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1.
Quality protein maize (QPM) breeding involves the combined use of the opaque-2 (o2) gene and the genetic modifiers of the o2 locus to develop cultivars with modified kernel endosperm, and increased concentrations of lysine and tryptophan. This study was designed to assess grain yield performance, endosperm modification, and protein quality and quantity under two contrasting soil nitrogen environments. A 15-parent diallel cross was evaluated under one low nitrogen stress and one optimal nitrogen environment each at Harare (Zimbabwe) and Bako (Ethiopia). Most QPM hybrids showed higher protein quality levels than the best non-QPM check under both conditions. Protein concentration tended to vary across nitrogen levels, but not endosperm type. Significant differences were found for the test of main effect (nitrogen-level) for endosperm modification and tryptophan concentration. This indicated that QPM maintains quality even under low soil nitrogen, a widespread condition in Africa. General combining ability (GCA) mean squares were highly significant for most protein quality traits for each environment and across environments whereas specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were not significant in most cases. This indicated that additive gene effects were primarily responsible for variation of most traits evaluated and hence progeny performance can adequately be predicted on the basis of parental performance. Inbred lines P2, P4 and P12 had desirable GCA effects for endosperm modification while P1 and P3 had the best GCA for tryptophan concentration in grain. The current study suggests that hybrids with desirable endosperm modification, protein quality and stable performance under low nitrogen stress and optimal conditions can be produced with careful selection. 相似文献
2.
Maize grain starch is the major energy source in animal nutrition, and its high digestion and utilization largely depend on endosperm traits and the structure of the starch-lipoprotein matrix. The aim of this work was to determine floury and vitreous endosperm traits and its relation to starch digestibility rate. In total, kernels of 30 hybrids were manually dissected, and amylose, total zein and starch and non-starch lipids were determined in both vitreous and floury endosperm. Starch digestibility of the whole kernel was determined based on glucose released during a two-step in vitro pig model of enzymatic digestion, and starch digestibility rate was calculated according to the first-order kinetics. The vitreous endosperm of tested hybrids had higher contents of amylose (204.6 vs 190.4 g/kg), zein (63.2 vs 40.4 k/kg) and starch lipids (5.6 vs 4.9 g/kg), and lower content of non-starch lipids (7.3 vs 9.6 g/kg) than floury endosperm. Digestibility coefficients varied among hybrids, and starch digestibility rate varied from 0.73 to 1.63 1/h. Lipids in both vitreous and floury endosperm negatively correlated with the most of digestion coefficients, whereas zein correlated in vitreous and amylose in the floury endosperm (P < 0.05). Starch digestibility rate negatively correlated with all traits, except amylose content in vitreous endosperm. As a result, a linear regression model with four variables including contents of zein and starch lipids in vitreous and zein and amylose in floury endosperm can predict more than 65% variability of starch digestibility rate of tested hybrids. 相似文献
3.
《Field Crops Research》2005,91(2-3):199-205
Sorghum hybrids with waxy endosperm (either homozygous or heterozygous waxy) have lower grain yield potential compared to non-waxy endosperm hybrids. The cause of this yield reduction is not known. From a genetic perspective, the yield reduction could be due to pleiotrophy or genetic linkage between the wx locus and other loci that influence grain yield. The specific cause of the relationship is important because an effective breeding program can alleviate the problem if it is due to linkage. The objective of this study was to determine whether linkage or pleiotrophy is causing the negative relationship between grain yield and waxy endosperm. From each of two F2 breeding populations segregating for waxy endosperm, between 40 and 50 inbred lines were derived, with equal numbers of waxy and non-waxy endosperm lines. No selection for yield was practiced during the development of these lines. The lines from these two populations and a set of testcross hybrids (derived from one population) were evaluated in four environments in Texas from 1998 to 2000. Across all tests and environments, the combined yield of the waxy genotypes was 17% lower than non-waxy genotypes. While yields were lower in waxy genotypes, analysis of the individual inbred lines and hybrids revealed that several waxy inbred lines were not statistically different from the best non-waxy inbreds. These results imply that selection of high yielding waxy genotypes is possible, but a significant breeding emphasis on their development is required to effectively identify those genotypes. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):193-227
SUMMARY Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a nutritionally enhanced maize, was developed by researchers from CIMMYT using too genetic systems–opaque-2 and genetic modifiers. The use of these two genetic systems overcame the highly complex problems that were inherent in the original soft endosperm opaques. This review describes the ever-evolving breeding options and strategies for the development of QPM with examples from the CIMMYT maize program, where much of the research and practical breeding work has been done. The soft endosperm opaque-2 materials developed earlier had poor agronomic performances and lacked producer and consumer acceptance. To overcome these constraints, subsequent research explored various options, with and without high lysine mutants. Like other institutions, CIMMYT researchers tried and critically examined the merits and demerits of different strategies. Of all the strategies available, the selection for modified kernels in which CIMMYT scientists had gained information, experience, and confidence seemed viable. To implement this strategy, modified opaque-2 donor stocks were built and were subsequently used for expanding the QPM developmental efforts. A large volume of QPM germplasm was developed using different breeding options, which were later merged and reorganized into a fixed number of pools and populations to permit working in homozygous opaque-2 genetic backgrounds. The development of QPM hybrids was the next turning point in the mid-80s. During the QPM developmental process, serious problems inherent in the opaques were circumvented and since then, rapid progress has been made. There is a renewed interest in QPM and several countries have recently released QPM varieties and hybrids. To further accelerate the QPM developmental process, to enhance its popularity amongst nations and its farmers, and to meet future challenges, innovative ideas and the tools of biotechnology will be needed. 相似文献
5.
