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酸掺杂纳米聚苯胺催化合成松油醇的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用快速混合法制备了酸(盐酸、硫酸、氯乙酸等)掺杂的纳米聚苯胺纤维,扫描电子显微镜分析结果表明获得的聚苯胺纤维的直径在50～200nm之间。以松节油水合为目标反应,考察了催化剂制备条件对其催化性能的影响规律。结果表明催化剂较佳制备条件为:掺杂酸为硫酸,浓度为2.0mol/L,苯胺浓度为0.30mol/L,过硫酸铵与苯胺的浓度比为1∶1。在相同水合条件下,α-蒎烯转化率、α-松油醇的收率均达到最高值,分别为93.80%和60.60%。 相似文献
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通过氧化改性的方法,制备出一种羧基质量分数最高达2.55%的氧化淀粉,系统研究了氧化条件对氧化产物的影响。实验结果表明:10 g淀粉,100 g蒸馏水,糊化温度在80℃,催化剂FeSO4用量为淀粉的1.716%,氧化剂H2O2用量为淀粉的40%,反应温度55℃,反应时间1.5 h时,羧基质量分数最高为2.55%。采用FT-IR、XRD和DSC对氧化淀粉的结构和性能进行了分析,结果表明高羧基含量的氧化淀粉是非晶相,且不同羧基含量的氧化淀粉具有不同的结晶类型;淀粉的前期糊化阶段发生在淀粉的非结晶区,随着氧化的进行,淀粉的非结晶区先被氧化,当氧化程度加大时,氧化又转向结晶区发生反应。 相似文献
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复合变性淀粉的理化性质及结构分析与表征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对所制得的酸解氧化接枝共聚的复合变性淀粉,通过红外光谱FT-IR、X射线衍射、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)等分析手段,证明了接枝共聚反应的发生,并通过常规化学分析方法,对其理化性质进行了较为系统的分析与表征.结果表明,FT-IR证明了酸解氧化玉米淀粉与丙烯酰胺发生了共聚反应;X射线衍射表明玉米淀粉的酸解、氧化、接枝共聚主要发生在无定型区;SEM扫描表明变性后的淀粉颗粒完整,颗粒表面粗糙.所研制的复合变性淀粉具有沉降体积大、成糊温度低、热糊稳定性高、冷糊黏度低等利于木材胶黏剂制造的特点. 相似文献
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合成了邻苯二胺席夫碱铜配合物,以其为催化剂催化H2O2氧化松香,采用正交实验法对氧化条件进行了优化,并对松香氧化产物的结构进行了表征,实验结果表明,氧化反应的各因素的重要性次序为:反应温度>H2O2用量>催化剂用量>反应时间;在无水乙醇作溶剂,邻苯二胺席夫碱铜催化剂用量为0.2%(m/m),反应温度70℃,反应时间3 h,30%H2O2用量为松香∶H2O2=1∶1(m/V)时,最大的转化率为73.9%;红外光谱、紫外光谱、高效液相色谱和气质联用测试表明,松香经邻苯二胺席夫碱铜配合物催化氧化后,在分子结构中产生苯基、羟基、羰基等官能团,主要生成了脱氢枞酸、7-羟基脱氢枞酸、7β-羟基脱氢枞酸和7-羰基脱氢枞酸等氧化产物。 相似文献
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先以大豆蛋白、乙酸乙烯酯、尿素、过硫酸铵等为主要原料合成大豆蛋白接枝共聚乳液,以剪切强度为衡量指标,最佳反应条件为:尿素浓度3 mol·L-1;单体比例乙酸乙烯酯∶大豆蛋白=1∶2,反应温度68℃;再使用异氰酸酯对其改性,合成异氰酸酯改性大豆蛋白胶,用该胶压制杨木胶合板,经检验干态和湿态剪切强度分别为7.46 MPa和6.01 MPa,达到了II类胶合板要求;进一步将填料、橡胶乳液、交联剂对胶合板性能的影响作出分析得出,填料最优加入比例为10%,橡胶乳液为30%,交联剂在13%以下时,随着用量增加胶合强度增加,适用期减小,超过15%胶合强度下降。 相似文献
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功能基聚氧化松香二元醇酯的制备与性能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探讨了松香的氧化及氧化产物与二元醇反应合成聚酯的反应;研究了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、投料比及不同二元醇类对聚酯制备的影响。采用紫外光谱、红外光谱等对松香氧化产物及聚酯结构进行了表征,并测定了聚酯的酸值、溶解度、热失重和软化点。实验结果表明,当反应温度为75℃,反应时间为8 h,氧化产物酸值达到318 mg.g-1;聚氧化松香乙二醇酯制备的适宜条件为:以AlCl3为催化剂,反应温度120~140℃之间,反应时间为20 h左右,投料比n松香氧化产物∶n乙二醇=1∶1.2~1∶1.5。该聚酯热失重5%时的温度为178.19℃,软化点为248℃,在甲苯、乙醇和丙酮中溶解度分别为0.0008 g.ml-1、0.0392 g.ml-1和0.0204 g.ml-1。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献