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钾对不同基因型玉米生长、体内钾循环和分配的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
钾素循环和再利用对维持植物生长和提高钾利用效率非常重要。本文以杂交玉米豫玉23和兴农998为供试作物,采用供应高钾（1.85 mmol/L）和低钾（0.1 mmol/L）营养液的石英砂培养方法,研究不同基因型玉米各器官干重和钾积累及分配、 体内钾在木质部和韧皮部中的循环、 流动及钾效率等。结果表明,低钾处理10 d后,与高钾处理相比,低钾降低两玉米品种各器官干重净增量、 钾浓度、 钾积累量、 钾吸收效率和木质部中钾的运输量,增加钾利用效率和源叶中韧皮部输出的钾,提高钾通过韧皮部的再循环量及占木质部运输总量的比例。低钾处理的豫玉23和兴农998上部叶均为钾库,钾积累量的38.5%和70.3%是由各自中、 下部叶韧皮部输出的钾供给,但体内光合产物和钾向上部叶的运输是不完全同步的过程。两品种比较,低钾处理下的豫玉23较兴农998干重净增量提高,在于前者具有较大根量、 较高钾吸收速率和较多钾素吸收量,木质部中有更多的钾通过叶片韧皮部输出进行循环运输进入上部叶;但豫玉23对介质中钾的吸收大于体内钾的再利用。钾营养高效基因型玉米应该具有较强的吸收和利用体内钾的能力。 相似文献
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不同供磷水平对旱作条件下水稻生长、根系形态和 养分吸收的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过盆栽试验,比较分析了磷素对旱作条件下不同水稻品种苗期生长、根系形态及磷素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,施用磷肥促进水稻地上部和根系的生长,低磷胁迫显著增大了植物的根冠比,且品种间差异明显,丛矮2在低磷水平和高磷水平下的根冠比比值为1.982,而黄华占相应的比值为1.096;随供磷浓度的增加,水稻植株含磷量增加而磷素生理利用率降低,在3种磷水平下,3345的磷素吸收效率均高于其他4个品种,磷素生理利用率却低于其他4个品种。根系形态参数与磷素吸收、利用效率的相关性分析表明:根系总长对水稻植株吸磷量影响最大。总之,适当地施用磷肥能更好地协调根系与地上部的关系,促进根系的生长和根系对磷素的吸收。 相似文献
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缺磷对不同耐低磷玉米基因型酸性磷酸酶活性的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
【目的】酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤及植株体内有机磷的分解和再利用有着密切的关系。本研究以不同耐低磷玉米自交系为材料,研究低磷胁迫下玉米叶片、根组织内以及根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的变化及基因型差异,探讨酸性磷酸酶与玉米耐低磷之间的关系,以期更深入地了解玉米耐低磷的生理机制。【方法】以5个典型耐低磷自交系99180T、99239T、99186T、99327T、99184T和2个磷敏感自交系99152S、99270S为试验材料,采用营养液培养方法,设正常磷和低磷两种处理,分别于缺磷处理3、8和12 d时调查取样,测定地上部干重、根干重、叶片中无机磷(Pi)含量、根和地上部磷累积量、根系分泌APase活性以及叶片中APase活性,并于缺磷处理12 d测定根系内APase活性。【结果】1)缺磷使玉米地上部干重下降,根干重、根冠比增加,随着缺磷处理(3 d→8 d→12 d)时间的延长,根干重、根冠比增加幅度增大,且耐低磷自交系根干重增加幅度普遍大于敏感自交系。2)低磷条件下,玉米自交系磷吸收、利用效率存在基因型差异,耐低磷自交系99239T、99180T和99327T磷吸收效率较高,99186T和99184T磷利用效率高,敏感自交系99152S、99270S磷吸收和利用效率均较低。3)低磷处理使玉米自交系叶片无机磷(Pi)含量显著下降,耐低磷自交系99184T、99327T和99239T下降幅度较小,相对叶片无机磷含量较高。4)缺磷诱导玉米根系分泌的APase活性升高。耐低磷自交系99184T和99186T根系分泌APase活性升高幅度较大,其余3个耐低磷自交系未表现出明显优势。缺磷处理3 d、8 d,玉米根系分泌APase活性与磷累积量显著正相关,而12 d时相关性不显著;根系分泌APase活性与磷利用效率在缺磷处理12d时达显著正相关。说明玉米根系分泌APase活性与磷吸收、利用效率相关关系不稳定。5)缺磷处理12 d,各玉米自交系根组织内APase活性与根系分泌APase活性变化情况较一致,两者相关系数r=0.755(P0.05)。6)缺磷条件下各玉米自交系叶片组织内APase活性均有升高趋势,并表现出明显的基因型差异。缺磷处理8 d,耐低磷自交系99184T和99239T叶片组织内APase活性升高幅度最大,其次是99327T和99186T,99180T、99270S和99152S升高幅度较小;缺磷处理12 d,各玉米自交系叶片APase活性仍继续增加,99239T、99184T、99327T和99186T的相对APase活性均较高,99270S和99152S的相对APase活性较低。相关性分析表明,缺磷条件下玉米自交系叶片中相对APase活性与叶片中相对无机磷(Pi)含量显著正相关,与磷吸收、利用效率不显著相关。【结论】低磷诱导玉米叶片、根组织和根系分泌APase活性升高,根组织和根系分泌APase活性的大小与玉米耐低磷能力不完全相关,叶片APase活性与玉米耐低磷能力有较好的一致性。 相似文献
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不同玉米基因型的磷效率和相对生物性状的差异及其回归模型研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
以32个不同玉米基因型为材料,在低磷和高磷两个供磷水平下,分析不同玉米基因型生物学性状和磷效率的基因型差异,根据相对生物学性状与磷效率,磷吸收效率和磷利用效率与磷效率进行多元线性回归分析,分别建立它们的最优回归方程,同时进行耐低磷基因型的筛选。结果表明,相对株高、相对地上部干重、相对地下部干重和相对叶龄基因型间变异范围分别为0.3090～0.9780、0.3140～0.947、0.3671～1.400和0.4550～0.790;磷效率、磷吸收效率和磷利用效率基因型间变异范围分别为0.1960～0.935、0.8794～4.235和0.6211～1.764。相对地下部干重对磷效率的回归系数显著,建立磷效率与相对地下部干重的最优回归模型为:Y=-0.087+0.702X3,(P0.05;R2=0.6549);磷吸收效率和磷利用效率对磷效率的偏回归系数均显著,建立磷效率与磷吸收效率和磷利用效率二者的最优回归模型为:Y=-0.379+0.274.X1+0.301.X2,(P0.05;R2=0.7390)。耐低磷基因型的筛选结果表明,待选材料中,磷效率和相对生物性状都优良的只有178和082两个基因型,其他大部分基因型的磷效率和相对生物性状都是中低类型。 相似文献
