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1.
ALESSIA J. EBLING ALEXIA L. MCKNIGHT GABRIELA SEILER PATRICK R. KIRCHER 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2009,50(4):385-391
The complexity of the equine skull makes the temporomandibular joint a difficult area to evaluate radiographically. The goal of this study was to determine the optimal angle for a complementary radiographic projection of the equine temporomandibular joint based on a computed tomography (CT) cadaver study. CT was performed on six equine cadaver heads of horses that were euthanized for other reasons than temporomandibular joint disease. After the CT examination, 3D reconstruction of the equine skull was performed to subjectively determine the angle for a complementary radiographic projection of the temporomandibular joint. The angle was measured on the left and right temporomandibular joint of each head. Based on the measurements obtained from the CT images, a radiographic projection of the temporomandibular joint in a rostral45°ventral-caudodorsal oblique (R45°V-CdDO) direction was developed by placing the X-ray unit 30° laterally, maintaining at the same time the R45°V-CdDO angle (R45°V30°L-CdDLO). This radiographic projection was applied to all cadaver heads and on six live horses. In three of the live horses abnormal findings associated with the temporomandibular joint were detected. We conclude that this new radiographic projection of the temporomandibular joint provides superior visualization of the temporomandibular joint space and the articular surface of the mandibular condyle. 相似文献
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GABRIELA SEILER FEDERICA ROSSI MASSIMO VIGNOLI RACHEL CIANCIOLO TIFFANY SCANLON URS GIGER 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2007,48(6):544-549
Computed tomography (CT) features of four immature to young adult dogs with osteomyelitis of the skull are described. Trauma or bite wounds were the cause of infection and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. CT features were a combination of soft tissue thickening, bone lysis, and bone proliferation. Bone lysis was extensive in some dogs with a moth-eaten appearance and involved the calvarium, base of the skull, the frontal sinuses, and the temporomandibular joint. In other dogs it was more focal with thinning of the bone rather than complete lysis. Bone proliferation also varied in appearance from irregular palisading or spiculated to expansion and septation of the frontal bone. Sequestrum formation was seen in one dog. Widespread infection in one dog involved the tympanic bullae and the temporomandibular joint. Lysis of the calvarium resulted in bacterial meningitis in two dogs. One dog was euthanized and three were treated with surgical curettage of the affected bone and antibiotic therapy which resulted in resolution of the clinical signs in one dog whereas two dogs had recurrent disease. CT was very helpful for characterizing extent and localization of the infection. Despite the aggressive CT features, osteomyelitis should be considered especially in young animals with a history of trauma or bite wounds. The pathophysiology of skull bone infections is discussed. 相似文献
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IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF A GIANT CELL TUMOR AFFECTING THE MANDIBLE IN A PYGMY GOAT 
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下载免费PDF全文 Jonathon Dixon Renate Weller Sonja Jeckel Roy Pool Alex Mcsloy 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2016,57(5):E51-E53
A 3‐year‐old male neutered pygmy goat presented for evaluation of a progressive mandibular swelling and inappetence. A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the head and thorax was performed under general anesthesia. Computed tomography revealed an extensive multiloculated, markedly expansile lesion within the right hemimandible, which involved the articular surface of the temporomandibular joint. The goat was euthanased due to a poor prognosis and postmortem examination confirmed the diagnostic imaging findings. Histopathology was strongly suggestive of a multinucleated giant cell tumor, therefore this condition should be considered as a differential diagnosis in goats presenting with expansile mandibular mass lesions. 相似文献
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K. Hayashi M. Sugisaki K. Kino T. Ishikawa M. Sugisaki S. Abe 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2013,42(6):415-419
