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1.
Following the application of Cypermethrin, fenvalerate and deltamethrin to a cauliflower crop at rates of 50, 50 and 12 g
a.i. ha-1, the maximum initial deposits of these insecticides on heads and leaves were 1.10 and 0.75, 1.14 and 0.60, and 0.32 and 0.12
mg kg-1, respectively. These residue values for fenvalerate were less than the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 2 mg kg-1 for this crop. While the maximum initial deposits of Cypermethrin and deltamethrin on cauliflower leaves were less than their
respective MRL values of 1 and 0.2 mg kg-1 for brassica leafy vegetables, it took one day for their residues on cauliflower heads to decline below this level. 相似文献
2.
A simple small-scale method for the determination of fenvalerate residues on cattle hair by gas–liquid chromatography with electron capture detection was developed and applied to the determination of fenvalerate residues from BovaidR ear tags. Recoveries were found to be 96–104% at 10–100 μg g?1 levels of fenvalerate. The minimum detection limit of this method was 1 pg g?1. With one ear tag, fenvalerate was adequately distributed over the entire body and persisted for at least 80 days on the hair of cattle. 相似文献
3.
Synergism of mixtures of pyrethroids with organophosphorus (OP) compounds in insects is reviewed, and the toxicity of such combinations againstSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae is reported. Mixtures of one of the pyrethroids cypermethrin, fenvalerate or deltamethrin with one of the OP compounds monocrotophos, profenofos, azinphos-methyl or acephate were assayed at different ratios as 24-h-old dipping residues on alfalfa, which was fed toS. littoralis larvae for 48 h. With most of the binary mixtures containing various OP concentrations in excess of those of the pyrethroids, synergism was demonstrated. In the pairs fenvalerate — azinphos-methyl, deltamethrin — azinphos-methyl and deltamethrin — profenofos, however, no synergism was found. In a detailed investigation with pyrethroid concentrations causing 20% mortality and OP concentrations giving a kill of no higher than ;10%, the above findings on synergism were amply confirmed. A cypermethrinmonocrotophos mixture showed synergism also on cotton leaves sprayed in the field. Synergism could not be demonstrated by topical application of pyrethroid — OP mixtures. 相似文献
4.
Abstract Bio‐efficacy of 15 insecticides was evaluated against the pest complex of okra in the semi‐arid region of Rajasthan during July‐October, 1984. Five sprays given at intervals of 15 days throughout the crop period indicated that fenvalerate (0.02%) was most effective, followed by permethrin (0.02%), cypermethrin (0.02%), carbaryl (0.10%), monocrotophos (0.04%) and dimethoate (0.03%), against leafhoppers, aphids and fruit borer. The maximm yield of marketable fruits was obtained with fenvalerate, followed by cypermethrin, carbaryl, monocrotophos and dimethoate treatments. Highest net‐profit of Rs. 4890.00 was also recorded with fenvalerate treatment, followed by Rs. 4430.00 with carbaryl, Rs. 4148.00 with permethrin, Rs. 3977.00 with monocrotophos and Rs. 3053.00 with dimethoate treatments. A higher benfit cost ratio was found with carbaryl (1:9.78), followed by dimethoate (1:7.85), monocrotophos (1:5.18), methyl demeton (1:5.07), fenvalerate (1:3.43) and permethrin (1:2.41). These insecticides can also be used against insect pests of other vegetable crops of the season. 相似文献
5.
