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1.
含钾矿物中钾的释放及其与溶液环境中离子种类的关系 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过室内试验研究探讨5种含K矿物中K在不同溶液中的释放规律(释放量和释放速率).结果表明,不同含K矿物中K释放速率和释放量的顺序均表现为:黑云母>蛭石>金云母≥白云母>钾长石,不同K矿物释K速率在酸溶液中差异最大,其次在钙和钠盐溶液中,在水中的速率差异最小,这主要是受其矿物本身结构的影响.不同离子对含K矿物中非交换态K释放的促进作用差异显著:H~+>>Ca~(3+)>Na~+>H_2O>NH_4~+.随矿物K有效性增加,H~+和Ca~(2+)对矿物K释放的促进作用越大,而且H~+较Ca~(2+)对黑云母、金云母和长石中的K有更突出的促释作用.此外,Ca~(2+)较Na~+显著促进了黑云母和蛭石中K的释放,但对其他矿物中K释放的影响两者无显著差异.NH~+_4则显著抑制了各种矿物中K的释放,对黑云母和蛭石的抑制作用更强于对金云母和白云母的作用. 相似文献
2.
不同有效钾提取方法的原理与效率比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以6种典型含钾矿物为研究对象,探讨了盐溶液提取法、阳离子交换树脂法及四苯硼钠法等不同有效钾提取方法的原理、效率及影响因素的影响效应和机制。结果表明：盐溶液提取法对含钾矿物中钾的提取能力受离子种类、浓度及pH的影响,不同种类盐提取剂对矿物中钾释放的促进作用也因含钾矿物类型而异。NH4+ 使矿物层间塌陷,显著抑制各种矿物中非交换态钾的释放。阳离子交换树脂法对溶液中钾的提取能力与饱和离子种类及振荡强度有关。H+、Na+ 饱和树脂吸附溶液钾的能力大于Ca2+ 饱和树脂。振荡强度选为120 r/min可消除树脂法提取钾素时液膜扩散阻力的干扰。四苯硼钾的溶度积常数Ksp为2.40 × 10-8（25℃）。不加NaCl条件下,四苯硼钠浓度是影响四苯硼钠法对含钾矿物中钾的提取能力的主要因素。由不同方法的提取原理可以看出,铵盐类提取剂适用于速效钾为当季作物主要钾源（速效钾含量较高）的土壤钾素有效性的评价。而其他盐提取剂通过延长提取时间,可提取部分非交换态钾,可能较醋酸铵法更适合于提取非交换态钾为当季作物主要钾源的土壤有效钾。阳离子交换树脂法也可提取土壤非交换态钾,但操作较为繁琐,该方法更适用于原位研究土壤钾素的迁移、扩散等特性。四苯硼钠法提取效率较高,通过调节其提取力,可提取不同程度的非交换态钾,是具有较好应用前景的适于各类土壤和作物的土壤有效钾测定方法。 相似文献
3.
4.
吉林省主要耕作土壤中含钾矿物组成及其与不同形态钾的关系 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过化学分析 ,X-射线衍射及镜检法研究了黑土、白浆土、黑钙土等吉林省主要耕作土壤的含钾矿物组成及不同形态钾的含量。结果表明 ,土壤中的含钾矿物以含钾长石和伊利石为主 ,钾长石主要集中在土壤砂粒部分 ,伊利石主要存在于土壤的粘粒部分。土壤的含钾矿物总量约占土壤矿物总量的 1/ 3多些 ,比南方土壤高 ;缓效钾含量丰富 ,供钾潜力大 ;速效钾含量在黑土、黑钙土中较高 ,而在白浆土中稍低。 3种土壤的全钾量与含钾矿物总量、粘粒中伊利石含量与粘粒含钾量、伊利石含量与缓效钾量、细砂中含钾长石含量与细砂中全钾量、缓效性钾与速效性钾之间呈极显著或显著相关。 相似文献
5.
