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1.
《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(3)
In the paper “Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in slaughtered sheep and cattle in New Zealand, 1984–85” by W.A.G. Charleston, R.C. Kissling, L.A. Petrey, B.L. Marshall and W.A. Royal in Volume 38 Pages 69–71 of the New Zealand Veterinary Journal, the titles of two of the columns in Table I were inadvertently transposed during the typesetting process. Table I is printed correctly below. 相似文献
2.
P.J. O'Hara B.V.Sc. E.H. Shortridge M.S. B.Sc. M.R.C.V.S. 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(1-2):13-18
Three trials were conducted in Central Hawkes Bay and in the Piopio areas of New Zealand in which ewes naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica were treated with ‘Vermadax’ (thiophanate &; brotianide.) Liver fluke counts on slaughter showed overall reductions in the number of immature (estimated to be largely 6 weeks and older) and adult liverfluke of 96.0% to 100.0% compared with untreated controls. 相似文献
3.
A brief review of infectious and parasitic diseases of wapiti, with emphasis on western Canada and the northwestern United States 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Smits JE 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1991,32(8):471-479
In this paper I review diseases reported in both captive and free-ranging wapiti in western North America, with some reference to diseases in captive red deer in Great Britain, Europe, New Zealand, and eastern North America.
With the exception of coronavirus in neonates, few viral agents are reported to cause serious disease losses in wapiti in North America at this time. Bacterial diseases of current significance include brucellosis (focus in Wyoming), clostridial diseases, coliform enteritis of neonates, pasteurellosis, and necrobacillosis. The endoparasites most likely to be seen causing lesions in wapiti of western North America are lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus), arterial worm (Elaeophora schneideri), and, possibly, liver fluke (Fascioloides magna). Ectoparasites of importance to wapiti are Psoroptes cervinus and Dermacentor albipictus. Nutritional diseases are not covered in this review.
相似文献4.
To determine the extent to which wild deer are contributing in the transmission of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) livers from deer shot by hunters, farmers undertaking population control on their farms and vertebrate pest controllers were collected and frozen. The livers were later thawed, sliced and examined for the presence of adult flukes or evidence of past infection. Livers from 19 deer were examined (18 fallow [Dama dama] and one sambar [Rusa unicolor]). Seventeen of the fallow deer were animals collected on farms near Jindabyne, New South Wales. The remaining fallow deer was collected in the Australian Capital Territory and one sambar deer was collected in north-eastern Victoria. Nine of the 17 deer (53%) from the Jindabyne area were either infected with Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) or had thickened bile ducts indicating past infection. Infection levels in the infected animals varied widely from 3 liver fluke to over 50 per liver. No sign of infection was present in the deer from the Australian Capital Territory or Victoria. Fallow deer are wide-spread in the Jindabyne area and their population is increasing. It is likely their contribution to the maintenance and distribution of F. hepatica to livestock in the Jindabyne area, and in other livestock rearing areas of south-eastern Australia, is important and increasing. 相似文献
5.
Efficacy against Fasciola hepatica and the pharmacokinetics of triclabendazole administered by oral and topical routes 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Objective To determine the efficacy of triclabendazole (TCBZ) against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke in cattle and its pharmacokinetics following administration by the oral or topical (pour-on) route.
Procedures Cattle (n = 18) were infected with 500 TCBZ-susceptible liver fluke metacercariae and randomly allocated to three groups. At 28 days after infection, the groups were: (1) untreated controls; (2) treated with oral TCBZ at 12 mg/kg in combination with oxfendazole and selenium (TOS); (3) treated with pour-on TCBZ at 30 mg/kg in combination with abamectin (TA). Blood samples were taken immediately prior to treatment and serially after treatment to assess the plasma profile of TCBZ metabolites. Ten weeks after treatment all animals were slaughtered and total liver fluke counts, fluke egg counts and liver pathology were assessed.
Results Both the TOS and TA treatments resulted in significant reductions of 28-day-old liver fluke, as assessed by fluke counts and fluke egg counts at slaughter, and the reductions following TOS treatment were significantly greater than those following TA treatment. The blood profile of TCBZ metabolites in TOS-treated animals showed a significantly greater area under the plasma concentration time curve and a higher maximum observed concentration than those treated with TA. There was significantly less liver pathology in TOS-treated animals than in the TA-treated animals.
