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1.
The root parasitic weeds Phelipanche ramosa (branched broomrape) and P. aegyptiaca have the widest host range among Orobanche and Phelipanche species. In Western Europe, P. ramosa attacks, with increasing aggressiveness, crops such as oilseed rape, tobacco, hemp, and tomato. The unique biology of root parasites, establishes a closed link with their host plant, thus reducing the possibility to successfully control them. Control measures include (a) physical processes (such as weeding, solarization, deep ploughing, burning off, flooding), (b) chemical (like soil fumigation, use of herbicides, germination stimulants) and (c) biological methods (e.g. resistant varieties, use of fungi and insects as antagonists, trap and catch crops). German tobacco growers rely mostly on the herbicide method. They apply glyphosate in very low concentrations, when the first tubercles are formed. Also a fungal antagonist against the parasitic weed on tobacco was found in Germany, but until now has not been developed into a commercial mycoherbicide. After hemp production lost its significance as a crop in Germany, tobacco remained as the main host for P. ramosa. In the past 10 years, branched broomrape has spread out and currently it can be found in areas where previously were free of it. Since the elimination of EU subsidies, some tobacco growers began to cultivate on their land parsley instead of tobacco. As a result, parsley has now been infected with P. ramosa. When used 10 years ago as catch crop, parsley had a rather small effect on branched broomrape. This potential danger, especially by other potential host plants, such as oilseed rape, tomato and potato or even weeds should not be underestimated. Spread and expansion of the host plant spectrum of branched broomrape in Germany might be reduced by the introduction of appropriate phytosanitary measures and improved information policies. 相似文献
2.
Radi Aly Hanan Eizenberg Marina Kocherman Jacklin Abu-Nassar Leena Taha Ibrahim Saadi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,133(3):523-526
Broomrape (Phelipanche and Orobanche spp.) are obligate holoparasites that attack roots of almost all economically-important crops in semiarid regions of the world. Broomrape seeds are extremely small (dust-like seeds), averaging 200 to 300?μm in size and because of the miniscule seed size it is difficult to detect and confirm via conventional methods. In this study our aim was to develop a PCR-based assay specific for broomrape soil-borne seeds and sensitive enough to detect a single or few broomrape seeds in a soil sample. For this purpose, we used complementary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers based upon unique sequences in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA of Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Genomic DNA was extracted from soil samples artificially infested with broomrape seeds or tissue of Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers., Orobanche cumana Wallr. and Phelipanche crenata Forsk. and subjected to PCR analysis. Using ITS-350 primers, a specific PCR product (350?bp) was amplified and detected in all samples containing broomrape species, but was not detected in soil sample free of broomrape seeds or tissues. Additionally, the PCR-based assay was sensitive enough to detect even a single broomrape seed in the soil. As expected the universal internal control primers amplified a PCR product (555?bp) of genomic DNA extracted from soil samples with or without broomrape tissues or seeds. This diagnostic method is simple, reliable and rapid and could help for assessment of broomrape seed contamination in a crop field. 相似文献
3.
O Pointurier S Gibot‐Leclerc V Le Corre C Reibel F Strbik N Colbach 《Weed Research》2019,59(6):407-418
Phelipanche ramosa (Branched broomrape) is an obligate root parasitic plant that is a major pest of oilseed rape in France. Knowledge on seed viability and dormancy under field conditions is crucial to understand how to control P. ramosa, but is as yet unknown. Our study aimed to quantify these processes with a 2‐year seed burial experiment. Two genetically distinct populations of P. ramosa were studied, collected on winter oilseed rape (population O) and hemp (population H). Seed mortality was very low in both populations (4–7% per year). Although obligate parasitic seeds are assumed to germinate only after exposure to germination stimulants from host root exudates, a high proportion of population H seeds germinated spontaneously (up to 90%). Seeds of both populations displayed seasonal dormancy, with timing and magnitude depending on the population. Dormancy was low at the time each native host crop is usually sown. Populations differed in germination dynamics, with seeds of population H germinating faster. The difference in behaviour that we observed between populations is consistent with reported adaptations of pathovars to their preferred hosts. The results indicate that the parasitic plant management requires targeting at the populations concerned. For example, delayed sowing is more promising against population O than against population H. 相似文献
4.