四种常规方法提取伊利石有效钾的机制比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用化学分析、X射线衍射、中红外光声光谱以及原子力显微镜的方法,比较了0.2 mol L~(-1)四苯硼钠法、1 mol L~(-1)沸硝酸法、2 mol L~(-1)冷硝酸法和2 mol L~(-1)热盐酸法浸提伊利石中有效钾的机制。结果表明,四苯硼钠法浸提时,伊利石中钾素释放量达到全钾量的59.5%,且基本均通过层间交换反应予以释放,结构离子铁、铝和硅释放量极低;采用三种酸溶液浸提时,其钾素释放量仅占全钾量的1.53%~2.46%,通过层间交换反应释放的钾量占释放量的比例为88.4%~94.0%。四苯硼钠浸提时伊利石层间距扩大,产生次生过渡矿物,并形成富硅表层,但在伊利石表面无溶蚀特征;三种酸溶液浸提时伊利石结构无改变,但其结晶度降低,且表面有明显的溶蚀特征。因此,土壤矿物层间钾是作物可利用有效钾的主要来源,三种酸溶液浸提方法一方面低估了有效钾容量,另一方面提取了一部分不能为植物所利用的结构态钾,不适宜于用来评价伊利石及土壤有效钾库容量。 相似文献
6.
我国南方一些土壤的钾素状况及其含钾矿物 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
本文研究了我国南方一些土壤的钾素状况及其含钾矿物。结果表明，土壤含钾矿物的含量和种类因成土母质和土壤发育程度而异。花岗岩发育土壤的含钾矿物随粒烃增大而增加（＞５０μ除外），沉积岩发育的土壤情况相反。土壤的非交换性钾与云母类矿物含量呈较好的相关性（ｒ＝０．６６９＾＊），交换性钾与土壤ＣＥＣ呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８０８＾＊＊）。不同粒级对土壤全钾量贡献不一，花岗岩发育土壤的全钾量主要集中于１０－５０ 相似文献
7.
肥田萝卜、油菜对金云母中矿物钾的活化与利用 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本试验以金云母作为植物的唯一钾源,研究了缺磷与正常供磷条件下肥田萝卜、油菜对矿物结构钾的利用。结果表明,缺磷条件下两种植物每盆的吸钾总量( 肥田萝卜14-96mg ,油菜12-88mg) 以及矿物钾的净释放量( 肥田萝卜6-22mg ,油菜4-32mg) 均显著高于正常供磷处理的植物吸钾总量( 肥田萝卜11-90mg,油菜9-57mg) 和矿物钾净释放量( 肥田萝卜3-72mg,油菜3-07mg) 。同时,对根际金云母进行X光衍射扫描,结果发现两种处理的肥田萝卜和油菜的根际金云母均出现了明显的蛭石化现象,其中缺磷条件下两种植物引起的蛭石化作用较正常供磷的处理更显著。 相似文献
8.
本试验以金云母作为植物的唯一钾源,研究了缺磷与正常供磷条件下肥田萝卜、油菜对矿物结构钾的利用。结果表明,缺磷条件下两种植物每盆的吸钾总量( 肥田萝卜14-96mg ,油菜12-88mg) 以及矿物钾的净释放量( 肥田萝卜6-22mg ,油菜4-32mg) 均显著高于正常供磷处理的植物吸钾总量( 肥田萝卜11-90mg,油菜9-57mg) 和矿物钾净释放量( 肥田萝卜3-72mg,油菜3-07mg) 。同时,对根际金云母进行X光衍射扫描,结果发现两种处理的肥田萝卜和油菜的根际金云母均出现了明显的蛭石化现象,其中缺磷条件下两种植物引起的蛭石化作用较正常供磷的处理更显著。 相似文献
9.