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磷对不同基因型玉米生长及氮磷钾吸收的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用田间试验法,在高磷和低磷土壤上分别设置施磷和不施磷处理,研究磷对9个玉米基因型生物量、产量、氮磷钾养分吸收量的影响及其各基因型间的异同,为磷肥合理施用提供科学依据。结果表明,在高磷土壤上,不施磷对各玉米基因型的生物量、产量、产量构成因素和多数玉米基因型的氮磷钾吸收量影响不大;在低磷土壤上,不施磷降低各玉米基因型的生物量、穗粒数、产量及氮磷钾吸收量。两个磷水平下,均以蠡玉16的生物量和产量最大,冀单28最小,这与前者具有较多的养分吸收量有关。不同玉米基因型间有明显差异,在玉米生产中应该因地制宜合理施用磷肥。 相似文献
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以水培方法研究不同施磷水平对不同基因型棉花4个生育期干物质积累和磷效率的影响。结果表明,无论低磷条件或是高磷条件磷高效基因型棉花的生物量明显高于磷低效基因型,磷高效基因型含磷量显著低于磷低效基因型,说明高效基因型棉花能以较低的磷积累较多的干物质。各基因型棉花均表现出高磷条件下磷吸收效率大于低磷,而低磷条件下磷利用效率大于高磷;磷高效型品种的磷吸收效率和磷利用效率均高于磷低效型。其中磷吸收效率表现突出的是磷高效品种新陆早19号,4个时期中,低磷和高磷条件的平均值分别是14.62、137.48 mg/株;磷利用效率能力较强的是磷高效品种中棉42号,低磷和高磷条件下4个时期的平均值分别是590.71、182.27 g/g。 相似文献
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玉米根系对土壤氮、磷空间异质性分布的响应 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
氮、磷资源富集区（patches）通常独立存在，揭示植物根系对异质性氮、磷分布的响应，对于通过根系调控充分挖掘根系高效获取氮、磷资源的生物学潜力，提高氮、磷资源利用效率具有重要的理论与实践意义。通过盆栽试验研究了3种氮、磷供应方式（氮磷均匀供应，氮磷混合局部供应，氮磷分开局部供应）对玉米根系生长和分布以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明，氮磷混合和分开局部供应均显著增加了玉米根系干重。与均匀供应处理相比，氮磷混合局部供应使玉米总根长、根干重、根质量比分别增加了28%，66%和31%，磷吸收量减少了35%，但对地上部干重和氮吸收量没有显著的影响。相比之下，氮磷分开局部供应使根和地上部干重均增加55%，氮、磷吸收量分别提高58% 和81%，但对总根长和根冠干物质分配比例无显著影响；与局部供氮相比，局部供磷显著刺激了根系的生长，表明更多的干物质优先分配到局部供磷的区域。由此可见，与氮磷混合局部供应相比，在氮、磷资源分开供应条件下，玉米通过改变根系形态和分布来协调和整合对氮、磷资源的响应，从而强化根系对不同土壤氮、磷资源的摄取能力，这为优化氮、磷资源的管理和空间配置提供了重要依据。 相似文献
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玉米自交系苗期磷营养特性评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用一元线性回归模型对9种基因型玉米自交系在6叶龄苗期的磷(P)营养特性进行了评价。以幼苗的全株或地上部生物量(mg/plant)分别与培养介质对其供磷量(P.mg)建立线性模型,其回归系数作为全株或地上部磷效率的指标;以幼苗的全株或地上部生物量分别与相应的全株或地上部磷含量(P.mg/plant)建立线性模型,其回归系数作为全株或地上部磷利用效率的指标;以幼苗全株磷含量与培养介质对其供磷量建立线性模型的回归系数作为幼苗磷吸收效率的指标。结果表明,9种玉米基因型的磷效率,磷利用效率和磷吸收效率的平均值分别为53.95(全株)和42.61(地上部)、131.84(全株)和124.45(地上部)、0.41。自交系04419的磷效率比平均值约高出45%(全株)和59%(地上部),属于磷效率高效型;而自交系04065和04088的磷效率分别比平均值约低43%、38%(全株)和55%、51%(地上部),属于磷效率低效型;其余自交系的磷效率介于两者之间,为磷效率中间型。玉米自交系苗期的磷效率与磷吸收效率呈显著正相关,与磷利用效率关系不明显;磷吸收效率可作为苗期磷效率预筛选的生理指标。 相似文献
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Genotypic variation of potato for phosphorus efficiency and quantification of phosphorus uptake with respect to root characteristics 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important food crop, generally requires a high amount of phosphate fertilizer for optimum growth and yield. One option to reduce the need of fertilizer is the use of P‐efficient genotypes. Two efficient and two inefficient genotypes were investigated for P‐efficiency mechanisms. The contribution of root traits to P uptake was quantified using a mechanistic simulation model. For all genotypes, high P supply increased the relative growth rate of shoot, shoot P concentration, and P‐uptake rate of roots but decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio, root‐hair length, and P‐utilization efficiency. Genotypes CGN 17903 and CIP 384321.3 were clearly superior to genotypes CGN 22367 and CGN 18233 in terms of shoot–dry matter yield and relative shoot‐growth rate at low P supply, and therefore can be considered as P‐efficient. Phosphorus efficiency of genotype CGN 17903 was related to higher P‐utilization efficiency and that of CIP 384321.3 to both higher P‐uptake efficiency in terms of root‐to‐shoot ratio and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Phosphorus‐efficient genotypes exhibited longer root hairs compared