The articular disc of the temporomandibular joint is a constant structure in mammals. According to Parsons' report in 1900, however, it is absent in four animals: the armadillo, two kinds of monotremes and the Tasmanian devil. Thereafter, no research was performed to confirm this observation. The aim of this study was to determine by anatomical and histological examination whether the Tasmanian devil has an articular disc in its temporomandibular joint. Six fresh frozen corpses and one dry skull of Tasmanian devils were obtained from the School of Zoology, University of Tasmania. The corpses were dissected and the morphology of the temporomandibular joint was carefully observed by gross anatomical and histological examination. The structure of the temporomandibular joint of the dry skull was examined macroscopically and by micro‐computed tomography. In all cases, absence of the articular disc in the Tasmanian devil temporomandibular joint was morphologically confirmed. The surface layer of both the condyle and the glenoid fossa comprised a thick fibrous tissue. Micro‐computed tomography revealed dense and fine trabecular bone in the condyle. The thick fibrous tissue covering the condyle and high‐density trabecular bone in the condyle might play a role in absorption against powerful mastication and heavy loading of the Tasmanian devil temporomandibular joint. 相似文献
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M. J. RODRÍGUEZ R. LATORRE O. LÓPEZ‐ALBORS M. SOLER C. AGUIRRE J. M. VÁZQUEZ M. QUEROL A. AGUT 《Equine veterinary journal》2008,40(6):566-571
Reasons for performing study: The equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its surrounding structures can be difficult to investigate in cases with a clinical problem related to the region. Little previous attention has been given either to a computed tomographic (CT) imaging protocol for the joint or an interpretation of the structures displayed in CT images of the normal joint. Objectives: To provide a CT atlas of the normal cross‐sectional anatomy of the equine TMJ using frozen and plastinated sections as anatomical reference. Methods: Eight TMJs from 4 immature pure‐bred Spanish horses were examined by helical CT. Scans were processed with a detailed algorithm to enhance bony and soft tissue. Transverse CT images were reformatted into sagittal and dorsal planes. Transverse, sagittal and dorsal cryosections were then obtained, photographed and plastinated. Relevant anatomic structures were identified in the CT images and corresponding anatomical sections. Results: In the CT images, a bone window provided excellent bone detail, however, the soft tissue components of the TMJ were not as well visualised using a soft tissue window. The articular cartilage was observed as a hyperattenuating stripe over the low attenuated subchondral bone and good delineation was obtained between cortex and medulla. The tympanic and petrous part of the temporal bone (middle and inner ear) and the temporohyoid joint were seen in close proximity to the TMJ. Conclusions: Helical CT provided excellent images of the TMJ bone components to characterise the CT anatomy of the normal joint. Potential relevance: Detailed information is provided that may be used as a reference by equine veterinarians for the CT investigation of the equine TMJ and serve to assist them in the diagnosis of disorders of the TMJ and related structures (middle and inner ear). The study was performed at an immature stage and further studies of mature individuals are required in order to confirm that the clinical interpretation is not affected by changes occurring with age. 相似文献
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Tobias Schwarz MA Dr. Med. Vet. Renate Weller Dr. Med. Vet. Alison M. Dickie BVMS MVM Martin Konar Mag. Med. Vet. Martin Sullivan BVMS Phd 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2002,43(2):85-97
The radiographic anatomy of the temporomandibular joint in the dog and cat is described in dorsoventral and oblique projections. The positioning for different oblique views in conventional radiography and technical details of computed tomography are reviewed. Typical radiographic features of craniomandibular osteopathy, dysplasia, luxation, subluxation, fractures, ankylosis, degenerative joint disease, infection, and neoplasia involving the temporomandibular joint are discussed. 相似文献
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Michael Carnevale Jeryl Jones Ida Holskov D. Phillip Sponenberg 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2019,60(4):378-389
Degenerative sacroiliac joint disease is a cause of lumbosacral pain in dogs; however, published information on cross‐sectional imaging characteristics is limited. Objectives of this retrospective, secondary analysis, methods‐comparison study were to test hypotheses that CT lesions reported in humans with degenerative sacroiliac joint disease are also present in dogs, and that CT is comparable to gross pathology for detecting these lesions. Matched CT and gross pathology slice images of 30 sacroiliac joints were retrieved from a previous prospective, canine cadaver study. A veterinary radiologist interpreted randomized CT images for each joint based on previously published CT characteristics of lesions in humans with degenerative sacroiliac joint disease. A veterinary pathologist independently interpreted randomized gross pathology images using the same criteria. All joints had at least one CT lesion consistent with degenerative sacroiliac joint disease. A new CT lesion was also identified