Conclusion TCBZ administered orally at 12 mg/kg resulted in greater efficacy against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke than was achieved by topical administration at 30 mg/kg. Plasma metabolites of TCBZ were higher and liver pathology was less in TOS-treated animals than in TA-treated animals. 相似文献
Procedures Cattle (n = 18) were infected with 500 TCBZ-susceptible liver fluke metacercariae and randomly allocated to three groups. At 28 days after infection, the groups were: (1) untreated controls; (2) treated with oral TCBZ at 12 mg/kg in combination with oxfendazole and selenium (TOS); (3) treated with pour-on TCBZ at 30 mg/kg in combination with abamectin (TA). Blood samples were taken immediately prior to treatment and serially after treatment to assess the plasma profile of TCBZ metabolites. Ten weeks after treatment all animals were slaughtered and total liver fluke counts, fluke egg counts and liver pathology were assessed.
Results Both the TOS and TA treatments resulted in significant reductions of 28-day-old liver fluke, as assessed by fluke counts and fluke egg counts at slaughter, and the reductions following TOS treatment were significantly greater than those following TA treatment. The blood profile of TCBZ metabolites in TOS-treated animals showed a significantly greater area under the plasma concentration time curve and a higher maximum observed concentration than those treated with TA. There was significantly less liver pathology in TOS-treated animals than in the TA-treated animals.
Conclusion TCBZ administered orally at 12 mg/kg resulted in greater efficacy against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke than was achieved by topical administration at 30 mg/kg. Plasma metabolites of TCBZ were higher and liver pathology was less in TOS-treated animals than in TA-treated animals. 相似文献
6.
The productivity and financial performance of dairy farms in New Zealand and Japan (Hokkaido) were analyzed. By recomposing the official statistics on the dairy industry relative to Japan, New Zealand has low milk yield productivity per cow, but higher per hectare performance because of their seasonal breeding and pasture grazing systems. In the revenue and expenses analysis, New Zealand had a high cash surplus ratio compared with Hokkaido. In the cost analysis, for expenses on a “per kg of raw milk” basis, New Zealand milk production costs are 29% of those in Hokkaido. More than 60% of the production costs were attributable to feed, interest charges and wages in New Zealand. In Hokkaido, the feed cost alone accounted for 73% of the total cost. There is also a remarkably high interest expenditure in New Zealand caused by non‐subsidized fund procurement from finance organizations. In the financial analysis, New Zealand dairy farms have only approximately 50% of the total assets per cow compared with farms in Hokkaido. But total liabilities per cow in Hokkaido are twofold to threefold greater than in New Zealand. The difference between total assets and total liabilities shows that Hokkaido dairy farmers have an equity that is 50–200% greater than New Zealand dairy farmers. In the management analysis, New Zealand has a low turnover ratio of gross assets caused by the seasonal breeding system. In conclusion, New Zealand has higher per hectare production performance than Hokkaido, but has a low utilization of gross assets caused by a seasonal breeding system based on pasture grazing. 相似文献
7.
Groups of sheep were infected with 100 viable metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The efficiencies of clioxanide and rafoxanide were evaluated against infections aged 6 and 12 weeks, by using 3 dose rates of each compound by each of 3 routes of administration. Clioxanide, at 40 mg/kg, administered orally and intra-ruminally against 6-week-old liver fluke was 85 and 90% efficient respectively. At 80 mg/kg intra-abomasally its efficiency was 43%. Clioxanide at 20 mg/kg was 96% efficient against 12-week-old liver fluke when given orally or intra-ruminally and 82% efficient when given intra-abomasally. Because of its lower efficiency intra-abomasally, clioxanide may be unsatisfactory in a proportion of sheep, for use against immature liver fluke at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg. It may be expected to give a moderate to high efficiency against mature infections at 20 mg/kg. 相似文献
8.
Fairweather I 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,176(1):1-8
A survey of literature on experimental infections with the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica published between 2005 and 2009 has revealed a general lack of information on where fluke material (i.e. metacercariae) was sourced from. Even less information was given on the drug status of the fluke isolate used, which is a particular concern for those studies that involved anthelmintics. In these two respects, information on the liver fluke lags far behind that for nematodes, where such information is given almost as a matter of course. Of additional concern is that, at times, information about the source and drug history of fluke isolates was incorrect. The overall aim of the review is to demonstrate why it is important to provide as much information as possible on what fluke material is being used. It also attempts to correct some of the errors in the literature and gather together what information is available about the provenance of those isolates that have been used in recent experimental studies. 相似文献
9.