to inefficient genotypes at both P levels. However, this did not significantly affect the uptake rate and the extension of the depletion zone around roots. The P inefficiency of CGN 18233 was related to low P‐utilization efficiency and that of CGN 22367 to a combination of low P uptake and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Simulation of P uptake revealed that no other P‐mobilization mechanism was involved since predicted uptake approximated observed uptake indicating that the processes involved in P transport and morphological root characterstics affecting P uptake are well described. 相似文献
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Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most important yield‐limiting factors in acid soils in various parts of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and P‐use efficiency of 20 upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at low (0 mg P kg‐1), medium (75 mg P kg‐1), and high (150 mg P kg‐1) levels of applied P on an Oxisol. Plant height, tillers, shoot and root dry weight, shoot‐root ratio, P concentration in root and shoot, P uptake in root and shoot, and P‐use efficiency were significantly (P<0.01) affected by level of soil P as well as genotype. Shoot weight and P uptake in shoot were found to be the plant parameters most sensitive to P deficiency, suggesting that these two parameters may be most suitable for screening rice genotypes for P‐use efficiency under greenhouse conditions. 相似文献
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In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity changed the P requirement of modem wheat cultivars. the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar (‘Peragis’) and a modern spring-wheat cultivar (‘Cosir’) were cultivated in a C-loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC tubes. In addition and for comparison, nutrient solution experiments were also conducted. Shoot growth, root growth. P uptake. P translocation and P distribution within the shoot at different developmental stages were compared. The grain yield of the modern cultivar ‘Cosir’ was higher at limiting and non-limiting P supply and. therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P-efficient than the traditional cultivar. Grain yield reduction at low P supply was mainly due to an inhibition of tillering and thus lower number of ears per plant, whereas the number of grains per ear was hardly affected. Reduced tillering at low P supply could not be related to P concentrations in the shoot meristematic tissues which were generally much higher than in other plant tissues and kept at an elevated level even at limiting P supply. Root branching (1st order laterals) was reduced at limiting P supply in ‘Cosir’ but not in ‘Peragis’ which, generally, had lower numbers of laterals at the beginning of tillering. From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar ‘Cosir’ are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root-growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: enhanced root branching and thus smaller mean root diameter and longer root hairs, (ii) an efficient P uptake system, (iii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and most importantly (iv) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear. 相似文献