and termed “subarticular cleft.” The CT and gross pathology methods agreed for detecting joints with subchondral sclerosis, subchondral erosion, and intra‐articular ankylosis lesions (P > .05, McNemar's test), but disagreed for detection of joints with subchondral cyst, para‐articular ankylosis, and subarticular cleft lesions (P ≤ .05). Using gross pathology as the reference standard, CT had 100% sensitivity for detection of subarticular cleft and subchondral cyst lesions, with 56% and 22% specificity, respectively. Para‐articular ankylosis lesions were detected by CT but not by gross pathology. Findings supported the hypothesis that CT lesions reported in humans with degenerative sacroiliac joint disease are also present in dogs, and partially supported the hypothesis that CT is comparable to gross pathology for detecting joints with these lesions. 相似文献
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Amy Norvall Jose Guerrero Cota Nicola Pusterla Derek Cissell 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2020,61(3):346-352
Equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are increasingly recognized as a problem for the well‐being and performance of horses. Diagnosis is confounded by overlap of clinical signs associated with pathology of the oral cavity, poll, and cervical vertebrae. Arthrocentesis for intra‐articular analgesia, sampling of synovial fluid, and medication is needed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ultrasound features of the normal TMJ and a blind arthrocentesis technique have been described, but a systematic approach to ultrasound‐guided (USG) arthrocentesis has not been reported. Ultrasound guidance allows visualization of the TMJ that may prove beneficial in cases when pathology, abnormal anatomy, or clinician inexperience make blind arthrocentesis difficult. We hypothesized that USG arthrocentesis would result in fewer needle repositions than blind arthrocentesis. We also aimed to assess synovial fluid parameters for normal equine TMJs. A prospective randomized method comparison with crossover experimental design compared the number of needle positionings required for accurate injection of the TMJ using each technique. Arthrocentesis technique and operator experience were tested using cadavers and two operators. Injection success was confirmed using CT. The radiologist then applied both techniques in normal live horses. No statistically significant difference was noted between arthrocentesis techniques or operators (P > .05). No complications were observed in live horses following either technique. Synovial fluid parameters were largely within the normal range expected for other synovial joints. Either blind or USG arthrocentesis of the equine TMJ can be performed with minimal prior operator experience. Ultrasound‐guided arthrocentesis is an alternative method and can be considered in cases with altered anatomy. 相似文献
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Alison M. Dickie BVMS MVM Martin Sullivan BVMS PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2001,42(3):205-217
The temporomandibular joint is formed between the condyloid process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. The basic anatomy of this joint was assessed and described in a series of skulls including dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic breeds. The facial index and rotational angles were measured with the facial index providing a useful method of classifying skull types but the rotational angle being of limited use in assessment of the temporomandibular joint until normal breed values are established. Equipment was designed to allow repeatable positioning of the temporomandibular joint for radiography at a variety of lateral and long axis rotational angles relative to the central x-ray beam. The regions of the joint and anatomic features visualized in each view are demonstrated. 10 degrees rotation was required in either axis to project the joints independently of each other. Lateral rotational angles of 10 to 30 degrees in mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic breeds and 20 to 30 degrees in brachycephalics and long axis rotational views of 10 to 30 degrees depending on the region of interest were considered to be the most useful. 相似文献
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MARÍA J. RODRÍGUEZ MARTA SOLER RAFAEL LATORRE FRANCISCO GIL AMALIA AGUT 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2007,48(2):149-154
