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1.
Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used in veterinary practice to evaluate dogs with suspected brain disease, however contrast resolution limitations and artifacts may reduce visualization of clinically important anatomic features. The purpose of this study was to develop an optimized CT protocol for evaluating the canine brain. The head of a 5‐year‐old Springer Spaniel with no neurological signs was imaged immediately following euthanasia using a 4‐slice CT scanner and 282 protocols. Each protocol used a fixed tube voltage of 120 kVp and 10 cm display field of view. Other acquisition and reconstruction parameters were varied. For each protocol, four selected images of the brain were reconstructed, anonymized and saved in DICOM format. Three board‐certified veterinary radiologists independently reviewed each of the four images for each protocol and recorded a numerical quality score for each image. The protocol yielding the lowest total numerical score was defined as the optimal protocol. There was overall agreement that the optimal protocol was the one with the following parameters: sequential mode, 300 mAs, 1 mm slice thickness, 1 s tube rotation time, medium image reconstruction algorithm and applied beam hardening correction. Sequential imaging provided optimal image resolution. The thin‐sliced images provided a small blur due to partial volume artifacts. A high tube current resulted in a relatively low noise level. Use of a medium frequency image reconstruction algorithm provided optimal contrast resolution for brain tissue. Use of a proprietary beam hardening correction filter (Posterior Fossa Optimization) markedly reduced beam‐hardening artifact.  相似文献   

2.
Computed tomography (CT) has been applied previously for assessment of canine spinal disease using a multitude of different technical imaging parameters. The purpose of this study was to establish an optimized imaging protocol for the cervical and lumbar canine spine using a single-detector-row helical CT unit. Thin slice thickness (1–2 mm), low pitch (axial scan mode, helical pitch <2), and medium-frequency image reconstruction algorithm significantly improved the visibility of the intervertebral disk and spinal cord. Tube current, helical reconstruction interval, and the use of an additional edge enhancement filter had no significant effect on the visibility of the intervertebral disk and spinal cord. There was also no interaction between the use of an additional edge enhancement filter and image reconstruction algorithm. Use of an additional edge enhancement filter introduced a double ring artifact in the periphery of the spinal canal lumen that did not correspond to the spinal cord or pachymeningeal margin.  相似文献   

3.
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4.
The VetMousetrap?, a novel device that allows computed tomography (CT) of awake cats and provides a clinically supportive environment, is described. Ten normal cats were used to test the device for ambient internal oxygen, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature. Twenty‐two awake normal cats were imaged using a 16‐multi‐slice helical CT unit to evaluate dose‐equivalent protocols. Two different X‐ray tube potentials (kV), 80 and 120, and two different helical pitches, 0.562 and 1.75, were evaluated. The signal intensity of the pulmonary parenchyma (SIlung), signal intensity of background (SIbackgr), contrast, noise, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. Three evaluators ranked the images for sharpness of liver margins, motion, helical, and windmill artifacts. CT was successfully completed in 20 of 22 cats. No artifacts directly related to the device were detected. Overall, 75 of 80 (94%) examinations were judged to have absent or minimal motion artifact. A statistically significant difference was found for SNR (P=0.001) and CNR (P=0.001) between all protocols. The higher pitch protocols had significantly lower noise and higher SNR and CNR, lower motion artifact but greater helical artifacts. A protocol using 80 kV, 130 mA, 0.5 s, and 0.562 pitch with 1.25 mm slice thickness, and 0.625 mm slice reconstruction interval is recommended. The VetMousetrap? appears to provide the opportunity for diagnostic CT imaging of the thorax of awake cats.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To develop protocols for helical computed tomography (CT) and axial high-resolution CT (HRCT) of lungs and correlate densitometric CT values with morphometric and histologic data for normal pulmonary tissue in dogs. ANIMALS: 8 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURE: 2 dogs were used to establish a protocol for helical CT and HRCT of lungs. Six dogs were used to acquire densitometric CT data regarding normal lungs. After the dogs were euthanatized, their lungs were fixed and sampled for morphometric and histologic evaluation. Four CT acquisitions were compared by means of paired t tests. RESULTS: For normal lung tissue of dogs, mean densitometric CT value obtained during helical CT scans reconstructed in a sharp algorithm was -846 Hounsfield units. Values obtained via helical CT or HRCT acquisitions and reconstructed with sharp or standard algorithms did not differ significantly. Morphometric analysis was used to determine the proportion of lung parenchymal (82%) and non-parenchymal tissue (18%). Alveolar size, estimated by mean linear intercept, was approximately 172 microm, and alveolar surface area-to-volume ratio was 0.024 to 0.026 microm(-1). Histologic evaluation confirmed the presence of normal lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Correlation of densitometric CT data with morphometric and histologic findings and the establishment of helical CT and HRCT protocols were attained; clinical use of this information may facilitate investigation of pulmonary disease in dogs. Sharp helical CT acquisitions were preferred because of better lung parenchyma detail and rapid image acquisitions, compared with HRCT.  相似文献   