Laura S. da Silva Rudolf JungZuo-yo Zhao Kimberly GlassmanJanet Taylor John R.N. Taylor 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011,54(1):160-167
To improve sorghum grain protein nutritional quality, improved sorghum lines were transformed to suppress the synthesis of different kafirin sub-classes, or backcrossed into transgenic lines with improved protein quality. Co-suppression of the alpha-, gamma- and delta-kafirin sub-classes and removal of the tannin trait resulted in transgenic sorghum lines with high cooked protein digestibility (±80%), improved Amino Acid Score (0.8) and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (0.7) compared to the non-transgenic null controls (±50%, 0.4 and 0.2, respectively). These high protein quality lines had a floury endosperm. They also had modified protein body structure, where the protein bodies were irregular shaped with few to numerous invaginations and were less densely packed, with a dense protein matrix visible around the protein bodies. When fewer sub-classes were suppressed, i.e. gamma 1 and delta 2, the endosperm was corneous with normal protein body structure but the improvement in cooked protein digestibility appeared to be less. Apparently, co-suppression of several kafirin sub-classes is required to obtain high protein nutritional quality sorghum lines, but this seems to result in floury-type grain endosperm texture. 相似文献
6.
There has always been an interest in devising breeding programs for designer foods that would benefit both the producer and consumer. The challenge today is transformation of agriculture from “subsistence farming” to “market and income generation oriented” production system for which sorghum with its diverse end uses can assume significant role. Breeding for end-use identity-specific genotypes is needed for increased profitability to the farmers. In the present study, 60 sorghum genotypes were evaluated over two years to identify genotypes suitable for semolina recovery and popping properties, i.e. popping efficiency and pop volume expansion. Semolina recovery ranged from 20.7% to 48.3%, while popping efficiency ranged from 0 to 77.5%. Semolina recovery had positive and significant association with endosperm texture (r = 0.62), grain density (r = 0.49) and grain hardness (r = 0.55) indicating that genotypes with corneous endosperm yield high semolina. Also, semolina recovery had significant positive correlation with popping efficiency (r = 0.49) indicating that genotypes suitable for semolina can also be used for popping. Genetic divergence studies indicated that out of three clusters formed, cluster II having guinea race germplasm lines are suitable for semolina and popping. The information generated and the genotypes identified will help in enhancing the demand for sorghum as an industrial crop. 相似文献
7.
玉米中的opaque突变体改变了胚乳的蛋白特性,导致胚乳表现柔软且不透明的粉质状。粉质胚乳的高赖氨酸营养特性引起人们的极大关注,研究人员先后发现了13个opaque胚乳突变体,只有o2的分子机理研究较为清楚,对提高赖氨酸含量的作用最大。为了研究胚乳中储藏物质合成、装配、转运的调控机理,从而将这些有益突变基因应用于农业生产,研究人员继而发现了多个胚乳修饰的主效位点及基因(Opm)。本文综述玉米opaque突变体及相关基因的研究进展,对当前育种中利用该类基因培育优质蛋白玉米(QPM)的研究状况进行分析,为高赖氨酸玉米的分子标记辅助选择(MAS)和基因聚合育种提供参考。 相似文献
8.