The objective was to describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the soft tissue and bony structures of the temporomandibular joint in Pure-Bred Spanish horses using frozen and plastinated sections performed as anatomical references. The temporomandibular joint of five healthy Pure-Bred Spanish horses and the head specimens from 12 Pure-Bred Spanish cadavers that were subjected to euthanasia for reasons other than temporomandibular joint problems were studied sonographically and anatomically. An 11 MHz linear-array transducer was used to obtain longitudinal ultrasonographic images of the temporomandibular joint from rostral, lateral, and caudal approaches. For anatomic study, a gross dissection was performed on six temporomandibular joints. The other six head specimens were first frozen at -30 degrees C for 48h and then, at -70 degrees C for a week. Three millimeter thick anatomic sections were collected in the same plane as the sonographic planes. These sections were plastinated, photographed, and compared with the corresponding ultrasonographic images. The articular surfaces, the articular cartilage, the disc, the intra-articular fat tissue, the joint capsule, and other structures were clearly visualized sonographically. Structures identified on the ultrasonographic images were in accordance with those identified on the corresponding anatomic sections. We confirmed the appearance of structures of the equine temporomandibular joint that have been described previously but we also identified the caudal fibrous expansion of the disc, the caudal compartment of the dorsal synovial pouch, and the lateral ligament. Our results define a reference that will aid in sonographic evaluation of the equine temporomandibular joint region. 相似文献
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Arencibia A Rivero MA De Miguel I Contreras S Cabrero A Orós J 《Research in veterinary science》2006,81(2):165-169
The heads of three loggerhead sea turtles were disarticulated and imaged immediately to minimize postmortem changes and then frozen and sectioned. For computed tomography (CT) imaging, the heads were positioned in ventral recumbency. Transverse CT images with soft-tissue window were obtained from the olfactory sac region to the temporomandibular joint region. After CT imaging, the heads were sectioned and the gross sections were compared to CT images, to assist in the accurate identification of the anatomic structures. Different clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labelled in two series of photographs (CT images and anatomic cross-sections). CT images provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. The information presented in this paper should serve as an initial reference to evaluate CT images of the head of the loggerhead sea turtle and to assist in the interpretation of lesions of this region. 相似文献
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T. P. Barnett S. E. Powell M. J. Head C. M. Marr W. N. Steven R. J. Payne 《Equine Veterinary Education》2014,26(2):59-63
Sepsis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the horse is rare. This case report describes the use of radiography, ultrasonography and computed tomography to diagnose sepsis of the TMJ in a 2‐year‐old Thoroughbred filly. The mandibular condyle and temporal bone were partially resected to successfully remove necrotic tissue within and surrounding the TMJ. Sepsis resolved and the horse returned to race training. Follow‐up computed tomography examination showed generation of a mandibular ‘pseudocondyle’ at 8 months post operatively. 相似文献
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Rosenstein DS Bullock MF Ocello PJ Clayton HM 《American journal of veterinary research》2001,62(5):729-733
OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint in adult horses. ANIMALS: 7 equine cadaver heads and 6 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE: Fluoroscopy, contrast radiography, and computed tomography were used on cadaver specimens to locate the temporomandibular joint, identify externally palpable landmarks for joint access, guide needle placement into the joint, and illustrate regional anatomy. The arthrocentesis technique was performed on 6 live healthy adult horses to determine efficacy and safety of this procedure. RESULTS: Externally palpable structures were identified as landmarks for temporomandibular arthrocentesis, including the lateral border of the condylar process of the mandible, the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, and the lateral pericapsular fat pad. Arthrocentesis was successful in all 6 joints in the live horses, and no complications developed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The technique identified will improve the ability to examine and treat the temporomandibular joint in horses. 相似文献
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Morphological Characteristics of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Pouch Young of the Tasmanian Devil 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 K. Hayashi M. Sugisaki K. Kino T. Ishikawa S. Kawashima T. Amemiya 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2015,44(2):157-160
We recently reported the absence of the articular disc, which is a constant structure in mammals, in the temporomandibular joint of the adult Tasmanian devil. However, whether the articular disc disappears with growth of the animal was unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether a pouch young of the Tasmanian devil has the articular disc. The temporomandibular joint of a fresh carcass of the pouch young, whose crown–rump length was 43 mm, was examined microscopically and by microcomputed tomography. The absence of the articular disc in the pouch young temporomandibular joint was histologically confirmed. It is suggested that the articular disc of the Tasmanian devil is naturally absent. 相似文献