6.
Reasons for performing study: There is limited knowledge on the thickness of subocclusal secondary dentine in equine cheek teeth (CT). Hypotheses: Subocclusal secondary dentine is of consistent thickness above different pulp horns in individual horses and its thickness increases with age. Methods: 408 permanent CT were extracted post mortem from 17 horses aged 4–30 years, with no history of dental disease. The CT were sectioned longitudinally in the medio‐lateral (bucco‐palatal/lingual) plane through each pulp horn, and the thickness of the secondary dentine overlying each pulp horn was measured directly. Results: The subocclusal thickness of secondary dentine above the pulp horns of CT varied from a mean thickness (above all pulp horns) of 12.8 mm (range 5–33 mm) in a 4‐year‐old to 7.5 mm (range 2–24 mm) in a 16‐year‐old horse. There was wide variation in the depth of subocclusal secondary dentine above different pulp horns, even within the same CT. In contrast to expectations, occlusal secondary dentine thickness did not increase with age. There were no significant differences in occlusal secondary dentine thickness between rostral and caudal, or medial and lateral aspects of the CT, or between contralateral CT. Mandibular CT had significantly thicker subocclusal secondary dentine than maxillary CT. Pink coloured secondary dentine was sometimes found 1–3 mm occlusal to the pulp horn in sectioned CT and this was likely caused by artefactual blood staining from the underlying pulp during sectioning. Conclusions: The thickness of subocclusal secondary dentine varies greatly between individual pulp horns, teeth and individual horses and can be as low as 2 mm over individual pulp horns. Potential relevance: Due to the great variation in the thickness of subocclusal secondary dentine between horses, and even between pulp horns in individual CT, there is a risk of exposure or thermal damage to pulp and thus of apical infection, even with modest therapeutic reductions of CT occlusal overgrowths. In the light of these findings, great care should be taken when reducing equine CT overgrowths and larger dental overgrowths should be reduced in stages.  相似文献   

7.
Renal dual‐phase computed tomograpic angiography (CTA) is used to assess suitability of feline donors prior to transplantation. A prerequisite for successful CTA is optimal synchronization between the arterial passage of contrast material and CT data acquisition. This retrospective study was conducted to compare quality of renal vascular enhancement at dual‐phase CTA in normal cats between two techniques of timing of data acquisition: the timing‐bolus and the bolus tracking method. Nine cats were scanned using the timing‐bolus technique and 14 with the bolus tracking technique using otherwise similar scanning parameters in a 16‐slice multidetector row CT scanner. The quality of enhancement of the renal vessels at the scanned arterial phase and venous phase was assessed both subjectively and objectively by three board‐certified radiologists. Arterial enhancement was not observed at the scanned arterial phase in three of the nine cats with the timing‐bolus technique but only 1 of the 14 cats with the bolus tracking technique. Early venous enhancement at the scanned arterial phase was common with the bolus tracking technique. Data acquisition was significantly faster with the bolus tracking technique. We conclude that the bolus tracking technique is a valid technique that could be integrated into the routine protocol for 16‐detector row CT renal angiography in cats.  相似文献   