Effects of variety and fertiliser nitrogen on alcohol yield, grain yield, starch and protein content, and protein composition of winter wheat 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Daniel R. Kindred Tamara M.O. Verhoeven Richard M. Weightman J. Stuart Swanston Reginald C. Agu James M. Brosnan Roger Sylvester-Bradley 《Journal of Cereal Science》2008,48(1):46-57
The effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on grain size and shape, starch and protein concentration, vitreosity, storage protein composition, and alcohol yield of two winter wheat varieties contrasting in endosperm texture were studied in a field trial in Herefordshire, UK in 2004. Averaged across varieties, the alcohol yield was 439 L/tonne for grain with a protein concentration of 11.5 g/100 g. The soft endosperm wheat variety Riband produced on average 7.7 L more alcohol per tonne of grain at a given protein concentration than the hard endosperm variety, Option. At the same time, N fertiliser was shown to have significant effects on alcohol production through its major influence on grain protein concentration. Averaged over both varieties, there was a reduction in alcohol yield of 5.7 L for each 10 kg increase in protein content per tonne of grain. The starch concentration of Riband was 2.9 g/100 g higher than Option at a given grain protein concentration, supporting its higher observed alcohol yields. A low conversion of starch to alcohol in this study (6.30 L/10 kg starch) compared to the theoretical value (6.61 L/10 kg starch) indicated that there is potential for improvement of this character. The traits relating to grain size and shape were principally influenced by genotype, and were not influenced by N fertiliser. Conversely, there were only minor genotypic effects on grain protein concentration and vitreosity. An important finding was that there were no interactions between variety and N treatment for any of the variables considered, indicating that the response of the two varieties to changes in applied N was the same, resulting in consistent differences in starch concentration and alcohol yield between genotypes at different levels of grain protein. An analysis of the composition of the wheat storage proteins by size-exclusion chromatography showed that the gliadins increased on average by 0.56 g per g increase in total grain protein and were quantitatively the major protein fraction, suggesting that selection for low gliadin content may be a desirable means by which to reduce grain protein, and thereby increase alcohol yield in wheat. The relationship between alcohol yield per unit area and applied N rate was described by a quadratic function and the maximum alcohol yield per unit area was ca. 3630 L/ha. Statistical analysis suggested that the economic optimum rate of N applied for grain yield was close to the optimum N rate for maximum alcohol productivity. 相似文献
9.
不同品种、密度、肥料对甜糯玉米产量的影响研究 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
根据正交设计原理,对甜糯玉米的产量在品种、密度、肥料配比等三个因素影响下的变化进行了研究,结果表明三因素对甜糯玉米鲜穗产量的影响效果依次为:品种、密度、肥料;在一定范围内,甜糯玉米鲜穗产量随密度的升高而增加;适量施用K肥可以提高产量;并找到了适宜本地的甜糯玉米高产栽培措施的优化组合. 相似文献
10.
Biochemical characterization of QTLs associated with endosperm modification in quality protein maize
Nancy Y. Salazar-Salas Karen V. Pineda-Hidalgo Jeanett Chavez-Ontiveros Roberto Gutierrez-Dorado Cuauhtémoc Reyes-Moreno Luis A. Bello-Pérez Brian A. Larkins Jose A. Lopez-Valenzuela 《Journal of Cereal Science》2014
Genetic analysis using quality protein maize (QPM) recombinant inbred lines derived from K0326Y QPM and W64Ao2 identified three quantitative trait loci (QTL) in bins 1.06, 7.02 and 9.03 associated with opaque2 endosperm modification. We evaluated the effects of these QTLs on protein accumulation and starch physicochemical properties. The QTL in bin 1.06 is close to α-zein genes, and vitreous individuals with this QTL had increased accumulation of 19-kDa α-zein, 27-kDa γ-zein and legumin-1. The QTL in bin 7.02 corresponds to the γ-zein locus, and greater accumulation of this protein was found in vitreous individuals. The QTL in bin 9.03 is close to starch biosynthetic genes; greater accumulation of granule-bound starch synthase and amylose was observed in vitreous kernel samples with this locus and that in bin 1.06, as well as less gelatinization enthalpy and crystallinity. Vitreous kernels contained angular-shaped/compact starch granules and more short-intermediate length chains of amylopectin. These results support that endosperm modification in QPM is associated with increased accumulation of γ-zein and other storage proteins, but also show that synthesis of less crystalline starch with more amorphous regions at the periphery of granules, which favor their packing and association with endosperm proteins, may also be an important factor. 相似文献
11.