Chlorsulfuron, giyphosate and imazaquin were evaluated in pot and field studies for their efficacy in controlling broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Northern Greece. All herbicides were applied four to five weeks after tomato transplanting, when the crop was at early flowering stage and broomrape had started to develop underground attachments. The number of emerged broomrape shoots and underground attachments were less affected by herbicide treatments than the dry weight, suggesting that the herbicides suppress the growth of broomrape rather than kill its underground organs. In the pot experiments, chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g AI ha?1 was the most effective treatment for broomrape control and the least toxic to the crop. Imazaquin and glyphosate applied at 37 and 180 g AI ha?1, respectively, controlled broomrape but imazaquin reduced crop yield. In the field, similar rates of glyphosate and higher rates of imazaquin were not toxic to the crop but were less effective on broomrape. Chlorsulfuron applied at 10 g AI ha?1 controlled broomrape emergence by 88%. When the herbicide was applied twice (5+10 g AI ha?1), it gave complete control of broomrape but delayed crop maturity. The yield of tomato was not increased as a result of these treatments because of low broomrape infestation and a short competition period. 相似文献
5.
Assessment of phylogenetic signal in the germination ability of Phelipanche ramosa on Brassicaceae hosts 
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下载免费PDF全文 Phelipanche ramosa is a generalist parasitic weed known to cause yield losses in various crops, especially in winter oilseed rape, its new preferred host in France. This parasitic plant is also able to complete its life cycle on many Brassicaceae weeds, which are thus important alternative hosts. We studied a set of 14 common Brassicaceae weeds and characterised their ability to induce the germination of three genetically distinct pathovars of P. ramosa, based on in vitro experiments. We then investigated whether phylogenetic relatedness among Brassicaceae weeds could inform on their ability to induce germination of P. ramosa by testing for a phylogenetic signal in the germination rate of the parasite. In the presence of some phylogenetic signal, phylogenetic distances among species might be used as a surrogate to predict the ability to induce germination of potential additional Brassicaceae hosts. The three pathovars studied showed different germination patterns. Moreover, we found substantial variation in the germination rate of P. ramosa among the different Brassicaceae species, with a significant effect of the clustering of species into two ancient phylogenetic lineages. However, no significant phylogenetic signal was detected overall, that is we could not exclude that germination rates were randomly distributed over the phylogeny. We suggest that further analyses should be conducted across wider sets of potential hosts to better characterise the existence of a phylogenetic signal of the ability of weeds to induce the germination of P. ramosa. 相似文献
6.
D M JOEL 《Weed Research》2007,47(4):276-279
Parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae are known as obligate root parasites that develop haustoria that connect to roots of various host plants. This article describes, for the first time, a case where the root parasite successfully connected to potato tubers, i.e. to the swollen portion of an underground stem rather than to a root. The rhizosphere of Orobanche aegyptiaca and of its host Solanum tuberosum (potato) was carefully examined. In anatomical studies, the adventitious roots were directly connected to potato tubers. Numerous secondary haustoria, which developed along the adventitious roots in close vicinity to the potato tuber, penetrated the tuber epidermis and the perimedullary tuber parenchyma and developed xylem strands that are presumably connected to the minor xylem strands within the tuber cortex. These findings indicate that parasites of the Orobanchaceae that normally attack host roots may also parasitise underground stem tubers. 相似文献
7.
Salinity and Orobanche or Phelipanche spp. infection are important crop stress factors in agricultural areas. In this study, we investigated the effect of salt stress on Phelipanche ramosa seed germination and its attachment onto Arabidopsis thaliana roots. We also evaluated the effect of both stresses on the expression of genes regulated by abiotic and biotic stresses. According to our results, high concentration of NaCl delayed P. ramosa seed germination in the presence of a strigolactone analogue (GR24). A similar pattern was observed in the presence of A. thaliana plants. Furthermore, we found that salt‐treated A. thaliana seedlings were more sensitive to P. ramosa attachment compared with the untreated plants, indicating that there was a positive correlation between salt sensitivity and the ability of P. ramosa to infect A. thaliana plants. At the molecular level, a synergystic effect of both salt and P. ramosa stresses was observed on the cold‐regulated (COR) gene expression profile of treated A. thaliana seedlings. Our data clarify the interaction between parasitic plants and their hosts under abiotic stress conditions. 相似文献
8.
