美国曾多次出现疯牛病疫情,世界许多国家和地区发出美国牛肉进口禁令。中国农业部畜牧业司官员王俊勋说,中国不会因解除美国牛肉进口禁令以及防止疯牛病进入而放慢发展本国的牛产业步伐。他说:“从长远考虑,这两者并不矛盾。”中国农业大学教授孟庆翔说,中国牛产业刚刚兴起,恢复进口美国牛肉,将对同内牛产业形成一定程度的冲击,但另一方面,这可以促进中国的牛产业努力提升自己的市场竞争力。目前,中国牛的存栏量达1.2亿头牛,涉及5000万农民。其中,水牛存栏量为2275万头,居世界第三位。疯牛病是国际公认的对养牛业及人类健康有巨大威胁的疾病,各国各地区均对该病的防治给予高度重视。中国农业专家说,现在的问题是,中国既要发展牛产业又要消除有疯牛病侵入的威胁。 相似文献
10.
11.
The first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Switzerland was diagnosed in November 1990. BSE is--in particular considering its eradication--different from many other livestock diseases. Strict disease control measures were taken from the very beginning by the Swiss authorities in order to protect public as well as animal health. In addition, BSE has stimulated enormous media interest and public concern. The occurrence of the born after the ban (BAB) cases, increasing questions about the zoonotic potential of the disease and trade restrictions against Switzerland led to the "BSE-crisis". In 1999, Switzerland internationally took a leading role in the surveillance of BSE by active investigation of targeted risk population. 相似文献
12.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) rapidly evolved into an issue of major public concern particularly when, in 1996, evidence was provided that this disease had crossed the species barrier and infected humans in the UK with what has become known as "variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease" (vCJD). The aim of this paper is to describe the European Geographical BSE risk assessment (GBR) that was successfully used for assessing the qualitative likelihood that BSE could be present in a country where it was not yet officially recognized. It also discusses how this can lead to risk-based and therefore preventive management of BSE at national and international levels. The basic assumption of the GBR method is that the BSE agent is initially introduced into a country's domestic cattle production system through the importation of contaminated feedstuffs or live cattle. This is referred to as an "external challenge". The ability of the system to cope with such a challenge is, in turn, referred to as its "stability": a stable system will not allow the BSE agent to propagate and amplify following its introduction, while an unstable system will. The BSE-status of a country assessed by this system was used by the European Commission as the basis for trade legislation rules for cattle and their products. The GBR was an invaluable tool in evaluating the potential global spread of BSE as it demonstrated how a disease could be transferred through international trade. This was shown to be a critical factor to address in reducing the spread and amplification of BSE throughout the world. Furthermore, GBR resulted in the implementation of additional measures and management activities both to improve surveillance and to prevent transmission within the cattle population. 相似文献
13.
von Alvenisleben R 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,109(8):335-337
The extremely high media emphasis of the BSE issue during the period December 2000 to February 2001 has caused considerable short term public concern. A significant amount of this concern was due to an intensive communication of pictures. Pictures are "fast shots into the brain" (Kroeber-Riel). Pictured stimuli run under the cognitive control of the recipients effecting the consumer below the threshold of consciousness. However, the issue has fallen into oblivion very soon. In summer 2001 the public concern was not higher than before the BSE crisis. The perception of product quality regained a "normal level". The public concern has caused a considerable decline of the demand for beef and an increase of demand for substitutes and organic meat. When the media emphasis of the BSE issue diminished, the beef demand recovered but did not reach the pre-crisis level again. However, the BSE crisis has intensified animal welfare concerns, polarized public opinion about food and agriculture and had big effects in the political sphere. Furthermore, the BSE crisis has led to additional--politically supported--activities of the organic food suppliers causing a further growth of this market segment. 相似文献
14.
The complex and rapid-paced development of international trade, coupled with increasing societal demands for the production not only of abundant and inexpensive food, but also of food that is safe and has been raised in a humane and environmentally friendly manner, demands immediate attention from the veterinary community. The new culture of global trade agreements, spurred by the development of the WTO, dictates massive changes and increasing integration of public and private sectors. This is a huge growth area for our profession and will require individuals with a skill set we do not yet provide in our educational framework. In North America, veterinary education is parochial and focused on specialization. This strong orientation toward companion animals fails to provide adequate training for those interested in acquiring the necessary skills for the emerging area of globalization and trade. In South America, curricula are less harmonized with one another and there is tremendous variation in degree programs, rendering it difficult to ascertain whether veterinarians are prepared to assume decision-making responsibilities regarding international transport of food. If we do not begin to prepare our graduates adequately for this emerging market demand, the positions will be filled by other professions. These other professions lack broad-based scientific knowledge about animal physiology and disease causation. Decisions made without adequate background could have devastating consequences for society, including incursions of unwelcome diseases, food safety problems, and public health issues. To prepare our new veterinary graduates for the future and this emerging market, it is important to nurture a global mindset within our academic communities and to promote communications, languages, and an interdependent team mentality. Areas of technical expertise that need a place, perhaps a parallel track, in the curriculum include production medicine, public health, food safety, and international veterinary medicine. The major trade corridors of the future regarding animal-based protein flow between North and South America. It is absolutely essential that we find areas of consensus and deficiencies so that we can harmonize our trade agreements and ensure adequate flow of safe food products from one continent to the other. 相似文献
15.