Tapan K. Mandal Anjan Bhattacharya Animesh K. Chakraborty Dipak K. Basak 《Pest management science》1992,35(3):201-207
Disposition kinetics in goats of fenvalerate [(RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate] were studied after oral administration at 5 mg kg?1. The insecticide persisted in blood for up to 48 h. The Vd(area), t1/2(β), and t1/2(Ka), of fenvalerate were 12.14 (±0.39) litre kg?1, 12.25 (±0.25) h and 0.63 (±0.11)h, while the AUC and ClB values were respectively 7.35 (±0.39) μg h ml?1 and 0.68 (±0.04) litre kg?1 h?1. The residues in tissues reached a peak four days after insecticide administration and then started to decline. Maximum residue was found in the adrenal gland, followed by liver, kidney and intestine. Both GOT and GPT activities in kidney tissue, but only GPT activities in liver tissue had decreased significantly 4, 8 and 22 days post-administration. The fenvalerate did not produce any significant effects on serum acetylcholinesterase, cholesterol or protein levels in goats. Histopathological examination showed fatty changes in the periphery of lobule, congestion in sinusoid, haemolysis in central vein, necrosis and periportal fibrosis around the central vein of liver, and necrosis in kidney of fenvalerate-treated goats. 相似文献
6.
BACKGROUND: Thiacloprid [(Z)‐3‐(6‐chloro‐3‐pyridylmethyl)‐1,3‐thiazolidin‐2‐ylidenecyanamide; Calypso?] is a systemic insecticide having persistence in the plant system. It was chosen for the management of the eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guen. Management of this insect pest is difficult because it harbours inside the shoot and fruit portions of eggplant. The persistence of thiacloprid on eggplant has not been studied in India. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) has proposed its maximum residue limit (MRL) on eggplant as 0.7 mg kg?1, and there is a need to validate this value. Since residues were found to be above this level, five different decontamination agents were tested for the decontamination of thiacloprid from eggplant. RESULTS: The half‐life of thiacloprid was 11.1 and 11.6 days from trials in 2 years. Safety factors such as theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) and maximum permissible intake (MPI) were used to arrive at a risk assessment to human health from the analytical data obtained from the field trials. Thiacloprid at the doses tested (30 and 60 g AI ha?1) was not effective in managing eggplant fruit borer. A waiting period of 3 days before harvest of the fruits after insecticide application and a processing factor (PF) could not ensure a sufficient margin of safety (MOS). Subjecting the data to a processing factor of 60% could not bring the residues below the proposed MRL. CONCLUSION: Thiacloprid is not found to be an appropriate and effective agent for application to eggplant. Either the proposed MRL needs to be revised or good agricultural practice involving thiacloprid for plant protection in eggplant cultivation is required. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
Abstract The susceptibility of adults and cocooned stages of Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) to four synthetic pyrethroid insecticides and five other chemical insecticides was tested. The chemicals, formulated as emulsifiable concentrates, were decamethrin (0.0014%), permethrin (0.01%), fenvalerate (0.01%), cypermethrin (0.005%), dichlorvos (0.05%), monocrotophos (0.05%), endosulfan (0.05%), phosalone (0.05%) and quinalphos (0.05%). Adults were exposed for 6 h to filter paper impregnated with insecticide solution and were then transferred to untreated vials for observation. Cocoons were sprayed with the chemicals by means of a glass atomiser and held for adult emergence. The pyrethroid formulations and phosalone had little or no harmful effect on the adults and cocooned stages of A. plutellae but quinalphos was highly toxic to all stages tested. Dichlorvos, monocrotophos and endosulfan were highly toxic to adults but relatively safe for the cocooned stages. 相似文献
8.
The Sunn pestEurygaster integriceps Puton is the most harmful pest of cereals in Turkey and the surrounding countries. Chemical control has been employed against
the nymph stages of the pest. The efficacy of six products [acetamiprid (SL, soluble concentrate), chlorpyrifosethyl (EC,
emulsifiable concentrate), lambda-cyhalothrin (CS, capsule suspension), monocrotophos (SC, suspension concentrate), thiacloprid
(SC) and zeta-cypermethrin (EC)] was tested on overwintered adults ofE. integriceps, with applications to wheat at the shooting stage. In a study conducted at Siverek, Şanlıurfa in the southeastern Anatolia
Region, the most effective insecticide was found to be lambda-cyhalothrin. It gave very promising results in controlling the
pest and reduced subsequent egg laying and the appearance of nymphs in the trial area. The results showed that chemical control
of overwintered adults of the Sunn pest in early spring is possible with lambda-cyhalothrin.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 18, 2006. 相似文献
9.