White salted noodle characteristics from transgenic isolines of wheat over expressing puroindolines 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The closely linked genes puroindoline a (Pina) and puroindoline b (Pinb) control most of the variation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain texture. Mutations in either Pina or Pinb result in hard grain with wild type forms of both genes giving soft grain. Asian noodles are prepared from both hard and soft classes of wheat. Our objective was to examine color and texture characteristics of white salted noodles processed from flours of transgenic isolines of Hi-Line hard red spring wheat over expressing Pina-D1a, Pinb-D1a or both and a control giving a range in grain texture from very soft to hard. White salted noodles were prepared and color and texture characteristics were measured. The three softer textured transgenic isolines showed greater change in L* with time than Hi-Line. The noodles were more adhesive (more negative value), firmer, and chewier as the grain texture became successively softer when cooked at 5 min. These texture differences were not as apparent when noodles were cooked for an optimum time. Starch pasting properties did not explain the noodle textural differences. A possible explanation for the noodle texture differences may be related to starch damage which ranged from 2.2% for HGAB to 6.7% for Hi-Line, flour particle size differences and subsequent water absorption differences among the four genotypes. Over expression of puroindolines did not enhance quality of white salted noodles when prepared under these conditions. 相似文献
12.
Protein, lysine, tryptophan, crude fibre (CF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of sprouted, normal and hard endosperm opaque-2 (QPM) kernels increased, whereas in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) decreased substantially up to five days of germination. Following the removal of radicles alone or both radicles and plumules from sprouted kernels, IVPD improved at all the stages of germination. However, the contents of lysine and tryptophan were not affected significantly. For some stages of germination, these amino acids decreased slightly. In sprouted normal kernels, IVPD was higher whereas protein, lysine and tryptophan content was lower than that of sprouted QPM kernels respectively at all the stages of germination. In four days old sprouted normal kernels, after the removal of both radicles and plumules biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU) and utilizable protein (UP) increased over non-sprouted kernels whereas true digestibility (TD) reach at par with non-sprouted kernels. 相似文献
13.
亚种间杂交稻籽粒充实度的遗传分析 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
利用PC311等粳型广亲和品种与扬稻4号等常规籼稻品种配组得到5个组合各18个世代的材料。测定其谷粒充实度并进行母体植株基因型和胚乳基因型联合加性-显性遗传模型分析。结果表明：1)组合之间的充实度差异明显。组合测03×扬稻4号和轮回422×3037亲本的充实度较高(平均为96.17)，杂交、回交后代的充实度也较高(平均数为95.93)，F1等世代充实不良的问题并不严重。组合02428×明恢63两亲本的充实度很低，但杂交、回交等世代的充实度很高，这表明在一定的遗传背景下，导入外源互补基因可提高充实度。两个充实度不高的亲本也可能获得充实度很高的杂种材料，这也说明除了“以饱攻饱”外，也存在其它提高亚种间杂种充实度的育种途径。低亲(PC311)和高亲(扬稻4号) 组合，F1代的充实度较低，其它世代的高低程度与遗传的加性模型较为吻合。低亲(PC311)×低亲(IR36)后代充实度大多数世代均较低。2)对各组合的谷粒充实度进行单个和联合的遗传分析表明，扬稻4号和测03的增效作用、IR36和PC311的减效作用比较明显，这种效应在较大程度上能为母体植株和胚乳基因型联合的加性-显性-细胞质效应模型所说明，遗传表达有较高的可信度。扬稻4号和PC311分别具有最强的增、减效基因。02428×明恢63后代的充实度表现主要由正向显性作用所致。组合PC311×IR36各世代谷粒充实度表现比较复杂，遗传决定系数较低(0.17)，非遗传的变异占有较大的成份。一些组合的遗传模型的离回归测验显著，表明除了基因的加性-显性作用外，还有一些因子对充实度有影响。 相似文献
14.
总结粮饲兼用型、多叶型和棕色中脉型3种类型青贮玉米杂交种的特点。介绍青贮玉米产量和饲料营养价值的评价指标和方法,比较不同类型的青贮玉米种质资源的饲料营养价值和目前美国市场上最新的青贮玉米杂交种的农艺性状和品质性状。2010年美国德克萨斯州青贮玉米区域参试杂交种生物产量和干物质产量分别达78 210 kg/hm2和27 370 kg/hm2,淀粉含量平均为40.9%,中性洗涤纤维平均36.4%,总可消耗营养平均为75%。 相似文献
15.