We developed 20 microsatellite markers to genotype over 100 populations of the parasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa, which covers a wide host crop and geographic range. A representative core collection of 15 populations was also used in cross‐infestation assays to study host preference during germination, attachment and shoot formation. We observed low genetic differentiation within most of the populations, but high genetic differentiation between populations partitioned into 3 genetic groups with different host preferences and geographic distributions. Genetic group 1 is detected exclusively in western France and on various host crops, notably winter oilseed rape (WOSR) and not hemp. Cross‐infection assays confirmed its incompatibility with hemp and showed its preference for WOSR and tobacco in terms of germination and attachment success. The group 2 populations share a large geographic distribution in France and Europe, low germination success with WOSR and high germination success, attachment success and shoot formation with hemp, tobacco or tomato. The subclades 2a and 2b include most of the French populations in hemp crops in eastern France and in tobacco fields in several European countries respectively. The genetic analyses revealed the potential of the three groups to increase their geographic range in the future. Intermediate genetic groups showed higher intrapopulation diversity and represent potential stocks for new host race emergence. Those findings argue in favour of the existence of host races in P. ramosa and should be considered for appropriate management strategies, notably in breeding programmes for resistance against this parasitic weed. 相似文献
9.
Y. KLEIFELD Y. GOLDWASSER G. HERZLINGER D.M. JOEL S. GOLAN D. KAHANA 《Weed Research》1994,34(1):37-44
Growing trap and catch crops to decrease infestation of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) was tested in a 2-year field experiment supported by two pot experiments. Growing flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in two successive winter seasons or one summer cropping with mung beans (Phaseolus aureus Roxbg.) reduced early infestation of the parasite and significantly increased tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) vigour and production. However, the efficacy of using trap and catch crops for broomrape control in a heavily infested field was limited. Orobanche aegyptiaca attacked clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), flax and mung bean and developed inflorescences. Various sources of the parasite showed different degrees of virulence to flax, from heavy attack and severe damage, to sparse attachment with no production of flowering shoots. The virulent subspecies attacked flax all year round, causing severe damage. Vetch (Vicia saliva L.) var. Sadot was not parasitized by O. aegyptiaca. Effets du lin (Linum usitatissimum L.)et d'autres plantes cultivées comme plantes pièges et hôtes pour lutter contre l'orobanche égyptienne (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) L'utilisation de plantes cultivées comme pièges et hôtes pour diminuer l'infestation par l'orobanche égyptienne (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) a fait l'objet d'une expérimentation au champ sur deux ans ainsi que de deux expériences en pots. Si du lin (Linum usitatissimum L.) était cultivé sur deux saisons hivernales successives ou lors d'une saison estivale avec de l'ambérique (Phaseolus aureus Roxbg.), l'infestation précoce de la tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) par le parasite était réduite, et sa vigueur ainsi que sa production étaient significativement augmentées. Cependant, l'efficacité des plantes cultivées pièges et hôtes pour lutter contre l'orobanche égyptienne dans des champs fortement infestés était limitée. Orobanche aegyptiaca attaquait le trèfle (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), le lin et l'ambérique, et développait des inflorescences. Différentes sources du parasite montraient des degrés variés de virulence à l'égard du lin, allant d'attaques importantes qui occasionnaient de sévères dommages, jusqu'à des infestations éparses qui ne produisaient pas de tiges florales. Les espèces