8.
Thoracic duct computed tomography (CT) lymphangiograms were performed on seven clinically normal dogs. The appearance of the thoracic duct system was compared following administration of contrast medium through a mesenteric lymphatic vessel vs. ultrasound guided percutaneous injection into a popliteal lymph node using helical and sequential CT acquisition modes. The number of visible thoracic duct branches and the largest thoracic duct branch cross‐sectional area and mean Hounsfield units (HU) were determined from thoracic vertebra 9 to lumbar vertebra 1. Procedural time and patient discomfort were also assessed. Popliteal administration produced a successful thoracic duct lymphangiogram in eight of 11 dogs (73%) after two attempts, while mesenteric administration was successful in eight of 10 dogs (80%) after a single attempt. Popliteal lymphography required 46% of the time and was associated with less patient discomfort than mesenteric lymphangiography. The number of thoracic duct branches seen was not significantly different for either administration technique (P=0.256) or CT acquisition mode (P=0.417). However, the cross‐sectional area and mean HU of the largest thoracic duct branch were greater with mesenteric administration (P<0.001), and helical image acquisition (P<0.001). The thoracic duct branch number, size, and location were highly variable between dogs. Percutaneous popliteal lymphography appears to be an acceptable alternative to mesenteric lymphangiography for the detection of thoracic duct branches in the dog when using either helical or sequential CT acquisition modes.  相似文献   

9.
Pulmonary angiography using 64‐multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT) was used to evaluate pulmonary artery anatomy, and determine the sensitivity of pulmonary artery segment visualization in four Beagle dogs using images reconstructed to 0.625 mm and retro‐reconstructed to 1.25 and 2.5 mm slice thickness. Morphologically, characteristic features included a focal narrowing in the right cranial pulmonary artery in all dogs, which should not be mistaken as stenosis. While the right cranial pulmonary artery divided into two equally sized branches that were tracked into the periphery of the lung lobe in all dogs, only a single left cranial (cranial portion) lobar artery was present. Compared with 1.25 and 2.5 mm retro‐reconstructions, 0.625 mm reconstructions allowed for detection of significantly (P≤0.05) more pulmonary artery segments and sharper depiction of vessel margins. Clinical applications such as prevalence and significance of diameter changes, and detection of pulmonary arterial thrombembolism on lobar and sublobar level, using pulmonary angiography with 64‐MDCT applying 0.625 mm reconstruction slice thickness remain to be established.  相似文献   

10.
Dynamic helical computed tomography (CT) of the pituitary gland can be used to image the three-dimensional shape and dimensions of abnormalities within the pituitary gland. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol for dynamic helical CT of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs as a future reference study for patients with pituitary disease. Dynamic helical series of nine scans of the pituitary gland during and following contrast medium injection were performed in six healthy dogs using the following protocols: a series with 1 mm collimation and a table feed per X-ray tube rotation of 2 mm (pitch of 2) in six dogs, a series with 2 mm collimation and pitch of 2 in three dogs, and a series with 1 mm collimation and pitch of 1 in three other dogs. Multiplanar reconstructions of the images were made using a reconstruction index of 0.5. Images of all series were assessed visually for enhancement of the arteries, the neurohypophysis, and the adenohypophysis. The enhancement pattern of the neurohypophysis was distinguished adequately from that of the adenohypophysis in five dogs that were scanned with 1 mm collimation and pitch of 2, but the difference was less discernable when the other protocols were used. The carotid artery, its trifurcation, and the arterial cerebral circle were best visualized in dorsal reconstructions. Dynamic helical CT of the pituitary gland in healthy dogs can be performed with 1 mm collimation and pitch of 2, and a scan length that includes the entire pituitary region. Using this protocol, with the specific scanner used, the neurohypophysis, the adenohypophysis, and the surrounding vascular structures are adequately visualized.  相似文献   