摘要: 利用微晶化设备对钾长石进行机械力活化处理,研究了不同处理时间对钾长石粉颗粒组成、 钾素释放量及生物有效性的影响。结果表明,钾长石经微晶化设备分别加工10 min、 40 min、 120 min和180 min后,微细颗粒（d10 m）组成比例分别达到51.69%、 65.44%、 85.34%和93.93%,比表面积明显增大,衍射峰强度显著减弱,同时钾素的释放量显著提高,其中微晶化处理180 min样品T3效果最好,2 mol/L HNO3和蒸馏水3次提取的钾总量分别为6118.8 mg/kg和2867.8 mg/kg; 4个处理（10 min、 40 min、 120 min和180 min）酸提钾总量分别是蒸馏水提钾总量的2.46、 1.81、 2.19和2.13倍,两种浸提剂提钾总量占钾长石全钾的0.50%~5.73%。微晶化以后钾长石粉中的绝大部分钾素仍以矿物态存在,但其生物有效性显著提高,促进了籽粒苋的生长和钾素积累。 相似文献
10.
北方主要土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究 总被引：50，自引：10，他引：40
从北方12个省（市、自治区）选取了25个有代表性的土壤样品,将土壤中的钾按其存在形态计为水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾和矿物钾。前三种形态钾的总和不超过全钾的2．0％．非交换性钾也仅占全钾的2．7％～9．4％,而全钾的89．8％～96．8％是以矿物态存在的。根据土壤中各形态钾含量,特别是非交换性钾含量分析,可以看出供试25个土壤的供钾能力按取土地点自西向东（西北－华北－东北）有明显降低的趋势。在连续耗竭情况下,不同土壤的植物净吸钾总量的差异十分悬殊,范围为96．3～793．5mg／pot。根据植物净吸钾总量的大小,将供试土壤的供钾能力分为极高、高、中、较低和低5个等级。其结果也表明供试土壤供钾能力控取土地点自西向东呈明显降低的趋势。耗竭条件下植物吸取来自土壤不同形态钾的比例相差很大。以来自水溶性钾的比例为最小．平均为3．1％;其次是非特殊吸附钾,平均为7．7％;再次是特殊吸附钾,平均为10．2％;来自非交换性钾的比例较大,平均为33．3％;来自矿物钾的比例最大,平均为45．7％。本研究区分了非交换性钾和矿物钾对植物吸收钾素的贡献,发现在耗竭条件下矿物钾是植物的重要钾源。 相似文献
11.
Oxalic acid plays an important role in improving the bioavailability of soil nutrients. Batch experiments were employed to examine the influences of oxalic acid on extraction and release kinetics of potassium （K） from soils and minerals along with the adsorption and desorption of soil K^＋. The soils and minerals used were three typical Chinese soils, black soil （Mollisol）, red soil （Ultisol）, and calcareous alluvial soil （Entisol）, and four K-bearing minerals, biotite, phlogopite, muscovite, and microcline. The results showed that soil K extracted using 0.2 mol L^-1 oxalic acid was similar to that using 1 mol L^-1 boiling HNO3. The relation between K release （y） and concentrations of oxalic acid （c） could be best described logarithmically as y = a ＋ blogc, while the best-fit kinetic equation of K release was y = a ＋ b√t, where a and b are the constants and t is the elapsed time. The K release for minerals was ranked as biotite 〉 phlogopite 〉〉 muscovite 〉 microcline and for soils it was in the order： black soil 〉 calcareous alluvial soil 〉 red soil. An oxalic acid solution with low pH was able to release more K from weathered minerals and alkaline soils. Oxalic acid decreased the soil K^＋ adsorption and increased the soil K^＋ desorption, the effect of which tended to be greater at lower solution pH, especially in the red soil. 相似文献
12.