virulentes attaquaient le lin tout au long de l'année et causaient des dommages importants. La vesce (Vicia sauva L.) variété Sadot n'était pas parasitée par O. aegyptiaca. Saat-Lein (Linum usitatissimum L.) und andere Kulturen als Fangpflanzen und Zwischenfrüchte zur Bekämpfung von Orobanche aegyptica Pers. In einem 2 ährigen Freiland- und 2 Gefäßversuchen wurden Fangpflanzen und Zwischenfrüchte zur Minderung der Verunkrautung mit Orobanche aegyptica untersucht. Nach dem Anbau von Saat-Lein (Linum usitatissimum L.) in 2 aufeinanderfolgenden Wintern oder einer Sommerkultur der Mungo-Bohne (Phaseolus aureus Roxbg.) war bei der Tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) der frühe Befall durch den Parasiten herabgesetzt und Wachstum und Ertrag signifikant erhöht. Die Wirksamkeit des Anbaus von Fangpflanzen und Zwischenfrüchten zur Bekämpfung der Sommerwurz war jedoch auf stark verseuchten Feldern begrenzt. Orobanche aegyptica befiel Trifolium alexandrinum L., Saat-Lein und Mungo-Bohne und entwickelte Blüten. Die Virulenz verschiedener Herkünfte des Parasiten variierte von schwerem Befall und starkem Schaden bis schwachem Befall ohne Blütenbildung. Die virulente Unterart befiel den Lein das ganze Jahr über und führte zu schwerem Schaden. Die Sorte ‘Sadot’ der Saat-Wicke (Vicia sativa L.) wurde von O. aegyptica nicht befallen. 相似文献
10.
Dor E Yoneyama K Wininger S Kapulnik Y Yoneyama K Koltai H Xie X Hershenhorn J 《Phytopathology》2011,101(2):213-222
The parasitic flowering plants of the genera Orobanche and Phelipanche (broomrape species) are obligatory chlorophyll-lacking root-parasitic weeds that infect dicotyledonous plants and cause heavy economic losses in a wide variety of plant species in warm-temperate and subtropical regions. One of the most effective strategies for broomrape control is crop breeding for broomrape resistance. Previous efforts to find natural broomrape-resistant tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) genotypes were unsuccessful, and no broomrape resistance was found in any wild tomato species. Recently, however, the fast-neutron-mutagenized tomato mutant SL-ORT1 was found to be highly resistant to various Phelipanche and Orobanche spp. Nevertheless, SL-ORT1 plants were parasitized by Phelipanche aegyptiaca if grown in pots together with the susceptible tomato cv. M-82. In the present study, no toxic activity or inhibition of Phelipanche seed germination could be detected in the SL-ORT1 root extracts. SL-ORT1 roots did not induce Phelipanche seed germination in pots but they were parasitized, at the same level as M-82, after application of the synthetic germination stimulant GR24 to the rhizosphere. Whereas liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry analysis of root exudates of M-82 revealed the presence of the strigolactones orobanchol, solanacol, and didehydro-orobanchol isomer, these compounds were not found in the exudates of SL-ORT1. It can be concluded that SL-ORT1 resistance results from its inability to produce and secrete natural germination stimulants to the rhizosphere. 相似文献
11.
Field studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of imazaquin and glyphosate in controlling broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk. and O. aegyptiaca Pers.) in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in Northern Syria. Several rates and times of application of the herbicides were tested. Nearly complete control of broomrape was achieved with both the herbicides when they were sprayed twice (when the broomrape attachments to the faba bean roots were at tubercle stage of develoment and 15 days later) at a rate of application of 80 g a.i. ha?1 for glyphosate and 10 g a.i. ha?1 for imazaquin. However, the yield of faba bean did not increase with these treatments, suggesting that the herbicides at these rates were still causing some physiological disorder in the plant that counteracted the beneficial effect of broomrape control on the performance of faba bean plants. 相似文献
12.
Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Phelipanche aegyptiaca (syn. Orobanche aegyptiaca) can be induced by exposure of the host to low concentrations of gaseous methyl jasmonate, in a concentration-dependent fashion.