Freeman L. McEwen Heinz E. Braun Gwen M. Ritcey Richard Frank 《Pest management science》1986,17(2):150-154
Foliar applications of synthetic pyrethroids were made to several crops to determine residue levels at various intervals after application. On onions, residues of cypermethrin, permethrin and fenvalerate were negligible > 0.1 mg kg?1, 7 days after application. On lettuce, residues of fenvalerate and permethrin were 0.8 mg kg?1. On celery, residues of fenvalerate did not decline and ranged from 0.12 to 0.25 mg kg?1 during the 14-day period. On green bush-beans, residues of permethrin and cypermethrin did not decline during the 14-day period and ranged from 0.1 to 0.6 mg kg?1. By day 7, residues of cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin on strawberries were less than the acceptable maximum tolerance of 0.1 mg kg?1 with the exception of cypermethrin, applied at the rate of 0.14 kg a.i. ha?1 which gave a residue of 0.14 mg kg?1. 相似文献
10.
Nigel J. Armes John A. Wightman Deepak R. Jadhav Gangavalli V. Ranga Rao 《Pest management science》1997,50(3):240-248
Twenty-two strains of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), collected from groundnut crops of eight locations in Andhra Pradesh, India, between 1991 and 1996 were assayed in the F1 generation for resistance to commonly used insecticides. Resistance levels ranged as follows: cypermethrin, 0·2- to 197-fold; fenvalerate, 8- to 121-fold; endosulfan, 1-to 13-fold; quinalphos, 1- to 29-fold; monocrotophos, 2- to 362-fold and methomyl, 0·7- to 19-fold. In nearly all strains pre-treatment with the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, resulted in complete suppression of cypermethrin resistance (2- to 121-fold synergism), indicating that enhanced detoxification by microsomal P450-dependent monooxygenases was probably the major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Pre-treatment with the synergist DEF, an inhibitor of esterases and the glutathione S-transferase system, resulted in a 2- to 3-fold synergism with monocrotophos indicating that esterases and possibly glutathione S-transferases were at least to some extent contributing to organophosphate resistance. © 1997 SCI. 相似文献
11.
Stephen T. Hadfield Jill K. Sadler Elek Bolygo Sarah Hill Ian R. Hill 《Pest management science》1993,38(4):283-294
This paper describes the residue analysis of water and hydrosoil samples taken from two separate large-scale aquatic ecotoxicology trials designed to assess the environmental fate and effects of the pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin. Comparison of the results demonstrates the high degree of reproducibility of the chemical residue found the day after treatment using experimental mesocosms (lambda-cyhalothrin) as opposed to an in-use farm pond (cypermethrin). Both studies showed that pyrethroid residues were rapidly lost from the water column: residues of lambda-cyhalothrin were less than 2 ng litre?1 following the final application of a cumulative seasonal exposure equivalent to twelve ?drift’? and six ?run-off’? events, each delivering a dose equivalent to that expected from a typical event under field conditions. Hydrosoil appeared to act as a sink for pyrethroid residues and, under the stringent test conditions of the mesocosm study, lambda-cyhalothrin residues reached 3.2 μg kg?1 following the seasonal exposure described above. The cypermethrin farm-pond study illustrated the localised pattern of exposure expected under natural field conditions, with site topography and cultivation practices which represent an average ?worst case’?. Residues in hydrosoil reached a maximum level of approximately 25 μg kg?1 in one sampling zone at one interval, and thereafter declined to a level of < 9 μg kg?1 within four months. 相似文献
12.