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Katja Hüve Wolfgang Merbach Rainer Remus Dietmar Lüttschwager Lutz Wittenmayer Klaus Hertel Ulrich Schurr 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(1):14-23
The plant nutrient phosphorus (P) is spread throughout the plant within the transpiration stream after uptake in the form of phosphate via the roots. Short‐term distribution is therefore strongly dependent on transpiration rather than on sinks, so that P mainly enters adult leaves. The objective of this work was to investigate the transport of phosphate in leaf veins and its distribution within the leaf. Experiments were performed with broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. Scirocco) using radioactively labeled phosphate. In a relatively new approach, the tracer was monitored by a sensitive imaging plate using Fujifilm's Bioimaging Analyzer System. Radioactive label could be monitored in fresh leaves (without fixing) using exposure times of only 5–20 min. For this reason, the method offered the possibility to obtain several subsequent autoradiographic images of the same sample after different feeding times. Phosphate tracer quickly reached small veins, which were then more intensely labeled than the tissue between them. Within the first 15 min, intercostal fields were only slightly stained. After application of phosphate tracer onto the leaf blade, export from the leaf was pronounced and started within 30 min. Phosphorus is effectively redistributed from adult leaves to sinks such as the terminal bud or growing root tips. Using the imaging method, an impression of the high velocity and effectiveness of this process was obtained. The results furthermore imply that leaf veins may be one of the most important locations where exchange between xylem and phloem transport takes place, although exchange between xylem and phloem was also observed in the shoot axis and in the petioles. 相似文献
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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate phosphorus (P)‐use efficiency of 10 promising genotypes of common bean (Phaseoius vulgaris L.) with short and normal growth duration. The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 25 mg P kg‐1 (low P) and 150 mg P kg‐1 (high P) of soil. Shoot and root dry weight, root length, P concentration in the shoot, and P uptake in the shoot were significantly (P<0.01) affected by soil P concentration and genotype. However, P level did not effect root length and genotype had no effect on root dry weight. On the basis of P‐use efficiency (mg dry weight of shoot/mg P accumulated in the shoot) genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). From a practical point of view, genotypes which produce a lot of dry matter in a soil with a low P level, and respond well to added P are the most desirable because they are able to express their high yield potential in a wide range of P environments. Novo Jalo and Pérola genotypes fall into this group. Genotypes Irai, Jalo Precoce and L93300166 fall into the ENR group. Genotypes Carioca, Rosinha G‐2, and Xamengo were classified NER, whereas, genotypes L93300176 and Diamante Negro were classified as NENR. There were no differences between short and normal growth duration genotypes in P‐use efficiency. 相似文献
16.