肌肉生长抑制素（MSTN）是骨骼肌发育的主要调控因子，为获得新西兰白兔MSTN基因序列及其表达规律，试验通过RT-PCR技术从新西兰白兔腿肌组织中扩增并克隆得到MSTN基因序列，利用在线网站对其进行生物信息学分析，并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测MSTN基因在新西兰白兔同一时期不同组织及不同时期腿肌组织中的表达量。结果显示，新西兰白兔MSTN基因CDS区序列长1 128 bp，编码375个氨基酸，其核苷酸序列与GenBank上公布的人、猪、马、小鼠、犬、牛和鸡的核苷酸序列相似性分别为95.9%、94.9%、94.9%、91.7%、91.5%、91.3%及84.2%。新西兰白兔MSTN蛋白属于酸性、亲水性分泌蛋白，且具有不稳定性，不含跨膜结构，含有1个信号肽，主要分布在内质网和线粒体中。MSTN蛋白二级结构和三级结构预测结果一致，以无规则卷曲为主，其次是α-螺旋、延伸链，为混合型蛋白。蛋白质互作关系预测发现，MSTN蛋白与PAX7、MYOG、IGF1、FST、Smad3及Smad2等与肌肉生长发育有关的蛋白之间存在相互作用。不同组织表达分析结果表明，新西兰白兔MSTN基因在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、腿肌、子宫和胃中均有表达，在腿肌中表达量最高，极显著高于其他组织（P<0.01），其次是肾脏，在肝脏中的表达量最低。不同时期腿肌组织中的表达量分析结果显示，新西兰白兔MSTN基因在180日龄腿肌组织中的表达量显著高于90和240日龄（P<0.05）。研究结果为深入探讨MSTN基因对家兔肌肉生长发育的调控机制奠定了基础。 相似文献
10.
Geurden T Bartram D Van Brussel L Bo L Scott-Baird E Rugg D 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,189(2-4):227-232
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a pour-on solution containing moxidectin plus triclabendazole (MOX plus TCBZ) against immature and adult stages of the liver fluke in cattle and compare the efficacy with other commercially available preparations. To this end, 104 male Holstein-Friesian calves aged between 3 and 4 months, were randomly allocated to 13 groups of eight animals each, and infected with approximately 500 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae. One group remained untreated, four groups were treated with MOX plus TCBZ at a dose rate of 0.1mL/kg, four other groups were treated with ivermectin (IVM) plus clorsulon injectable at a dose rate of 0.02mL/kg, and the remaining four groups were treated with IVM plus closantel pour-on at a dose rate of 0.1mL/kg. Each treatment was applied to one of the groups at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after the experimental infection. At necropsy (99-102 days after infection), all untreated animals were infected with a minimum of 30 flukes. The MOX plus TCBZ treated animals had significantly (P<0.0001) lower fluke counts compared to the untreated control animals at all time points after treatment. Efficacy against 8-week old and adult flukes was >99.5%. For 6-week old immature fluke, the efficacy was 98.0% and for 4-week old immature fluke the efficacy was 90.9%. The IVM plus closantel pour-on treated animals had significantly lower fluke counts compared to the untreated control animals for adult and 8-week old flukes (P<0.0001), and for 6-week old flukes (P=0.002). The efficacy was 26.8%, 68.2%, 90.6% and 99.3% against 4-week, 6-week and 8-week old immature flukes, and adult flukes respectively. The IVM plus clorsulon treated animals had significantly lower fluke counts compared to the untreated control animals for adult (P<0.0001) and 8-week old (P<0.05) flukes. The efficacy was 29.7%, 43.4%, 53.2% and 99.2% against 4-week, 6-week and 8-week old immature flukes, and adult flukes respectively. For treatments at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after infection, the fluke counts were significantly (P<0.0001) lower for the MOX plus TCBZ treatment than for IVM plus closantel or IVM plus clorsulon. The results confirm the high efficacy (>90%) of the MOX plus TCBZ pour-on combination against 4-week old to adult liver fluke in cattle. The IVM plus closantel pour-on combination was effective (>90%) against 8-week old and adult flukes, but had low efficacy against 4- and 6-week old fluke. The IVM plus clorsulon injectable combination was effective (>90%) against adult fluke only. 相似文献
11.
Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke, is a highly evolved endo-parasite that uses various mechanisms to evade the host immune system. The immunosuppressive capabilities of the parasite's excretory/secretory products have been well demonstrated by previous independent studies. However, the role of the parasite's tegument in the immune responses remains to be investigated. In this study, the effect of the tegument and other fractions of adult F. hepatica (excretory/secretory, liver fluke homogenate and liver fluke homogenate without tegument) in the activation of naïve macrophages in vitro was investigated using an ovine model. In addition, an immunoproteomic approach was used to investigate the characteristics of humoral antibody responses developed in sheep against the tegument fraction. The results indicated significantly increased arginase expression in macrophages incubated with the tegument and excretory/secretory fractions. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis of the tegument demonstrated approximately 100 protein spots, with only four of these spots were highly reactive with the positive serum as determined by 2-DE immunoblotting. These results give a preliminary indication that the liver fluke tegument may play role in avoiding hosts’ protective immune responses against itself. 相似文献
12.
Walker SM Johnston C Hoey EM Fairweather I Borgsteede FH Gaasenbeek CP Prodohl PA Trudgett A 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,177(1-2):179-181
Hares (Lepus europeanus) sharing pasture with cattle from six locations in the Netherlands were examined for the presence of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) and shown to have prevalences of infection ranging from 0 to 41%. The mitochondrial haplotypes of liver flukes present in the hare populations were determined and compared with those found in cattle from a farm where triclabendazole resistance has been reported. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the flukes present in the hares belonged to the same clades as those present in the cattle. A consideration of the life cycle of the liver fluke and the seasonal breeding pattern and ecology of hares supports the suggestion that hares may act as a refugia for liver fluke and as a vector for the spread of drug-resistant genotypes. 相似文献
13.
G Mulcahy F O'Connor D Clery S F Hogan A J Dowd S J Andrews J P Dalton 《Research in veterinary science》1999,67(1):27-33
Fasciola hepatica infection of cattle and sheep is an important cause of clinical disease and production losses, and is controlled at present by a combination of chemotherapy and management measures. However, the prospects for the control of F. hepatica infection by vaccination are good, and we have previously shown substantial protection of cattle against experimental challenge infection following immunisation with a combination of the purified fluke-derived enzymes cathepsin L1 (CATL 1), cathepsin L2 (CATL 2) and fluke-derived Hb fraction (FHB). This and other recent studies have also demonstrated fundamental differences between protective and non-protective immune responses to liver fluke infection. In this present study we have further analysed the response of animals to liver fluke challenge following experimental vaccination. Calves were vaccinated with either CATL 2 plus FHB, or CATL 1 plus CATL 2. Partial protection against challenge infection was achieved in both vaccinated groups, with the greatest level of protection (55 per cent reduction in fluke burdens) recorded in the group vaccinated with CATL 1 plus CATL 2. This latter group also showed the greater level of lymphocyte proliferation and the greater production of gamma-INF in response to stimulation with fluke antigen in vitro following challenge. These results are significant in our attempts to characterise the elements within the immune response to vaccination which are protective. 相似文献
14.
《Veterinary parasitology》2015,207(3-4):228-240
Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is responsible for major production losses in cattle farms. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of farm management practices on liver fluke prevalence on Irish dairy farms and to document the current control measures against parasitic diseases. In total, 369 dairy farms throughout Ireland were sampled from October to December 2013, each providing a single bulk tank milk (BTM) sample for liver fluke antibody-detection ELISA testing and completing a questionnaire on their farm management. The analysis of samples showed that cows on 78% (n = 288) of dairy farms had been exposed to liver fluke. There was a difference (P < 0.05) between farms where cows were positive or negative for liver fluke antibodies in (a) the total number of adult dairy cows in herds, (b) the number of adult dairy cows contributing to BTM samples, and (c) the size of the total area of grassland, with positive farms having larger numbers in each case. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between positive and negative farms in (a) the grazing of dry cows together with replacement cows, (b) whether or not grazed grassland was mowed for conservation, (c) the type of drinking water provision system, (d) spreading of cattle manure on grassland or (e) for grazing season length (GSL; mean = 262.5 days). Also, there were differences (P < 0.001) between drainage statuses for GSL with farms on good drainage having longer GSL than moderately drained farms. The GSL for dairy cows on farms with good drainage was 11 days longer than for those with moderate drainage (P < 0.001). The percentage of farmers that used an active ingredient during the non-lactating period against liver fluke, gastrointestinal nematodes, lungworm, and rumen fluke was 96%, 85%, 77% and 90%, respectively. Albendazole was the most frequently used active ingredient for treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes (57%), liver fluke (40%) and lungworm (47%), respectively. There was a difference (P < 0.05) in the use of triclabendazole and albendazole between positive and negative farms, with triclabendazole use being more common in positive farms. This study highlighted differences in dairy management practices between Irish farms with dairy herds exposed or not exposed to liver fluke and stressed the need of fine-scale mapping of the disease patterns even at farm level to increase the accuracy of risk models. Also, comprehensive advice and professional support services to farmers on appropriate farm management practices are very important for an effective anthelmintic control strategy. 相似文献
15.
