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苜蓿黄萎病菌（Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke＆Berthold）是我国进境植物检疫一类危险性病原真菌和全国农业植物检疫性有害生物．主要危害苜蓿、马铃薯、啤酒花、草莓、烟草、葡子、大豆、花生、红豆草等重要经济作物和牧草，目前分布在欧洲、加拿大、美国、墨西哥、新西兰以及日本等。近年来，我国畜牧业发展迅速．苜蓿黄萎病菌随牧草、饲料等从国外传人我国的可能性大幅度提高。笔者主要阐述了苜蓿黄萎病的历史分布和发生流行．综述了苜蓿黄萎病的防治措施，为加强我国苜蓿黄萎病菌检疫政策、防止该病菌的入侵与扩散、保护我国苜蓿等重要经济作物的安全生产等提供理论依据。 相似文献
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苜蓿黄萎病(Verticilliumalbo-atrum)是中国严禁传入的检疫性有害生物。但是随着中国西部地区多年大量从疫情发生的美国和加拿大引种苜蓿,苜蓿黄萎病传入我国的危险性很大。2001年,我国口岸检疫部门就从来自加拿大萨斯克彻温省新田种子公司的40t苜蓿种子中检出了苜蓿黄萎病,并做了退货处理。因此,了解加拿大等北美地区苜蓿黄萎病发生控制情况,对我们有借鉴作用。1发生为害情况苜蓿黄萎病于20世纪20年代在瑞典首次发现后,迅速在欧洲扩散,1962年加拿大魁北克省和大不列颠哥伦比亚省发现该病侵害,但扑灭及时,病原未能定殖。1976年再次在美国华… 相似文献
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我国每年都要进口大量车轴草种子,本文对引进车轴草种子传入大豆黑痣病菌和苜蓿黄萎病菌的风险进行评估,结果为两种病菌随车轴草种子传入我国的风险较高,传入后将对我国的农牧业生产造成一定损失。 相似文献
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进境美国苜蓿草中苜蓿黄萎病菌的检疫鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从一批进境的美国苜蓿草样品中分离得到了一株与苜蓿黄萎病菌(Verticillium albo-atrum)相似的分离物M1。该分离物原始菌落为白色,边缘规则呈圆形,菌丝较致密,气生菌丝较少,苜蓿组织块不被菌丝覆盖,菌落生长速度为小于2.5 mm/d;M1在PDA上进行纯培养,前6d内,菌落为白色圆形,容易产生分子孢子轮枝状分生孢子梗,7d后菌落中央表面因产生休眠菌丝开始变成黑褐色至黑色,20d后菌落的表面和背面大部分均变黑色,仍不产生微菌核和厚垣孢子。M1的DNA用V.albo-atrum特异引物Vaa1/Vaa2进行检测,PCR扩增后得到预期330 bp的产物片段,产物序列与V.albo-atrum相应序列的相似性为100%。该分离物接种苜蓿草根部,15d后引起苜蓿黄萎病的典型症状。根据分离物的形态特征、PCR检测结果、PCR产物序列分析,以及致病性测定结果,将进境美国苜蓿草样品中的分离物M1鉴定为苜蓿黄萎病菌。 相似文献
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宁夏马铃薯黄萎病病原菌分离鉴定及寄主范围测定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确引起宁夏马铃薯黄萎病病原菌种类,本试验通过常规组织分离法对采自宁夏马铃薯主栽地区固原和西吉的27株马铃薯黄萎病标样进行了分离,共获得11株分离物。采用形态学并结合肌动蛋白(ACT)、延伸因子-1α(EF1α)、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GPD)、色氨酸合成酶(TS)的多基因系统发育分析方法,11株分离物均被鉴定为非苜蓿轮枝菌(Verticillium nonalfalfae)。致病性测定结果表明,该轮枝菌能够侵染马铃薯植株幼苗并引致典型的黄萎病症状。非苜蓿轮枝菌对茄科、菊科、豆科、十字花科、葫芦科和锦葵科等6科13种双子叶作物的致病性测定结果表明,其对西葫芦、黄瓜、茄子、烟草、豇豆、棉花和向日葵的致病性强,对番茄、辣椒、生菜和白菜致病力弱且发病缓慢,对西蓝花和苜蓿无致病性。 相似文献
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为明确沙打旺Astragalus adsurgens黄萎病病原菌的种类及其生物学特性和遗传多样性,结合形态学特征和分子生物学方法对分离自疑似感染黄萎病沙打旺植株的病原菌进行鉴定,并依照柯赫氏法则进行致病性验证,同时在室内条件下对病原菌的生物学特性进行测定,分别利用大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae生理小种和交配型特异性引物对病原菌的生理小种和交配型进行PCR分子鉴定。结果表明,共分离到13株病原菌菌株,其形态学特征和培养性状基本相似,经鉴定引起沙打旺黄萎病的病原菌为大丽轮枝菌。该菌具有较宽的温度和酸碱度适应范围,最适生长和产孢的温度为25℃,最适生长和产孢的pH范围分别为pH 7～9和pH 6～7;该病原菌生长和产孢的最适碳源为可溶性淀粉和D-甘露醇,最适生长氮源为牛肉膏和胰蛋白胨,最适产孢氮源为甘氨酸。分离获得的13株大丽轮枝菌菌株均属于2号生理小种和MAT1-2-1交配型,表明无性繁殖可能是大丽轮枝菌的主要繁殖形式。 相似文献
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基于MAXENT的大豆南北方茎溃疡病菌在中国适生区的预测 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用MAXENT生态位模型和GIS系统,对大豆南北方茎溃疡病菌在我国的适生区进行预测.模型分析结果表明,这两种病菌在我国的潜在适生区域广泛.大豆北方茎溃疡病菌除了我国的宁夏、海南省外,其它省市均有该菌的适生分布区,其中适生等级高的地区主要在江苏、安徽、浙江、上海、江西和湖北6省.大豆南方茎溃疡病菌除了宁夏、青海、西藏外,我国的其它地区均为该菌的潜在适生区域,其中适生等级高的地区主要集中在江西、上海、江苏、安徽、浙江、河南以及陕西南部、四川东部和重庆的部分地区. 相似文献
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检疫性轮枝菌及其近似种的鉴定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)和黑白轮枝菌（V. albo-atrum）在世界范围内引起多种作物的黄萎病,属于我国重要进境植物检疫对象。本研究对采自我国部分地区和CBS保存的多种植物病原性轮枝菌,包括黑白轮枝菌、大丽轮枝菌及其变种大丽轮枝菌长孢变种(V. dahliae var. longisporum)、三体轮枝菌(V. tricorpus)、变黑轮枝菌(V. nigrescens)和云状轮枝菌(V. nubilum),采用生物学特性观察,结合rDNA-ITS序列分析的方法,进行了比较和分析。结果表明：不同种类轮枝菌在休眠结构形态上具有一定差异,部分菌株不产生任何休眠结构。各供试菌株在15～25℃范围内均可生长,但黑白轮枝菌在30℃下生长受到强烈抑制,而其他菌株受影响较小。对供试菌株rDNA-ITS序列分析结果表明植物病原性轮枝菌可聚为9个分支,包括三体轮枝菌、变黑轮枝菌、云状轮枝菌、V. theobromae、大丽轮枝菌、大丽轮枝菌长孢变种和3个不同的黑白轮枝菌分支,黑白轮枝菌、大丽轮枝菌及其长孢变种亲缘关系较近。采用生物学性状结合rDNA-ITS序列分析能够更加有效地将两种检疫性轮枝菌从其他植物病原性轮枝菌中区分出来。