11.
The aims of the study were (1) to quantify the influence of selected imaging parameters on the image quality (slice thickness, mAs, and beam orientation) defining optimal conditions for scan protocols and (2) to evaluate the benefits of the 3D reconstruction techniques for visualization of NDS structures in dogs. CT-DCG was performed bilaterally in 32 heads of dogs. CT transverse images were obtained using a combination of two slice thickness values (0.8 mm and 2 mm) and two mAs values (50 mAs and 300 mAs). Two beam projection orientations were also tested: transverse plane (perpendicular to the hard palate) and oblique to the hard palate. Three-dimensional images were obtained using Volume Rendering (VR). Transverse beam projection proved to be superior for the assessment of the inferior and superior lacrimal canaliculi and lacrimal sac. In this study, there was no statistical difference regarding mAs values (50 mAs and 300 mAs) and slice thickness values (0.8 mm and 2 mm). Three-dimensional images were helpful for the assessment of topographic relationship between nasolacrimal structures and cranial landmarks.  相似文献   

12.
The purpose of this study was to produce a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the dog for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Whole-body CT images of two mature beagle dogs were made with the dogs supported in sternal recumbency and using a slice thickness of 13 mm. The head was scanned using high-resolution imaging with a slice thickness of 8 mm. At the end of the CT session, each dog was euthanized, and while carefully maintaining the same position, the body was placed in a walk-in freezer until completely frozen. The body was then sectioned at 13-mm (head at 8-mm) intervals, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The forzen sections were cleaned, photographed, and radiographed using xeroradiography. Each CT image was studied and compared with its corresponding xeroradiograph and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Intact, sagittally sectioned, and disarticulated dog skulls were used as reference models. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled in the three corresponding photographs (CT image, xeroradiograph, and anatomic section). In this paper, the CT anatomy of the head and neck of the mesaticephalic dog is presented.  相似文献   

13.
Preoperative knowledge of the renal vascular anatomy is important for selection of the appropriate feline renal donor. Intravenous urograms (IVUs) have been performed routinely to screen potential donors at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (VHUP), but the vascular phase views lack sufficient detail of the renal vascular anatomy. Computed tomography angiography (CTA), which requires a helical computed tomography (CT) scanner, has been found to provide superior renal vascular anatomic information of prospective human renal donors. The specific aims of this study were as follows: 1) develop the CTA technique for the feline patient; and 2) obtain preliminary information on feline renal vessel anatomy in potential renal donors. Ten healthy, potential feline renal donors were anesthetized and imaged using a third-generation helical CT scanner. The time delay between i.v. contrast medium injection and image acquisition, and other parameters of slice collimation, slice interval, pitch, exposure settings, and reconstruction algorithms were varied to maximize contrast medium opacification of the renal vascular anatomy. Optimal CTA acquisition parameters were determined to be: 1) 10-sec delay post-i.v. bolus of iodinated contrast medium; 2) two serially acquired (corresponding to arterial and venous phases) helical scans through the renal vasculature; 3) pitch of 2 (4 mm/sec patient translation, 2 mm slice collimation); and 4) 120-kVp, 160-mA, and 1-sec exposure settings. Retrospective reconstructed CTA transverse images obtained at a 2-mm slice width and a 1-mm slice interval in combination with two-dimensional reformatted images and three-dimensional reconstructed images were qualitatively evaluated for vascular anatomy; vascular anatomy was confirmed at surgery. Four cats had single renal arteries and veins bilaterally; four cats had double renal veins. One cat had a small accessory artery supplying the caudal pole of the left kidney. One cat had a left renal artery originating from the aorta at a 90 degrees angle with the cranial mesenteric artery. CTA of the feline renal vascular anatomy is feasible, and reconstruction techniques provide excellent anatomic vascular detail. CTA is now used routinely at VHUP to screen all potential feline renal donors.  相似文献   