日粮锌水平对生长肉兔生产性能、血清肝脏抗氧化酶活性和金属硫蛋白-1基因表达的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文旨在探讨日粮不同锌添加水平和锌源对2～3月龄生长肉兔生产性能、血清肝脏抗氧化酶活性和金属硫蛋白-1(MT-1)基因表达的影响.选用2月龄新西兰肉兔70只,随机分为7个处理,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别以硫酸锌和蛋氨酸锌形式添加40、80和120 mg/kg锌,预试期7 d,正试期23 d.结果表明:日粮锌添加水平对生长肉兔平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)无显著性影响(P>0.05),对平均日采食量(ADI)影响显著(P<0.05);不同锌水平对血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SoD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性影响显著(P<0.05),对肝脏CuZn-SoD和GSH-Px活性影响极显著(P<0.01);随日粮锌水平的增加,肝脏、肾脏MT-1mRNA相对表达丰度呈先升高后降低趋势(P<0.01),80 mg/kg添加水平时2种锌源MT-1mRNA相对表达丰度均达到最高.MT-1mRNA相对表达丰度可以作为评价动物机体锌营养状况的敏感指标. 相似文献
16.
本试验旨在研究饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能及血液指标的影响。试验选取104只53日龄体重相近新西兰肉兔,随机分成4个组,每组26个重复,每个重复1只兔。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加50、100、200 mg/kg铁,铁添加形式为七水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O),纯度为98%。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:1)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)有影响显著(P0.05),对平均日采食量(ADFI)无显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲粮铁添加水平的增加,ADG先增加后降低,F/G先降低后增加;当饲粮铁添加水平为100 mg/kg时,ADG最高,F/G最低。2)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率有显著影响(P0.05),随着饲粮铁添加水平的增加,全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率先增加后降低,当饲粮铁添加水平为50 mg/kg时最高。3)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔肝脏指数无显著影响(P0.05),对肾脏指数和脾脏指数有显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮铁添加水平为50、100、200 mg/kg时,肾脏指数显著高于对照组(P0.05);饲粮铁添加水平为100、200 mg/kg时,脾脏指数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。4)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔血液中铁、铜、钙、锌、镁含量无显著影响(P0.05);饲粮铁添加水平对血小板分布宽度(PDW)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板大细胞比率(P-LCR)有显著影响(P0.05)。综合本试验测定指标,60~90日龄新西兰肉兔饲粮中适宜的铁添加水平为50~100 mg/kg。 相似文献
17.
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a cause of significant economic losses in sheep farming. Lack of convenient and sensitive diagnostic tests in the live animal hampers the ability to monitor infection status and treatment efficacy. Use of a coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test, based on this ELISA, may address these issues but has, to date, only been evaluated in experimental challenge studies. We evaluated the coproantigen ELISA under working farm conditions in Scotland to assess its usefulness as a diagnostic test for liver fluke infection and as a diagnostic test to help determine the efficacy of flukicide treatment in sheep. First, liver fluke infection status was monitored longitudinally in a group of lambs, using monthly blood samples for biochemical assays and serum antibody ELISA and using monthly faecal samples for faecal egg count (FEC) and coproantigen ELISA. The average serum antibody ELISA titre became positive in September, two months ahead of faecal indicators of fluke infection. In contrast to results from experimental challenge studies, FEC and coproantigen ELISA became positive at the same time point. Secondly, treatment efficacy was measured in 100 ewes, from two farms, after treatment with triclabendazole (TCBZ) or closantel. Group level estimates of treatment efficacy were similar between faecal egg count reduction testing and coproantigen reduction testing at 7, 14 and 21 days post treatment. For individual animals, some inconsistencies between tests were observed. TCBZ treatment failure was noted on both farms, despite accurate weighing of animals and dosing of treatment products. We conclude that (1) coproantigen ELISA is a more convenient test than faecal egg counts and holds promise as a diagnostic tool for natural fluke infections in sheep but further evaluation of interpretation criteria may be needed; (2) the coproantigen ELISA has performed differently in the field compared with experimental challenge studies in sheep and (3) TCBZ-resistant fluke were present on both farms. 相似文献
18.