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It has been suggested that dental abnormalities lead to temporomandibular joint inflammation and pain that may be mitigated by regular dental care. There is considerable literature on the pathophysiology of equine joint disease including studies on cytokine profiles in diseased appendicular joints. This study examined the effects of age and dental malocclusions summarized as a dental pathology score on equine temporomandibular joint cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha and TGF-beta1, -beta2, -beta3) concentrations. TGF-beta3 was not detected in any joint sample. IL-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha were not influenced by age. Foals had significantly lower concentrations of lL-8 and TGF-beta1, and higher levels of TGF-beta2 compared with older horses. Age did not effect cytokine concentration in older horses although there was a trend towards increasing 1L-8 with age. The dental pathology score increased with age in mature horses, however there was no effect of dental pathology score on cytokine concentration. There was no effect of incisor eruption, and presence or number of periodontal lesions on temporomandibular joint cytokine concentration. Our findings indicate that age but not dental pathology affected temporomandibular joint proinflammatory cytokine concentration in this population of horses. 相似文献
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Clinically significant,nontraumatic, degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joints in a horse 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Horses with degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) have been reported infrequently, with the majority of cases describing the disease as a consequence of an earlier traumatic event. A case of clinically significant TMJ‐DJD due to a nontraumatic event has not been published. This retrospective case report describes a case of bilateral, DJD of the TMJ. Case management, subsequent review and interpretation of the clinical records, tangential radiographic views of each TMJ, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head, and post mortem histological examination of the TMJs were performed. The horse exhibited both quidding and a ‘clicking’ sound during mastication; episodes of intermittent colic were also prevalent in the horse's history. Computed tomography illustrated bilateral mineralisation of the rostral aspect of both intra‐articular discs. Treatment, by intra‐articular injection of corticosteroid, resulted in temporary resolution of both the quidding and the ‘clicking’ sound, as well as the recurrent episodes of colic. Repeated treatment over time was required. Ultimately the horse was subjected to euthanasia for reasons other than disease of the TMJ. The development of TMJ‐DJD may not be confined to traumatic events. Age‐related degeneration of this joint may occur and manifest through quidding and abnormal sounds noted during mastication. 相似文献
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William G. Marshall Michael Farrell Damian Chase Stuart Carmichael 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2010,39(6):765-770
Objective: To describe the novel use of circular external skeletal fixation (CESF) for repair of bilateral fractures of the caudal aspect of the mandibles. Study Design: Clinical report. Animals: A 5‐month‐old female Newfoundland. Methods: A 2‐ring CESF was used to immobilize the mandible relative to the maxillae. Results: Anatomic dental occlusion and reduction of the right hemimandible were achieved with mild malalignment of the left hemimandible. Fracture healing occurred within 20 days. Transient epistaxis and reduced temporomandibular joint range of motion occurred at the time of fixator removal but normal use of the mandible was reported 6 months postoperatively. Conclusions: CESF effectively immobilized the mandible permitting rapid fracture healing with minimal morbidity. Clinical Relevance: Maxillomandibular CESF may represent a simple, effective option for the management of challenging fractures involving the caudal aspect of the mandible. 相似文献
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Three cases of temporomandibular dysplasia are reported. Crepitus and pain were associated with manipulation of the lower jaw and in two cases there were episodes of open-mouth jaw-locking. Jaw-locking in these two cases was not associated with displacement of the coronoid process of the mandible and impingement on the zygomatic arch. Excision arthroplasty of the temporomandibular joint (mandibular condylectomy) was successful in preventing open-mouth jaw-locking and in curing temporomandibular joint pain. 相似文献