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT A precise real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for quantifying Verticillium albo-atrum DNA. The assay was used in a repeated experiment to examine the relationship between the quantity of pathogen DNA detected in infected leaves and shoots and the severity of Verticillium wilt symptoms in several alfalfa cultivars expressing a range of disease symptoms. Plants were visually inspected for symptoms and rated using a disease severity index ranging from 1 to 5, and the quantity of pathogen DNA present in leaves and stems was determined with real-time PCR. No significant differences in pathogen DNA quantity or disease severity index were observed for experiments or for cultivar-experiment interactions. Significant differences were observed between cultivars for the quantity of pathogen DNA detected with real-time PCR and also for disease severity index ratings. In both experiments, the highly resistant check cultivar Oneida VR had significantly less pathogen DNA, and significantly lower disease severity index ratings than the resistant cultivar Samauri, the moderately resistant cultivar Vernema, and the susceptible check cultivar Saranac. In both experiments, the Spearman rank correlation between the amount of V. albo-atrum DNA detected in leaves and stems with real-time PCR and disease severity index ratings based on visual examination of symptoms was positive (>0.52) and significant (P < 0.0001). These results suggest that resistance to Verticillium wilt in alfalfa is characterized by a reduced colonization of resistant genotypes by the fungus. 相似文献
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猕猴桃溃疡病菌在中国的适生性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过分析猕猴桃溃疡病菌在中国的适生性,为科学制定有效的检疫监管措施,防范其入侵和扩散,确保猕猴桃产业健康发展提供理论依据。本研究根据前人研究结果,采用模糊数学综合评判的原理和方法,定量分析猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae)在我国各个地区的适生性。猕猴桃溃疡病菌在我国最适宜的省份主要分布在四川、云南、贵州、福建、安徽、湖南、湖北、河南、江西、陕西、浙江、重庆、西藏。鉴于该病具有发生发展迅速,危害性强,防治难度大等特点,应当加强猕猴桃种苗等繁殖材料的检疫,加强对果园的管理和病害监测,积极采取有效的防治措施并加强抗病育种方面的研究。 相似文献
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The phenology of Verticillium albo-atrum ( Vaa) sporulation on infected tissues and the presence of Vaa in the air were investigated in alfalfa fields affected by verticillium wilt (VW) during the 1983/84 growing season. Few and scattered Verticillium conidiophores developed on stubble by the end of May, but abundant Verticillium sporulation was found on necrotic leaflets and petioles by the beginning of June at the first appearance of symptoms. Abundant conidiophores developed also on necrotic stems and leaf tissues sampled later. Sporulation was never found on entirely green stems. Concentration of airborne colony-forming units (cfu) of Vaa ranged from 0.0 to 15.3 cfu/m3 above fields with a VW incidence of 2.2-33.0% in June and August, and from 5.9-25.9 cfu/m3 during mowing of the crop in August. The ratio of Vaa to other airborne fungi above sampled fields was less than 5 x 10-3 , Airborne fungi were even more abundant at the time of mowing. Our results suggest that airborne V. albo-atrum may not play an important role in the epidemiology of VW of alfalfa. 相似文献