Three micas commonly occurring in soils, that is, biotite, phlogopite and muscovite, were shaken with 0.2% (W/V) aqueous fulvic acid (FA) solution for 710 h at room temperature. Proportions of major constituent elements extracted (Fe, Al, Mg, K and Si from biotite, Al, Mg, K and Si from phlogopite and Al, K and Si from muscovite) were determined.Depending on the type of mineral and its Fe content, substantial amounts of Fe, Al, Mg, K and Si were brought into aqueous solution by the FA under mild conditions. The ease with which the micas were attacked by the FA decreased in the following order: biotite > phlogopite > muscovite. IR and ESR analyses indicated the formation of metal—FA complexes as a major reaction mechanism by which the minerals were dissolved. Our data show that aqueous FA solution can dissolve from micas relatively large amounts of metals and Si, which may then become more available to plant roots and microbes, active in soil genesis processes, as well as participants in the synthesis of new minerals. 相似文献
13.
S. M. O. Mohammed K. Brandt N. D. Gray M. L. White D. A. C. Manning 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(5):653-662
Given the cost of conventional fertilizers and increasing demand as a result of increasing population growth, new sources of potassium (K) for plant nutrition need to be considered. Readily soluble nutrients are rapidly lost from well‐drained soils, and so it is appropriate to consider silicate minerals that release K slowly during weathering. In this paper, we compare the availability to plants grown in sandy soils of K from microcline (feldspar), biotite (mica) and nepheline syenite (nepheline + microcline) using leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum L.) as a model plant. Pot experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions using natural and artificial soil. The performance of the minerals was compared with treatment with KCl and a negative control (no K added). Plant shoot diameter was measured weekly to assess growth rates. After 10 weeks, plant dry mass and soil and plant contents of soluble K were measured to determine offtake; mineralogical changes in biotite‐treated soils were assessed. Results for artificial and natural soil differed, reflecting differences in their mineralogy. With no added K, plant growth ceased after 2 weeks. Growth rates were greatest for KCl, followed by biotite; linear growth continued for 5 weeks in the natural soil and for the entire 10 weeks in the artificial soil. Growth rates with nepheline syenite (natural soil) and microcline (both soils) did not differ significantly from the negative control, but for nepheline syenite, leek shoot K content was significantly greater, demonstrating availability of K from this source. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that biotite reacted to form vermiculite. 相似文献
14.
Thomas A. Douglas Marianne E. Walsh Charles A. Weiss Jr Christian J. McGrath Thomas P. Trainor 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(5):2189-2200
Explosive compounds, including known toxicants 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), are loaded to soils during military training. Their fate in soils is ultimately controlled by soil mineralogical and biogeochemical processes. We detonated pure mineral phases with Composition B, a mixture of TNT and RDX, and investigated the fate of detonation residues in aqueous slurries constructed from the detonated minerals. The pure minerals included Ottawa sand (quartz and calcite), microcline feldspar, phlogopite mica, muscovite mica, vermiculite clay, beidellite (a representative of the smectite clay group), and nontronite clay. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and gas adsorption surface area measurements were made of the pristine and detonated minerals. Batch slurries of detonated minerals and deionized water were sampled for 141?days and TNT, RDX, and TNT transformation products were measured from the aqueous samples and from the mineral substrates at day?141. Detonated samples generally exhibited lower gas adsorption surface areas than pristine ones, likely from residue coating, shock-induced compaction, sintering, and/or partial fusion. TNT and RDX exhibited analyte loss in almost all batch solutions over time but loss was greater in vermiculite, beidellite, and phlogopite than in muscovite and quartz. This suggests common phyllosilicate mineral substrates could be used on military training ranges to minimize off-site migration of explosive residues. We present a conceptual model to represent the physical and chemical processes that occurred in our aqueous batches over time. 相似文献
15.
