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1.
咖啡灭字虎天牛Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat是咖啡树的重要害虫,其以幼虫钻蛀为害木质部的特点造成防治十分困难。本文利用扫描电镜对新羽化的咖啡灭字虎天牛雌、雄成虫触角、前足感器类型及分布进行了观察,结果表明:该虫触角呈线状,共11节,可分为3部分:柄节、梗节和鞭节(9亚节)。雌、雄成虫触角感器共有5类,分别为刺形感器、锥形感器、凹槽钉形感器、栓锥形感器、B9hm氏鬃毛,其中刺形和锥形感器各有3个亚型,不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量和分布均有差异。雌、雄成虫触角感器存在性二型现象,栓锥形感器为雄虫所特有。前足为步行足,感器共有3类,分别为刺形感器、锥形感器和毛形感器,其中刺形感器有5个亚型,雌、雄成虫足感器无性二型现象。  相似文献   

2.
为明确美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea成虫触角上感器的种类、形态和分布，通过扫描电镜观察美国白蛾雌、雄成虫触角上感器的超微结构。结果显示，美国白蛾雌成虫触角呈锯齿状，雄成虫触角呈双栉节状。雌、雄成虫触角上的感器类型有所不同，个别感器的长度和基部直径差异显著。美国白蛾成虫触角上分布9类共16种感器，即4种毛形感器Ⅰ～Ⅳ、2种刺形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、1种鳞形感器、2种锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、2种腔锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、1种栓锥形感器、1种舌形感器、2种Bǒhm氏鬃毛Ⅰ～Ⅱ以及1种新的感器——单孔栓感器。毛形感器数量最多，且雄成虫触角上的毛形感器数量多于雌成虫触角上的。单孔栓感器数量较少，雌、雄成虫触角上仅发现2～3个，在雌成虫第1～3鞭亚节腹面锯齿端部各分布有1个。毛形感器Ⅳ——超长毛形感器及舌形感器仅分布在雄成虫触角上。锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、腔锥形感器Ⅰ和Bǒhm氏鬃毛Ⅰ～Ⅱ的长度在雌、雄成虫间均差异不显著，而其余感器的长度在雌、雄成虫间均差异显著；雄成虫触角上毛形感器Ⅰ～Ⅲ、腔锥形感器Ⅱ和刺形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ的长度均显著大于雌成虫触角上的，雌成虫触角上鳞形感器和栓锥形感器的长度显著大于雄成虫触角上的。表明美国白...  相似文献   

3.
为进一步了解油茶上新发现的蛀干害虫南方锦天牛Acalolepta speciosa的定位及识别寄主和求偶等行为，利用体视显微镜和扫描电镜对其雌、雄成虫触角形态和感器的分布及种类进行观察和比较。结果显示，南方锦天牛雌、雄成虫触角的总长度平均分别为41.96 mm和47.33 mm，雄成虫触角的平均总长度显著长于雌成虫。在成虫触角上共观察到5种类型14个亚型的感器，其中雌成虫触角上有4种感器，分别为毛形感器（4个亚型）、刺形感器（4个亚型）、锥形感器（4个亚型）和Böhm氏鬃毛；雄成虫触角上除以上4种感器外还有1种腔锥形感器；不同类型感器的数量依次为毛形感器>刺形感器>锥形感器>Böhm氏鬃毛>腔锥形感器，但数量在雌、雄成虫之间无显著差异。毛形感器在南方锦天牛雌、雄成虫触角上的数量最多，表明其在接收性信息素或寄主挥发物方面具有重要作用。  相似文献   

4.
为了解豆卜馍夜蛾Bomolocha tristalis Lederer成虫触角感器的类型、超微结构、数量和分布,探索其化学感受机制。利用扫描电镜技术对豆卜馍夜蛾雌、雄蛾的触角感器进行观察。结果表明:在豆卜馍夜蛾触角上共观察到8种类型感器:B?hm氏鬃毛(两种亚型,BBⅠ型和BBⅡ型)、毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器、耳形感器、鳞形感器和栓锥形感器。其中毛形感器数量最多,其次是腔锥形,除刺形和栓锥形感器外,其他感器数量在触角鞭节从基部到端部呈现由少到多,再减少的趋势。毛形、锥形和耳形感器表皮具多孔属于嗅觉感器。雄蛾触角与雌蛾相比,鞭亚节多2～4节;毛形、刺形和鳞形感器明显长于雌蛾,耳形感器明显短于雌蛾;毛形和腔锥形感器数量均明显多于雌蛾。豆卜馍夜蛾触角感器种类丰富,数量较多,雌、雄蛾间存在性二型现象,B?hm氏鬃毛、刺形和栓锥形感器在结构和分布上存在有利其功能的特化现象。  相似文献   