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中国七省(自治区)马铃薯黄萎病病情及优势病原菌致病力分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2013-2016年,对我国内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西、宁夏和云南7省(自治区)53县市245块马铃薯种植田黄萎病的发生、病样采集和病原分离开展了研究工作,通过分子生物学方法鉴定了病原菌分类地位,并通过温室试验研究了主要病原菌大丽轮枝菌的致病力分化情况。结果表明:(1)我国北方6省(自治区)内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西和宁夏属于马铃薯黄萎病病区,云南省属于无病区;(2)引起我国马铃薯黄萎病的病原菌为大丽轮枝菌和黑白轮枝菌两种,占比分别为75.5%和24.5%,大丽轮枝菌为相对优势病原菌种类;(3)根据病原菌种类可将我国北方6省(自治区)病田划分为大丽轮枝菌病田、黑白轮枝菌病田及两菌混生病田。其中甘肃为大丽轮枝菌病田,宁夏为混生病田,山西为大丽轮枝菌病田和混生病田,内蒙古、河北和黑龙江3种病田均存在。两菌混生病田中各类病原菌属于单独侵染致病。(4)聚类分析表明来自甘肃、河北和内蒙古3省(自治区)马铃薯的82个大丽轮枝菌菌株在马铃薯上的致病力至少可以分为3个聚类组,相应菌株的病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)均值聚类组间存在显著差异,相应可分为强、中、弱3个致病力类型,并确定了相应95%置信区间,其中强致病力菌株在3省(自治区)供试病原菌中所占比例分别为3.33%、21.74%和10.34%。 相似文献
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复合微生物肥对植物土传病原真菌的抑制作用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
测定了两株链霉菌R 1、R 2及其分别与有机肥配制的两种复合微生物肥料对几种植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。R 1对草莓灰霉病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌圈直径分别是 2 7、1 4和 2 1cm ,对孢子萌发的抑制率分别是 4 6 %、1 9%和 1 1 % ;R 2对以上 3种病菌的抑菌圈直径分别是 3 1、1 2和 1 7cm ,对孢子萌发的抑制率分别是 4 2 %、1 2 %和 4 %。苗期人工接种试验表明 ,一号复合微生物肥料对棉花黄萎病、油菜菌核病的抑制率分别为 2 8 0 %、4 1 9% ,二号肥分别为 72 0 %、97 2 %。 相似文献
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Host Range Specificity in Verticillium dahliae 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ABSTRACT Verticillium dahliae isolates from artichoke, bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, chili pepper, cotton, eggplant, lettuce, mint, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon and V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were evaluated for their pathogenicity on all 14 hosts. One-month-old seedlings were inoculated with a spore suspension of about 10(7) conidia per ml using a root-dip technique and incubated in the greenhouse. Disease incidence and severity, plant height, and root and shoot dry weights were recorded 6 weeks after inoculation. Bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, cotton, eggplant, and mint isolates exhibited host specificity and differential pathogenicity on other hosts, whereas isolates from artichoke, lettuce, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon did not. Bell pepper was resistant to all Verticillium isolates except isolates from bell pepper and eggplant. Thus, host specificity exists in some isolates of V. dahliae. The same isolates were characterized for vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) through complementation of nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Cabbage and cauliflower isolates did not produce nit mutants. The isolate from cotton belonged to VCG 1; isolates from bell pepper, eggplant, potato, and tomato, to VCG 4; and the remaining isolates, to VCG 2. These isolates were also analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Forty random primers were screened, and eighteen of them amplified DNA from Verticillium. Based on RAPD banding patterns, cabbage and cauliflower isolates formed a unique group, distinct from other V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum groups. Minor genetic variations were observed among V. dahliae isolates from other hosts, regardless of whether they were host specific or not. There was no correlation among pathogenicity, VCGs, and RAPD banding patterns. Even though the isolates belonged to different VCGs, they shared similar RAPD profiles. These results suggest that management of Verticillium wilt in some crops through crop rotation is a distinct possibility. 相似文献