Application of methyl jasmonate at marginal concentrations, 10−8 M, for 12 h reduced infection by 50%. However, if the host plants were supplied with isoleucine at 10−3 M, and the isoleucine removed prior to exposure to methyl jasmonate, infection was reduced to less than 20%. The presence
of isoleucine throughout the experiment—before, during and after exposure to methyl jasmonate—reduced infection of the host
to almost zero. These results suggest that when Arabidopsis is exposed to methyl jasmonate, full activation of the defense mechanisms, including formation of the isoleucine jasmonic
acid conjugate, might be limited by the availability of isoleucine in the host. These findings add another factor to the complex
interaction between infecting parasite, and evocation of host defense mechanisms. 相似文献
13.
为探明生防菌Br-2在分枝列当体内及番茄根围的定殖能力,采用PEG-CaCl_2介导的原生质体转化体系将红色荧光蛋白基因DsRed转入到菌株Br-2中,并构建其生长曲线,测定其对分枝列当种子萌发的抑制率,通过共聚焦显微镜观察其在分枝列当茎内及番茄根围的定殖情况。结果表明:通过原生质体转化体系得到了标记菌株Br-2-DsRed,继代培养5代后,其在共聚焦显微镜下仍可观察到亮红色荧光,经PCR检测带有DsRed基因,证明其稳定性好。标记菌株Br-2-DsRed与野生菌株Br-2的生长曲线基本一致,对分枝列当种子萌发的抑制率分别为75.86%和74.14%,无显著差异。显微观察发现,标记菌株Br-2-DsRed接种1 d后即能够侵染分枝列当的茎部表皮,3 d后主要分布在茎表皮和厚壁细胞间隙,5 d后侵染到厚壁细胞及维管束细胞内部并导致茎部腐烂;而标记菌株Br-2-DsRed不能侵染番茄根尖的内部,主要定殖在番茄根尖表面。 相似文献
14.
Phelipanche and Orobanche species (broomrapes) are root holoparasitic plants that cause severe damage to economically important crops. Phelipanche and Orobanche spp. are widespread in Mediterranean areas, in Asia and in Southern and Eastern Europe, attacking dicotyledonous crops and depending entirely on their hosts for all nutritional requirements. Phelipanche aegyptiaca , Phelipanche ramosa and Orobanche cernua are extremely troublesome weeds on tomatoes. These noxious parasites exert their greatest damage prior to their shoot emergence and flowering; therefore, the majority of field loss may occur before diagnosis of infection. This review summarises the four main control measures for the weedy root parasites Phelipanche and Orobanche in tomato, namely chemical and biological control, resistant varieties and sanitation. Some of these methods are commercially widely used by farmers in Israel (chemical control), some are in the final stages of development towards commercialisation (resistant varieties and sanitation), and some still require further development and improvement before commercial implementation (biological control). The review presents an up-to-date summary of the available knowledge on their use for broomrape management in processing tomatoes. 相似文献
15.
P.C. LOLAS 《Weed Research》1994,34(3):205-209
In field tests conducted on oriental and flue-cured tobacco, six herbicides were evaluated for their effect on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) control and on tobacco growth, yield and chemical composition. Imazaquin+pendi-methalin (1:6) at 0.09+0.55 kg a.i. ha?1 soil in corporated before transplanting controlled broomrape effectively only in 1990 and signifi cantly reduced tobacco yield. Glyphosate (as Roundup 360 ga.e.1?1 and Armada (90 ga.e.l?1) and sulfosate, each at 0.2+0.3 kg a.e. ha?1 and imazaquinat 0.07+0.1 kg a.i. ha?1 foliar applied at 40 days and 60 days after transplanting gave excellent control of broomrape, with no adverse effect on tobacco growth or yield; however, the 9% formulation of glyphosate was damaging. Maleic hydrazide gave moderate to good (up to 80%) control of broomrape. Reducing sugars in flue-cured tobacco and nicotine in both oriental and flue-cured tobacco were higher where a her bicide was used. Des herbicides pour lutter contre Orobanche ramosa L. dans le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum L). Dans des expérimentations au champ conduites sur du tabac oriental et ‘flue cured’, six herbicides ont étéévalués pour leur effet sur Orobanche ramosa L. ainsi que sur la croissance, le rendement et la composition chimique du tabac. Le mélange imazaquin+pendiméthalin (1:6 à 0.09+0.55 kg ha?1, incorporé avant le repiquage, n'a permis de détruire