Tapan K. Mandal Animesh K. Chakraborty Anjan Bhattacharyya 《Pest management science》1995,45(3):215-219
Disposition kinetics of cypermethrin and fenvalerate were investigated in lactating black Bengal goats following single dose intravenous administration at 57 and 45 mg kg?1 respectively. The maximum and minimum blood concentrations of cypermethrin were 18.49 (±3.17) and 0.06 (±0.002) μg ml?1, while the corresponding values for fenvalerate were 14.58 (±2.37) and 0.04 (±0.005) μg ml?1 respectively. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate remained present in blood for 36 h. The mean t1/2β) and Vdarea values were 5.56 (±0.28) h and 10.38 (±2.20) litre kg?1 for cypermethrin and 5.66 (±0.35) h and 11.31 (±2.20) litre kg?1 respectively for fenvalerate. Both cypermethrin and fenvalerate persisted in goat milk for 36 h. The t1/2β) and AUC values of fenvalerate were 7.37 (±1.84) h and 122.38 (±11.65) μg h ml?1 whilst the corresponding values for cypermethrin were 6.66 (±1.54) h and 99.48 (±7.81) μg h ml?1 in milk respectively. 相似文献
13.
最新欧盟茶叶中农药最高残留限量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国茶叶杂志报道了我国对欧出口茶叶中农药残留严重超标状况,本文结合欧盟新修订的茶叶中农药最高残留限量（MRL）,特别从2000年7月1日起对菊酯类和其它一些农药执行新的限量规定,如对氰戊菊酯现规定的MRL为0．1mg/kg比原先规定的10mg/kg下调了100倍等情况提出几项建议。 相似文献
14.
研究树下土表施药防治桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的取代药剂。用毒土法测定了分属4类的13种药剂对桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的触杀毒力,其结果以毒死蜱、三唑磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基对硫磷和辛硫磷毒力较高,LC_(90)值依次为18．38、22．48、35．95、47．63及49．57 mg·kg~(-1),甲氰菊酯、丙溴磷、阿维菌素、甲胺基阿维菌素、氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷、丙硫克百威和丁硫克百威LC_(90)值处于77．11～205．86mg·kg~(-1)之间。用高效液相色谱法测定了毒力较高的毒死蜱、三唑磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯以及阿维菌素在土壤中的降解动态,半衰期分别为8．28、11．37、10．17及19．70天。欲达30天的有效控制期,按LC_(90)值计算,这4种药剂在土壤中的初施浓度应分别为226．36、139．90、278．03及346．81mg·kg~(-1)。从药剂毒力、降解速率、相同控制期所需剂量及应用成本综合评价,毒死蜱、三唑磷具有较高的应用价值。 相似文献
15.
The synergistic effect of a range of ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (EBI) fungicides and a pyrethroid insecticide was studied in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Various EBI fungicides were combined separately with the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin at ratios derived from their recommended application rates to represent tank-mixing in the field. The mixture was then applied topically to the thorax of honeybees, and mortality assessed 24 h post-treatment. All the fungicides tested increased the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin to honeybees. The fungicide propiconazole was found to have the strongest synergistic effect, decreasing the LD50 of lambda-cyalothrin from 68.0 ng bee?1 to 4.2 ng, thus having a synergistic ratio of 16.2. Hazard ratios were calculated for lambda-cyhalothrin and fungicide mixtures using a recommended application rate of 7.5 g a.i. ha?1. The hazard ratio for lambda-cyhalothrin alone was 110, but when mixed with fungicide synergists, the hazard ratio ranged from 366 with flutriafol to 1786 with propiconazole. A blank formulation of a fungicide (without the active ingredient prochloraz) had little effect on the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin, indicating that it is primarily the fungicide active ingredient that is responsible for the synergistic effect. The results are discussed in terms of the potential hazard posed by pesticide synergism to honeybees in the field. 相似文献
16.