小麦籽粒发育时期Puroindolines蛋白与硬度的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨Puroindolines蛋白的表达特点与籽粒硬度的关系,采用改进的SDS-PAGE凝胶分析了不同硬度小麦品种的籽粒在各个发育时期Puroindolines蛋白的表达.结果表明,不同硬度的小麦籽粒中总Puroindolines(PinA和PinB)蛋白的表达量差异不大,但与胚乳淀粉颗粒结合的Puroindolines蛋白量差异非常明显:在籽粒发育的不同时期,软质小麦籽粒淀粉粒表面结合的Puroindolines蛋白量显著高于硬质小麦;基因型同为野生型但硬度有差异的品种,籽粒较软的材料其淀粉粒表面结合的Puroindolines蛋白量也明显高于较硬的材料,说明该蛋白的结合特性是决定籽粒硬度的直接原因.结果还表明,胚乳中水溶性戊聚糖与籽粒硬度关系密切. 相似文献
16.
17.
Vua Xiongsiyee Benjavan Rerkasem Jeeraporn Veeradittakit Chorpet Saenchai Sittichai Lordkaew Chanakan Thebault Prom-u-thai 《水稻科学》2018,25(2):94-102
Luang Prabang Province is located within the area recognized as the center of rice(Oryza sativa L.) diversity in Lao PDR. This study reported on grain quality characteristics of 60 upland rice seed samples sharing 49 variety names collected from 6 villages in Luang Prabang in 2015. Most of the samples has non-pigmented pericarp, while red pericarp was found in four samples and purple in five samples. Almost all of the samples were of large grain type, with glutinous endosperm in 70% and non-glutinous endosperm in 30%. The brown(unpolished) rice was found with a wide range of grain nutritional quality, including protein(9.2% ± 0.9%), Fe(15.9 ± 6.9 mg/kg), Zn(19.6 ± 2.1 mg/kg), anthocyanin(0.774 ± 0.880 mg/g), and anti-oxidative capacity(2.071 ± 1.373 mg/g). The varieties sharing similar names had similar morphological characteristics but varied in nutritional concentration, with required confirmation in genetic variation analysis. This study found that some rice varieties with high grain quality may benefit the farmers directly or could be used in varietal improvement programs. 相似文献
18.
基于玉米胚乳中赖氨酸含量与EF-1α含量呈显著正相关,利用ELISA技术定量检测胚乳中EF-1α含量,进而估测胚乳中赖氨酸含量,建立了辅助选择优质蛋白玉米种质的ELISA技术体系.通过对653份QPM家系的检测,表明该方法具有简便、快速、准确的特点,可有效辅助选择优质蛋白玉米种质。 相似文献
19.
粳型杂种稻米品质性状的遗传表达 总被引：41，自引：6，他引：41
应用莫惠栋等新近提出的P十ｑ＋2Ｐｑ交配设计及其分析方法,分析了模型杂种９个品质性状的遗传表达,试验材料P＝４,ｑ＝７。结果表明：（１）糙米率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、粒宽和垩白率６个性状的遗传受母株基因型控制,它们在Ｆ２米粒间（着生在Ｆ１植株上）没有发生遗传分离,而糊化温度、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度３个性状在民米粒间有显著的遗传分离,因此主要受胚乳基因型控制。（２）除直链淀粉含量外,其余８个性状的遗传变异均以加性方差为主。在直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度３个性状中,种子性状分离方差都占有较高比例,进一步证明了Ｆ２种子的这３个性状的遗传主要是由胚乳自身的基因型决定的。（３）正反交测验的结果表明,９个品质性状均存在显著的细胞质效应,但细胞质遗传方差仅占遗传总方差的２．４９％（糊化温度）～２９．３％（精米率）,多数性状集中在２％与５％之间,所以品质性状的细胞质遗传效应在总体上是不大的,但在性状间存在差异。 相似文献
20.
China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world,but harvesting mechanization was still backward,and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production.To obtain optimum harvesting date for winter rape in the Yangtze River Valley of China,artificial simulated combine harvesting and artificial two-stage harvesting were adopted to find correlations between harvesting date,rape variety,seed oil content,protein content,grain moisture rate,rapeseed straw moisture content,rapeseed unthreshing rate,grain drop loss rate,thousand seeds weight(TSW),and harvesting economic coefficient(HEC).Analysis of variance showed that rapeseed oil content,protein content and TSW were correlated with rape variety;HEC was correlated with harvesting method and rape variety.Rape variety was the dominant factor of rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.Grain moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture content were correlated with harvesting method and date.Harvesting date was the dominant factor of rapeseed moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture rate.Single factor tests further proved that harvesting date had less impact on rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.It showed little correlation with rapeseed quality except grain moisture rate.The optimum harvesting date could be known by change in straw moisture content.The combined harvesting should be carried out during the grain moisture content of 15%-20%with TSW stabilized in the highest level.The twostage harvesting cutting should be carried out at the grain moisture content of 35%-40%.This research offered a reference to harvesting method and date for rape cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley. 相似文献