14.
Turbinate destruction is an important diagnostic criterion in canine and feline nasal computed tomography (CT). However decreased turbinate visibility may also be caused by technical CT settings and nasal fluid. The purpose of this experimental, crossover study was to determine whether fluid reduces conspicuity of canine and feline nasal turbinates in CT and if so, whether CT settings can maximize conspicuity. Three canine and three feline cadaver heads were used. Nasal slabs were CT‐scanned before and after submerging them in a water bath; using sequential, helical, and ultrahigh resolution modes; with images in low, medium, and high frequency image reconstruction kernels; and with application of additional posterior fossa optimization and high contrast enhancing filters. Visible turbinate length was measured by a single observer using manual tracing. Nasal density heterogeneity was measured using the standard deviation (SD) of mean nasal density from a region of interest in each nasal cavity. Linear mixed‐effect models using the R package ‘nlme’, multivariable models and standard post hoc Tukey pair‐wise comparisons were performed to investigate the effect of several variables (nasal content, scanning mode, image reconstruction kernel, application of post reconstruction filters) on measured visible total turbinate length and SD of mean nasal density. All canine and feline water‐filled nasal slabs showed significantly decreased visibility of nasal turbinates (P < 0.001). High frequency kernels provided the best turbinate visibility and highest SD of aerated nasal slabs, whereas medium frequency kernels were optimal for water‐filled nasal slabs. Scanning mode and filter application had no effect on turbinate visibility.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements obtained from computer tomography (CT) images of staged radio-ulnar incongruence in a canine cadaver forelimb model. STUDY DESIGN: CT evaluation of induced progressive radio-ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Eight cadaveric canine left forelimbs. PROCEDURE: A type 2 external skeletal fixator (ESF) with linear motors was attached to the radius in 8 cadaveric left canine forelimbs. Contiguous incremental and helical CT images of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation were acquired in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. The radius was shortened by 1, 2, and 4 mm increments and scanning protocols were repeated at each increment. Digital caliper and CT image analysis measured the progressive change in distance between 2 marking spheres and the epiphyseal bone surfaces of the radio-ulnar articulation. Statistical analysis of measurements from incremental and helical CT acquisitions, and direct and reformatted images were compared with inter-sphere distance using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the mid-coronoid in the oblique plane had the highest correlation coefficient (r-value) at 0.908. The mid-coronoid in the dorsal plane had the second highest r-value (0.856). The coronoid incisure in the sagittal plane had an r-value of 0.826. The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the coronoid incisure in the oblique plane had the lowest r-value, 0.592. CONCLUSION: Measurement of radioulnar incongruence may be best performed using reformatted incremental acquisition CT in the mid-coronoid region in an oblique plane. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the technique reported in this study may enable determination of the association, if any, between radioulnar incongruence and developmental diseases of the canine elbow.  相似文献   

16.
This study aimed to evaluate normal features of the heart and lower respiratory tract in toco toucans by means of radiography and helical computed tomography (CT) scanner. Fifteen healthy adult toco toucans (Ramphastos toco), 10 females and 5 males, average body mass of 650 g were studied. CT examination as well as right lateral and ventrodorsal radiographic examinations of the coelomic cavity were performed under chemical restraint. Heart, lungs, air sacs, trachea and syrinx were analysed. The mean values of heart length, heart width and thoracic cavity in radiographs were, respectively, 23.76 mm, 25.94 mm and 48.87 mm. In both X-rays and CT scans, the lung parenchyma had honeycomb-like pattern. The topographic areas of the anterior and posterior air sacs were visualized as dark and air-filled spaces in X-rays. On CT evaluation, the air sacs occupied a larger area in the coelomic cavity compared to X-ray. In the lateral radiographic view, the cervical part of the trachea was positioned more ventrally in the transition from cervical to thoracic regions showing a V-shaped appearance. In all CT planes was visible division of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi at the level of 3rd thoracic vertebra. The syrinx was difficult to visualize in X-rays, but on CT it was easily identified in axial slice. In conclusion, the normal features of toco toucan's heart and lower respiratory tract that were determined on X-rays and CT scans are useful to compare with sick toco toucans, as well as other bird species.  相似文献   