《Veterinary parasitology》2015,207(1-2):134-139
Recently, sharp increases in the prevalence of rumen fluke infections have been recorded throughout Western Europe. However, scarce information is available on the diagnosis, pathogenic importance and control of this parasite. We undertook 3 pilot studies to gain more insights into these aspects of rumen fluke biology in cattle. First, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of mini-FLOTAC to detect adult rumen fluke infections based on faecal egg count in an abattoir survey and found high sensitivity (0.94) and specificity (0.98). Moreover, there was an association between ruminal fluke burden (assessed by visual scoring) and faecal egg count and a cut-off of 200 eggs per gram is proposed to detect highly infected animals (>200 flukes present in the rumen and/or reticulum). There was also a significant association between ruminal fluke burden and faecal consistency. However, in a second study, we performed a case-control field survey to investigate the association between rumen fluke infection and herd-level problems with diarrhoea and no association was found. Finally, we evaluated the use of closantel (Flukiver®, Elanco Animal Health, subcutaneous administration at 10 mg/kg) to treat rumen fluke infection on 3 herds, but no significant reduction in egg output post-treatment was found. Because this result is in contrast with a previous study using an oral dose of closantel, more research is required into the effect of administration route on the efficacy of closantel on rumen fluke. 相似文献
19.
The demographic characteristics of the veterinary profession in New Zealand are examined using information supplied by registered veterinarians to the Veterinary Surgeons Board in their applications for annual practising certificates in 1985. Comparisons are made with the veterinary professions in other similar countries, and with the medical and paramedical professions in New Zealand. In 1985 1308 registered veterinarians were working in New Zealand and 304 were overseas, whereas in 1976 the equivalent figures were 748 and 182. This represents an increase of 73% in the number of registered veterinarians in the last 10 years. Eighteen percent of veterinarians were female. The mean age of veterinarians was 38 years, but females in the profession were on average much younger (32 years) than males (42 years). Clinical practice provides employment for 70% of veterinarians: of these 59% work principally with farm animals and 41% with non-farm animals. The remaining veterinarians are employed by Government (22%), University (5%) and Industry (3%). The current demographic structure of the profession has been markedly influenced by the opening of New Zealand's only veterinary school at Massey University in 1963. Differences from other medical professional populations in New Zealand and overseas principally reflect the marked change in the number and sex ratio of graduates entering the veterinary profession since that time. It will take about another twenty years before the population reaches a stable age and sex structure, assuming that current graduation patterns persist throughout that period. Because the structure of the population is changing, considerable caution is needed in predicting future employment trends from data for a single year. 相似文献
20.
The demographic characteristics of the veterinary profession in New Zealand are examined using information supplied by registered veterinarians to the Veterinary Surgeons Board in their applications for annual practising certificates in 1985. Comparisons are made with the veterinary professions in other similar countries, and with the medical and paramedical professions in New Zealand. In 1985 1308 registered veterinarians were working in New Zealand and 304 were overseas, whereas in 1976 the equivalent figures were 748 and 182. This represents an increase of 73% in the number of registered veterinarians in the last 10 years. Eighteen percent of veterinarians were female. The mean age of veterinarians was 38 years, but females in the profession were on average much younger (32 years) than males (42 years). Clinical practice provides employment for 70% of veterinarians: of these 59% work principally with farm animals and 41% with non-farm animals. The remaining veterinarians are employed by Government (22%), University (5%) and Industry (3%). The current demographic structure of the profession has been markedly influenced by the opening of New Zealand's only veterinary school at Massey University in 1963. Differences from other medical professional populations in New Zealand and overseas principally reflect the marked change in the number and sex ratio of graduates entering the veterinary profession since that time. It will take about another twenty years before the population reaches a stable age and sex structure, assuming that current graduation patterns persist throughout that period. Because the structure of the population is changing, considerable caution is needed in predicting future employment trends from data for a single year. 相似文献