缺磷胁迫对黄瓜体内磷运输及再分配的影响 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
本研究用营养液培养法定量地测定并计算了在正常供磷及缺磷后不同时间黄瓜植株体内磷的分布及再运输。缺磷处理５天后,新生叶和根系中的吸磷量明显增加,分别占植株总吸磷量的３６．１％和１３．５％,而相应的正常供磷植株的新生叶和根系中的吸磷量仅分别占植株总吸磷量的２２．４％和６．３４％,而且缺磷植株根系的生长显著快于供磷的植株。缺磷胁迫１０天后,植株地上部生长受到明显抑制,老叶中的磷通过韧皮部运向新生叶以保证新生器官的生长,使新生叶中磷的浓度比老叶中高４７％,但缺磷植株根系中磷的累积量下降不多。本研究还定量证明了即使在正常供磷条件下,随着生长时间的延长,也有大量的磷由老叶运向新叶。不论缺磷与否,植株新生叶和根中磷的浓度都保持最高,但缺磷和供磷植物体中磷的分配模式不同。 相似文献
17.
J. R. Caradus A. D. Mackay J. Dunlop J. van den Bosch 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2707-2722
Root dry weight and the relationship between shoot and root characteristics for 119 white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars and breeding lines were examined at five (40, 120, 200, 400, and 500 mg P/kg soil) phosphorus (P) levels. There were significant (P<0.01) differences among cultivars for root dry weight and root/shoot ratio. Instantaneous root/shoot ratio decreased with increasing P supply up to 200 mg P/kg, and then increased again from 400 to 500 mg P/kg soil. Allometric analysis indicated that root growth relative to shoot growth increased with increasing P supply. There was a significant (P<0.01) cultivar x P level interaction such that for the cultivars, the root/shoot ratio was either unaffected, increasing, or decreasing with increasing level of P supply. However, root/shoot ratio appeared to be unrelated to the functions used to describe the P response of the 119 cultivars studied. Shoot characters such as dry weight, leaf number, and stolon length were most closely correlated with root dry weight at the moderately low P levels of 120 and 200 mg added P/kg, where average P response was 9 and 24% of yields at 500 mg P/kg soil, respectively, rather than at the higher P levels. Root/shoot ratio was significantly correlated (r>0.6) with root dry weight over all P levels but not with any of the measured shoot characters (‐0.2> r <0.3). 相似文献
18.
接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能显著促进大豆生长和对磷的吸收,但不同磷效率基因型大豆对AMF接种的响应还少有报道。为探究接种AMF对不同磷效率基因型大豆生长和磷转运基因表达的影响,以磷高效大豆BX10和磷低效大豆BD2为试验材料进行盆栽试验,设置接菌和不接菌处理,对大豆干重、菌根侵染性状、氮磷养分含量、根系性状,以及菌根诱导的磷转运基因表达进行了分析。结果表明, AMF接种显著促进了大豆的磷吸收,并且接菌效果存在显著的基因型差异,接种AMF显著增加了BD2的地上部干重、磷含量以及植株总磷吸收量,但只增加了BX10的地上部磷含量和总磷吸收量,对植株地上部干重没有显著影响。无论接种与否,BD2的地上部磷含量均显著高于BX10,表明磷低效的BD2具有较高的植株体内磷转运能力。不接菌条件下,两个大豆基因型根系性状无显著差异;接种AMF后BX10的根系体积和根系平均直径均显著高于BD2。BD2的菌根生长反应(MGR)和菌根磷反应(MPR)均显著高于BX10,对菌根依赖性更高。此外,在接菌处理的BD2根系,代表菌根途径磷吸收的磷转运基因GmPT8、GmPT9和GmPT10表达均显著高于BX10;相应地,BD2的总磷吸收量也显著高于BX10。以上结果表明,接种AMF对促进磷低效大豆BD2生长和磷吸收的作用更大,这可能主要是由于BD2菌根途径的磷吸收量较高,体内磷转运效率较高。以上结果将为研究AMF接种对磷吸收的贡献提供理论依据。 相似文献