Gary W Brester John M Marsh Ronald L Plain 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2003,19(2):493-518
The maturation of the US beef and pork markets and increasing consumer demands for convenience, safety, and nutrition suggests that the beef and pork industries must focus on product development and promotion. New marketing arrangements are developing that help coordinate production with consumer demands. The relative high levels of incomes in the United States are likely to increase the demands for branded products rather than increase total per capita consumption. Foreign markets represent the greatest opportunity for increased demand for commodity beef and pork products. Increasing incomes in developing countries will likely allow consumers to increase consumption of animal-source proteins. Real prices of beef and pork have declined substantially because of sagging domestic demand and increasing farm-level production technologies. Increasing US beef and pork exports have obviated some of the price declines. Pork attained a net export position from a quantity perspective in 1995. The United States continues to be a net importer of beef on a quantity basis but is close to becoming a net exporter in terms of value. By-products continue to play a critical role in determining the red meat trade balance and producer prices. The United States, however, must continue to become cost, price, and quality competitive with other suppliers and must secure additional market access if it is to sustain recent trade trends. Several trade tensions remain in the red meat industry. For example, mandated COOL will undoubtedly have domestic and international effects on the beef and pork sectors. Domestically, uncertainty regarding consumer demand responses or quality perceptions regarding product origin, as well as added processor-retailer costs will be nontrivial. How these factors balance out in terms of benefits versus costs to the industry is uncertain. From an international perspective, some beef and pork export suppliers to the United States could view required labeling as a trade restriction, which could ultimately impact future US red meat exports. Conversely, some countries may view such labeling requirements as an opportunity to brand high-quality products. The US lamb meat industry has experienced declining real prices, domestic production, and demand. The cessation of wool incentive payments, increased environmental regulations, and competition by imports have significantly affected the industry. Import suppliers have capitalized on product quality in this niche market. Trade restrictions initially imposed in 1999 by the US Government were ruled illegal by the WTO. The US Government responded by providing financial assistance to lamb producers. Product quality improvements and promotion aimed at the domestic market, however, will be critical factors in shaping the economic viability of the US lamb meat industry. 相似文献
16.
The paper describes how the comprehensive surveillance of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and studies carried out on these data has enhanced our knowledge of the epidemiology of BSE. Around 7, 000 BSE cases were detected through the screening of about 50 million cattle with rapid tests in Europe. It confirmed that the clinical surveillance had a poor capacity to detect cases, and also showed the discrepancy of this passive surveillance efficiency between regions and production types (dairy/beef). Other risk factors for BSE were being in a dairy herd (three times more than beef), having a young age at first calving (for dairy cattle), being autumn-born (dairy and beef), and being in a herd with a very high milk yield. These findings focus the risk on the feeding regimen of calves/heifers. Several epidemiological studies across countries suggest that the feedborne source related to meat and bone meal (MBM) is the only substantiated route of infection - even after the feed ban -, while it is not possible to exclude maternal transmission or milk replacers as a source of some infections. In most European countries, the average age of the cases is increasing over time and the prevalence decreasing, which reflects the effectiveness of control measures. Consistent results on the trend of the epidemic were obtained using back-calculation modelling, the R(0) approach and Age-Period-Cohort models. Furthermore, active surveillance also resulted in the finding of atypical cases. These are distinct from previously found BSE and classified in two different forms based on biochemical characteristics; their prevalence is very low (36 cases up to 1st September 2007), affected animals were old and some of them displayed clinical signs. The origin and possibility of natural transmission is unknown. 相似文献
17.
Wiemer U 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,115(3-4):134-139
BSE was established for the first time in 1986 as a separate disease complex. Since 1989 measures to protect human and animal health have been adopted at Community level and under German law. The article describes the most important provisions governing the prevention, control and eradication of TSE. It addresses in detail the ban on feeding, active monitoring of BSE, active monitoring of small ruminants, measures taken after the detection of BSE, the removal and destruction of specified risk material and briefly addresses trade bans and restrictions. 相似文献
18.
19.
A spatio-temporal analysis was carried out to see how the risk distribution of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in France changed depending on the period of birth. The data concerned the 539 BSE cases born in France after the ban (BAB) of meat and bone meal (MBM) in 1990 and detected between July 1, 2001 and December 31, 2003, when the surveillance of BSE was comprehensive. Seventy-two of these cases were born after the reinforced (second) ban (BASB) in 1996, which involved the removal of BSE-risk materials and cadavers from the processing of MBM. The Ederer-Myers-Mantel (EMM) time and space cluster test was applied, after classifying the cases by trimester and region of birth, BAB or BASB status, and dairy or beef status. Then disease mapping was performed for four successive birth periods, three for the BAB cases (January 1991 through June 1994, July 1994 through June 1995, July 1995 through June 1996), and one for the BASB (July 1996 through October 1998). It was elaborated with the Bayesian graphical modelling methods and based on a Poisson distribution with spatial smoothing. The parameters were estimated by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method. The main finding was that the areas with the highest risk of BSE changed largely from one birth period to another; from the west, it reached the east of France for birth cohort 1994-1995 and the southwest for birth cohort 1995-1996. The EMM test identified a peak risk in this region both for dairy and beef cattle in the fall 1995. The spatial distribution of the risk for the BASB cases matched the spatial pattern of risk for the preceding BAB birth cohort quite well; this was in favour of a common origin of the infection of the BAB and BASB cases, despite the complementary control measures. 相似文献
20.
肉牛产业化需解决的几个关键问题 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
针对我国肉牛产业化水平低、经济效益差的现状，提出应着力解决以下几个关键性的问题：在全国范围内执行全国统一的肉牛胴体分级（评定）标准，以生产符合国际牛肉贸易要求的高档优质牛肉，获取高额利润，并迅速促进国内牛肉市场的发展；通过冷配杂交改良及胚胎移植等技术继续大力实施肉牛改良计划，大幅度地提高屠宰牛的胴体重；深入开展与肉牛有关的经济性状进行分子遗传机理的研究以及营养和牛肉品质等方面的研究。 相似文献