The pharmacokinetics of total radioactivity and of intact fenvalerate were determined in sheep treated intravenously with radiolabelled or non-radiolabelled fenvalerate. Mean residence times (MRT) of total radioactivity and intact fenvalerate in plasma were 910 (±75) and 39 (±3) min, while harmonic mean elimination-phase half-lives (TMβ) were 990 and 82 min, each respectively. Systemic clearance values (ClS) of total radioactivity and intact fenvalerate were 2·8 (±0·3) ml min−1 kg−1 and 51·3 (±5·9) ml min−1 kg−1, respectively. Volumes of distribution at steady state (VSS) were each near 2500 ml kg−1. Elimination of radioactivity occurred, in part (33·3 (±3·3)% of dose), by renal excretion, at a rate (0·9 (±0·1) ml min−1 kg−1), similar to that of glomerular filtration. These data are consistent with a disposition model according to which intact fenvalerate was rapidly distributed into a peripheral compartment, where metabolism occurred. In addition, since the elimination half-life of fenvalerate from plasma was less than 90 min after intravenous injection, ‘flip-flop’ kinetics should be considered when longer elimination half-lives are observed after oral or dermal exposures. 相似文献
17.
L. M. Hansen 《EPPO Bulletin》2008,38(1):95-98
The pollen beetle is the most important pest in Danish oilseed rape crops and it is essential that farmers are able to control this pest, especially in years when the economic damage threshold will be exceeded. About seven years ago, Danish oilseed rape growers began reporting that the pyrethroids seemed to be losing effectiveness towards pollen beetles. In 2001 18 populations collected from winter and spring oilseed rape fields were tested and very high level of insecticide resistance was found. In 2003 100 populations of pollen beetles were tested, using a FAO dip-test, for resistance to fenitrothion, lambda-cyhalothrin and tau-fluvalinate. It can be concluded that many Danish populations of pollen beetles are resistant to the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin and to a lesser extent to the pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate. No resistance to the organophosphate fenitrothion was found. 相似文献
18.
Mervyn Bengston Richard A. H. Davies James M. Desmarchelier Ronald Henning William Murray Bruce W. Simpson Jack T. Snelson Rex Sticka Barry E. Wallbank 《Pest management science》1983,14(4):373-384
Organophosphorothioates and synergised synthetic pyrethroids were used in duplicate field trials carried out on bulk wheat in commercial silos in Queensland and New South Wales. Laboratory bioassays using malathion-resistant strains of insects were carried out on samples of treated grain at intervals over 9 months. These established that all treatments were generally effective. Deltamethrin (2 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1), fenitrothion (12 mg kg?1)+ fenvalerate (1 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1), fenitrothion (12 mg kg?1)+ phenothrin (2 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1) and pirimiphos-methyl (4 mg kg?1)+ permethrin (1 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1) controlled common field strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Against a highly resistant strain of S. oryzae, deltamethrin (2 mg kg?1)+ piperonyl butoxide (8 mg kg?1) was superior to the remaining treatments. All treatment combinations completely prevented progeny production in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jacquelin du Val and in Ephestia cautella (Walker). Residues of deltamethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin and phenothrin were determined and shown to be highly persistent on stored wheat. During milling, residues accumulated in the bran fractions and were reduced in white flour. They were not significantly reduced during baking. 相似文献
19.
Non-cyclopropane pyrethroid esters of different substituted 2-phenoxy-3-methylbutanoic acids have been synthesised using the three alcohols—3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 3, 4-methylene-dioxybenzyl alcohol. Among the 35 esters synthesised and tested against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, the Bancroftian filariasis vector, for both larvicidal and adulticidal activities, α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-methylbu-tanoate, with an LC50 value of 2.5 × 10?3 mg litre?1 for larvicidal activity, and α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylbutanoate, with an LD50 value of 30 times; 10?4 ug insect?1 for adulticidal activity, were found to be as effective as fenvalerate, a well-known non-cyclopropane pyrethroid ester. Structure-activity studies showed that the insecticidal activity is dependent on the nature and position of the substituent in the phenyl ring of the acid moiety and also on the type of alcohol moiety. 相似文献