5.
为了探究长林小蠹Hylurgus ligniperda(Fabricius)触角上感器的类型和数量,为进一步探索其对化学信号的感受机制奠定基础,利用扫描电镜技术对长林小蠹雌雄成虫的触角感器进行观察。结果表明：长林小蠹触角上存在5种类型的感器和少量腺孔,包括毛形感器(ST-Ⅰ、 ST-Ⅱ、 ST-Ⅲ亚型)、锯齿形感器(SZ-Ⅰ、 SZ-Ⅱ、 SZ-Ⅲ亚型)、刺形感器(Sch)、腔锥形感器(Sco)和芽形感器(BS)。毛形感器约占总感器数的61%,锯齿形感器在触角的每一节均有分布,占感器总数的24.7%,刺形感器分布在柄节基部和梗节,腔锥形感器只少量散生在部分毛形感器带上,数量约占4.1%,鞭节端部分布有0～3个芽形感器,且有个体差异。长林小蠹雌雄成虫间触角感器的结构和类型无明显差异,雌虫ST-Ⅰ比例稍多,雄虫ST-Ⅱ比例稍多。  相似文献   

6.
利用扫描电镜对茶丽纹象甲(Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss)(鞘翅目:象甲科)成虫的触角及感器进行了观察,比较研究了雌、雄成虫触角形态、感器分布和数量上的差异.结果表明,茶丽纹象甲雌、雄成虫触角均呈膝状,由柄节、梗节和7个鞭亚节组成,触角上均着生有5种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、棒形感器、叉形感器、鳞形感器以及少量表皮孔.其中,鳞形感器和刺形感器的数量最多,叉形感器在已有的象甲科资料中尚未见报道.毛形感器和叉形感器的数量和分布存在着明显的性别差异,主要表现为雄虫触角上毛形感器和叉形感器的数量显著多于雌虫.  相似文献   

7.
栗实象Curculio davidi是为害板栗Castanea mollissima的主要种实害虫,严重影响着板栗的品质和产量。为探明栗实象成虫触角感器类型、形态和分布,本文利用扫描电镜对栗实象雌雄成虫触角及触角感器进行观察。结果表明:栗实象雌雄成虫触角柄节、梗节、鞭节1~6亚节长度存在显著差异。雌、雄成虫触角上均有7类12种感器,包括4种刺形感器、2种锥形感器、1种叉形感器、2种毛形感器,1种B?hm氏鬃毛、1种腔形感器和1种端指形感器。其中雄虫刺形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅰ、叉形感器的长度显著长于雌虫,雄虫鞭节第7、8亚节的锥形感器数量显著多于雌虫。  相似文献   

8.
钩臀蚁蛉头部附器感器的超微结构观察   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用扫描电镜技术对钩臀蚁蛉Myrmeleon bore(Tjeder)雌、雄成虫头部附器感器类型、形态、数量与分布进行观察。结果表明:钩臀蚁蛉成虫触角为棒状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节约由38个亚节组成。成虫触角和口器上共有7类14种感器,分别是B#x00F6;hm氏鬃毛、毛形感器(5种)、锥形感器(4种)、腔乳头形感器、腔形感器、刺形感器及钟形感器。不同感器在触角和口器下颚须、下唇须上的分布与数量各不相同,雌、雄成虫之间无差异。结合感器的形态、分布和已报道感器功能的相关研究等,对钩臀蚁蛉的触角各类型感器的功能进行了分析与推测。  相似文献   

9.
采用光学显微镜和电子扫描显微镜技术, 研究了粗角梯天牛Pharsalia antennata雌雄成虫外部形态特征?触角和跗节感器种类及其差异?外部形态特征研究结果表明, 粗角梯天牛雄性个体体长明显大于雌性; 雄虫触角总长为体长的两倍余, 雌虫触角仅稍长于体长; 雌虫第5腹节明显长于雄虫第5腹节?感器研究表明, 雌雄成虫触角上分布有5类18种感器, 即6种锥形感器?5种毛形感器?5种刺形感器?1种Bǒhm氏鬃毛和1种钟形感器, 其中毛形感器Ⅴ型仅分布于雄虫触角, 锥形感器Ⅵ型和钟形感器仅分布于雌虫触角, 毛形感器Ⅰ型在雌雄虫触角上的分布和数量存在差异?雌雄成虫跗节表面着生有3类8种感器:毛形感器3种?刺形感器3种和锥形感器2种, 同种感器仅在长度上存在差异?  相似文献   

10.
南方小花蝽Orius similis Zheng捕食能力较强,对田间多种小型害虫有明显的控制作用,是一类重要的捕食性天敌。本文利用扫描电镜分别对新羽化的南方小花蝽雌、雄成虫和5龄若虫的触角形态和感器进行了观察。结果发现,南方小花蝽雌、雄成虫以及5龄若虫触角均为线状,共4节,分为柄节、梗节和鞭节。触角上共有5种感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、具弯钩形感器和耳形感器,其中毛形、刺形感器各有2个类型,耳形感器是首次在蝽类昆虫触角上发现。雌、雄成虫的触角存在性二型现象,雄成虫触角感器数量明显多于雌成虫;若虫的感器类型及数量比成虫少。不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不相同。本文以期深入了解其化学感受系统,为揭示南方小花蝽的寄主选择行为机制提供基础。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

19.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

20.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

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