l'orobanche qu'en 1990 et réduisait de manière significative le rendement du tabac. Le glyphosate (Roundup, 360 m.a. 1?1 et Armada, 90 g m.a. l?1) et le sulfosate chacun aux doses 0.2+0.3 kg m.a. ha?1 et l'imazaquin 0.07+0.1 kg m.a. ha?1 appliqués en post-levée 40 et 60 jours après le repiquage donnaient d'excellents résultats contre l'orobanche, sans effet sur la croissance du tabac et sur son rendement, si l'on excepte la formulation de giyphosate 9%. L'hydrazide maléique donnait des résultats moyens à bons (jusqu'à 80% d'efficacité). Les teneurs en sucres réducteurs chez le tabac ‘flue cured’ et en nicotine chez les tabacs ‘flue cured’ et oriental étaient plus élevées lorsqu'un herbicide avait été utilisé. Herbizide zur Bekämpfung von Orobanche ramosa L. in Tabak (Nicotiana tabacum L.) In Freilandversuchen wurden in Orient- und Vir-gin-Tabak 6 Herbizide hinsichtlich der Bekämpfung der Sommerwurz Orobanche ramosa sowie des Wachstums, des Ertrags und der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Tabaks geprüft. Mit einer Mischung von Imazaquin mit Pendimethalin zu 0,09+0,55 kg AS ha?1, vor dem Pflanzen in den Boden eingearbeitet, konnte die Sommerwurz nur 1990 wirkungsvoll bekämpft werden, aber der Tabakertrag wurde signifikant reduziert. Glyphosat (als Roundup [360 g AS 1?1] und als Armada [90 g AS 1?1) mit Sulfosat zu 0,2+0,3 kg AS ha?1 und Imazaquin zu 0,07 sowie 0,1 kg AS ha?1, 40 bzw. 60 Tage nach dem Pflanzen angewandt, wirkten hervorragend, ohne Wuchs und Ertrag des Tabaks zu beeinträchtigen, ausgenommen bei der 9% igen Glyphosatformulierung. Mit Maleinhydazid ließ sich die Sommerwurz befriedigend bis gut (bis zu 80 %) bekämpfen. Der Gehalt an reduzierenden Zuckern im Virgin-Tabak und Nikotin in beiden Tabaken war erhöht, wenn ein Herbizid angewandt worden war. 相似文献
16.
The weedy root parasite Orobanche crenata constitutes a serious threat to lentils and other legumes grown in the Mediterranean and western Asia. Control strategies have centred on agronomic practices and the use of herbicides. Resistance breeding is hampered by scarcity of proper sources of resistance and of a reliable and practical screening procedure. A stepwise procedure was used here. A Spanish germplasm collection of 234 accessions of lentils (Lens culinaris) was screened for resistance to crenate broomrape under field conditions. A wide range of responses was observed, however, complete resistance was not detected. Some accessions exhibited a substantial reduction in broomrape infection. Thirty‐five lentil accessions with reduced broomrape infection were selected for further screening in the field and to determine the components of resistance in pot and in mini‐rhizotron experiments. Low infection seemed to be based on a combination of various escape and resistance mechanisms: (i) a lower root density, (ii) a lower induction of Orobanche seed germination, (iii) the reduced establishment of broomrape radicles and (iv) a limited development of established tubercles. In addition, necrosis of tubercles was observed in some accessions. This study shows how complementary in vitro screening methods may be used to rank and identify lentil accessions with potential broomrape resistance, based on different resistance mechanisms which may in the future be combined into a single cultivar by breeding. 相似文献
17.
Quantitative determinations of chlorophyll showed that Cuscuta hyalina and Striga hermonthica possess chlorophyll. No trace of chlorophyll was found in Orobanche ramosa. Autoradiographic evidence showed that both radiocarbon and radiophosphorous moved from host to parasite in alt three species. Photosynthesis occurs in S. hermonthica when the parasite is isolated from its host. The adventitious roots of S. hermonthica and O. ramosa appear to be functional in absorbing a proportion of the required inorganic substances and water. S. hermonthica is a hemiparasite, O. ramosa is a holoparasite but C. hyalina is best described as a partial parasite. 相似文献
18.