The ability of roots to weather phlogopite as shown by the release of interlayer-K and by the concomitant vermiculitization of the mica was investigated in the rhizosphere of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), grown for 1 to 32 d on 2–105 μm mica as sole source of both K and Mg. The K-balance showed that ryegrass was able to induce a significant release of interlayer-K from phlogopite after 8 d of cropping. After 32 d, this root-induced release of K amounted to 191 g Kg?1 of total-K and contributed a major part of plant nutrition. Concurrently, the concentration of K in solution decreased markedly in the rhizosphere and X-ray diffractometry showed a strong vermiculitization of the phlogopite. The transformation of phlogopite into vermiculite was detected when the K-concentration in the rhizosphere decreased below a threshold of about 80 μmol dm?3. That suggests that the roots act by depleting the rhizosphere-K, and thus shifting the exchange equilibrium, so as to release interlayer-K and expand the interlayer space of the phyllosilicate leading to the transformation of the phlogopite into vermiculite. 相似文献
16.
Non-exchangeable potassium release and its removal in foot-hill soils of North-west Himalayas 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the present investigation, soils representing ten locations and three agro-climatic zones of foot-hills of north-west Himalayas were studied to assess Non-exchangeable Potassium (NEK) reserves, its release and influence of K-fixing capacity and clay minerals on NEK release. Maximum release of non-exchangeable K was obtained in temperate zone soils (295 mg kg− 1) followed by intermediate zone (227 mg kg− 1) and sub-tropical zone soils (106 mg kg− 1), having relative soil quality index (RSQI) values of 85, 80 and 65, respectively. The quantitative analysis of clay minerals, through XRD technique, revealed that the temperate soils have more illite (averaging 62%) which holds well as a reason for high NEK reserves of 1556 mg kg− 1 in these soils in comparison to intermediate (having illite averaging 53%) and sub-tropical (having illite averaging to 49%) soils having NEK amounting to 1022 and 918 mg kg− 1, respectively. In order to study the NEK removal from the soils under investigation, maize was grown as a test crop and potassium was applied through four treatments having four levels of K (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg kg− 1) applied as KCl. The crop demonstrated significant response in terms of dry matter yield up to 30 mg kg− 1 in sub-tropical and intermediate soils while no such response was obtained in temperate soils. The percent NEK removed by maize crop from NEK reserves was 14, 25 and 20% in sub-tropical, intermediate and temperate soils, respectively. The information about NEK release, its removal as well as its relationship with K fixing capacity, clay minerals and RSQI can be used for understanding the K buffering potential of soils especially under adverse soil and climatic conditions that prevail in southwest India. Besides, the regression equations developed can be used for predicting NEK release on the basis of K fixing capacity and clay mineralogical composition. 相似文献
17.
土壤非交换态钾与结构态钾能够区分吗？ 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Nonexchangeable K (NEK) is the major portion of the reserve of available K in soil and a primary factor in determining soil K fertility. The questions of how much NEK is in soils and how to quantify total NEK in soils are so far still unclear due to the complicated effects of various minerals on K fixation. In this study, the NEK in 9 soils was extracted with sodium tetraphenylboron (NaBPh4) for various time periods longer than 1 d. The results showed that the NEK extracted by NaBPh4 gradually increased with time, but showed no more increase after the duration of extraction exceeded 10--20 d. As the temperature increased from 25 to 45 oC, the duration to obtain the maximum extraction of NEK was reduced from 20 to 10 d, and the maximum values of NEK released at both temperatures was almost the same for each soil. The maximum NEK (MNEK) of the 9 soils extracted by NaBPh4 varied from 3 074 to 10 081 mg kg-1, accounting for 21%--56% of the total soil K. There was no significant correlation between MNEK released by NaBPh4 and other forms of K, such as NH4OAc-extracted K, HNO3-extracted K and total K in soils, which indicates that NEK is a special form of K that has no inevitable relationship to the other forms of K in soils. The MNEK extraction by NaBPh4 in this study indicated that the total NEK in the soils could be differentiated from soil structural K and quantified with the modified NaBPh4 method. The high MNEK in soils made NEK much more important in the role of the plant-available K pool. How to fractionate NEK into different fractions and establish the methods to quantify each NEK fraction according to their bioavailability is of great importance for future research. 相似文献