17.
Computed tomography (CT) of the caudal fossa of 10 canine and nine equine cadaver heads was performed with conventional slice widths of 5 and 10 mm, respectively, and with thin collimations of 1 and 2 mm, respectively. Reformatting of thinly collimated slices was done by addition of thinly collimated slices to section thicknesses of 5 and 10 mm, respectively. Seventy-six pairs of conventional and reformatted images of identical anatomic locations were evaluated for magnitude of skull-base-related artifacts and image noise. A film-based subjective evaluation of artifact and noise was performed by four radiologists on a five-point score system. There was a statistically significant reduction of artifacts of canine and equine heads by 33% and 50%, respectively, on reformatted images compared with conventional ones but no difference in image noise. On objective artifact assessment based on the magnitude of standard deviation of attenuation values in the interpetrosal region, there was a statistically significant reduction of artifacts of canine and equine heads by 23% and 39%, respectively, on reformatted images. Thick-section reformatting significantly improves image quality of CT scans of the caudal fossa in dogs and horses.  相似文献   

18.
Upper airway obstruction is a potentially life‐threatening problem in cats and for which a noninvasive, sensitive method rapid diagnosis is needed. The purposes of this prospective study were to describe a computed tomography (CT) technique for nonanesthetized cats with upper airway obstruction, CT characteristics of obstructive diseases, and comparisons between CT findings and findings from other diagnostic tests. Ten cats with clinical signs of upper airway obstruction were recruited for the study. Four cats with no clinical signs of upper airway obstruction were recruited as controls. All cats underwent computed tomography imaging without sedation or anesthesia, using a 16‐slice helical CT scanner and a previously described transparent positional device. Three‐dimensional (3D) internal volume rendering was performed on all CT image sets and 3D external volume rendering was also performed on cats with evidence of mass lesions. Confirmation of upper airway obstruction was based on visual laryngeal examination, endoscopy, fine‐needle aspirate, biopsy, or necropsy. Seven cats were diagnosed with intramural upper airway masses, two with laryngotracheitis, and one with laryngeal paralysis. The CT and 3D volume‐rendered images identified lesions consistent with upper airway disease in all cats. In cats with mass lesions, CT accurately identified the mass and location. Findings from this study supported the use of CT imaging as an effective technique for diagnosing upper airway obstruction in nonanesthetized cats.  相似文献   

19.
Introduction: Leg weakness causes high economic losses in commercial poultry. The unspecific term includes, amongst others, diseases of the skeletal system caused by genetic, nutritional or microbiological factors. The analysis of computed tomography images may be a new tool to discriminate and evaluate skeletal abnormalities in turkeys and can therefore provide valuable hints in the treatment of turkey stocks suffering from leg weakness. Material and Methods: Legs of healthy turkeys and those showing clinical signs of leg weakness were examined using a Tomoscan M/EG/Compact (Philips Medical Systems) CT system. The slice thickness and distance were set to 2 mm. In addition to the evaluation of the obtained images, the software system 3D‐Doctor was used to create three‐dimensional objects of the investigated samples. Results: Differences between physiological and abnormal parts of the leg bones are distinguishable in the CT‐images and three‐dimensional reconstructed objects. Bone density can be calculated and thus provides a base to estimate possible nutritional demands or deficiencies. The three‐dimensional reconstruction compensates for the difficulties in understanding the detailed anatomical CT cross‐sections by which the examiner is confronted while studying the CT images. Conclusion: Although computed tomography of poultry is too expensive for routine herd diagnosis, and far less for single‐animal diagnosis, it is a valuable tool for investigating skeletal abnormalities and is very useful in examining samples related to leg weakness.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to produce a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the dog for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Whole-body CT images of two mature beagle dogs were made with the dogs supported in sternal recumbency and using a slice thickness of 13 mm. At the end of the CT session, each dog was euthanized, and while carefully maintaining the same position, the body was placed in a walk-in freezer until completely frozen. The body was then sectioned at 13-mm intervals, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The frozen sections were cleaned, photographed, and radiographed using xeroradiography. Each CT image was studied and compared with its corresponding xeroradiograph and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled in the three corresponding photographs (CT image, xeroradiograph, and anatomic section). In a previous paper, the head and neck of the mesaticephalic (beagle) dog was presented. In this paper, the thorax and cranial part of the abdomen of the dog are presented.  相似文献   

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