Ethylene dibromide effectively controlled Orobanche crenata Forsk. and O. cernua Loefl. but was not effective against O. aegyptiaca Pers. and O. mutelii F. Schultz. Chloropicrin was considerably less effective than ethylene dibromide. Mixtures of both compounds did not result in improved broomrape control but nonetheless had a positive effect on crop yield. Destruction des Orobanches avec du dibromure d'ethylène et de la chloropicrine Le dibromure d'éthylène a été efficace contre Orobanche crenata Forsk et O. Cernua Loefl, mais non efficace contre O. aegyptiaca Pers, et O. mutelii F. Schultz. La chloropicrine est beaucoup moins efficace que le dibromure d'ethylène. Les mélanges des deux matières actives n'ont pas amélioré l'efficacité sur orobanches mais néanmoins ont eu un effet positif sur le rendement de la culture. Bekämpfung von Orobanche-Arten mit Ethylendi-bromid und Chlorpikrin Mit Ethylendibromid konnten Orobanche crenata Forsk. und O. cernua Loefl., aber nicht O. aegyptica Pers. und O. mutelii F. Schultz bekämpft werden. Chlorpikrin war beträchtlich weniger wirksam. Mischungen der beiden Wirkstoffe ergaben keine bessere Wirkung, beeinflussten aber den Ertrag der Kulturpflanzen positiv. 相似文献
19.
Evgenia Dor Joseph Hershenhorn Anna Andolfi Alessio Cimmino Antonio Evidente 《Phytoparasitica》2009,37(4):361-370
A strain of Fusarium verticillioides was isolated from the tubercles of the parasitic weed Orobanche cumana in Israel. The pathogenicity was tested in polyethylene bags on O. cumana, O. crenata, O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa and in pots on O. cumana and O. crenata. F. verticillioides was highly pathogenic to O. aegyptiaca, O. ramosa and O. cumana in the polyethylene bags. In pots, the fungus caused wilting and necrotic areas on flowering shoots of O. cumana, but did not cause disease symptoms on O. crenata. F. verticillioides grown on liquid Czapek growth medium produced a phytotoxic metabolite, which in leaf-puncture bioassay caused large necrotic areas on Orobanche shoots and on leaves of various crops. An extract of the fungal growth medium caused complete mortality of O. cumana and O. aegyptiaca seedlings in vitro. The toxic metabolite was isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods as fusaric acid. The identity of the compound was confirmed by conversion into the corresponding methyl ester, and by TLC comparison against authentic fusaric acid. No other phytotoxic metabolites could be detected in the growth medium extracts. 相似文献
20.
Cytochrome P450s (P450s) have been at the center of herbicide metabolism research as a result of their ability to endow selectivity in crops and resistance in weeds. In the last 20 years, ≈30 P450s from diverse plant species have been revealed to possess herbicide‐metabolizing function, some of which were demonstrated to play a key role in plant herbicide sensitivity. Recent research even demonstrated that some P450s from crops and weeds metabolize numerous herbicides from various chemical backbones, which highlights the importance of P450s in the current agricultural systems. However, due to the enormous number of plant P450s and the complexity of their function, expression and regulation, it remains a challenge to fully explore the potential of P450‐mediated herbicide metabolism in crop improvement and herbicide resistance mitigation. Differences in the substrate specificity of each herbicide‐metabolizing P450 are now evident. Comparisons of the substrate specificity and protein structures of P450s will be beneficial for the discovery of selective herbicides and may lead to the development of crops with higher herbicide tolerance by transgenics or genome‐editing technologies. Furthermore, the knowledge will help design sound management strategies for weed resistance including the prediction of cross‐resistance patterns. Overcoming the ambiguity of P450 function in plant xenobiotic pathways will unlock the full potential of this enzyme family in advancing global agriculture and food security. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献