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1.
The ability to quickly and accurately identify potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) clones is important to potato-breeding programs, seed and commercial potato growers, and marketing and utilization of potato cultivars. Since 1990, the Michigan State University Potato Breeding and Genetics Program has used an isozyme-based fingerprinting system to identify potato cultivars. Isozyme analysis is an economical and effective means of discriminating potato clones; however, isozyme analysis requires fresh, healthy tuber or leaf tissue. DNA-based fingerprinting using simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellites) has been shown to discriminate between potato clones. The objective of this study was to identify the most useful SSR primer pairs that accurately and efficiently distinguish clones for an applied fingerprinting system of cultivated potato. SSR primer pairs with high polymorphism were selected from previous tetraploid potato studies. DNA isolated from 17 potato clones representing round-white, russet, and red market classes were visualized on both polyacrylamide (PAGE) and agarose gel systems. Polymorphism was observed in all 18 primer combinations on PAGE and 14 using agarose gel electrophoresis. All 17 cultivars were discriminated on PAGE with various combinations of two primer pairs: STIIKA using STACCAS3, STIN-HWI, or STM0031; and STACCAS3 using STGBSS1, POTM1-2, STM1104, or STM0031. The combination of STM0019, STM0031, STGBSS1, and POTM1-2 was able to differentiate all 17 clones using agarose gel electrophoresis. PAGE was determined to be the preferred system for variety identification, but agarose gel electrophoresis can be used to differentiate lines when specific varietal comparisons are needed. In addition, five different DNA source tissue types were evaluated (fresh foliar, freeze-dried foliar, fresh tuber, freeze-dried tuber epidermis, and freeze-dried tuber tissue). Amplification products were similar for all five tissue sources used for DNA isolation. This ability to isolate DNA from freeze-dried tissue will allow cultivar identification when fresh tissue is not available. The SSR primer pairs presented here can be used as a practical fingerprinting system for cultivated potato identification.  相似文献   

2.
A representative sample of the US potato germplasm collection was screened in the greenhouse for ability to accumulate tuber calcium. Germplasm with very high and very low calcium accumulation capacity has been identified by progressively screening for extremes among species, among populations (accessions), and finally among genotypes (i.e., fine screening). Among accessions, the bestS. gourlayi andmicrodontum populations averaged more than six-fold greater tuber calcium than the poorestS. kurtzianum population. When screening was performed at the genotype level, the best individuals ofgourlayi andmicrodontum had over eight-fold greater calcium than the poorestkurtzianum individual. When grown in the field, calcium levels ofS. microdontum selections were confirmed to be significantly higher thantuberosum cultivars. When selected genotypes were intercrossed and their progeny were compared to their original populations, mean tuber calcium was significantly changed in the intended direction of selection forS. kurtzianum (made lower) andS. microdontum (made higher). These stocks are expected to be useful tools for study of the genetic and physiological bases of tuber calcium accumulation, refining screening methods, and breeding improved cultivars.  相似文献   

3.
Diploid potato clones, interspecific hybrids ofSolanum species, having in their originS. tuberosum,S. chacoense, S. yungasense, S. phureja, S. gourlayi, andS. demissum, with resistance to soft rot, were crossed to tetraploid potato clones in 4x-2x crosses. The 24 tetraploid families obtained in a North Carolina II design were examined for tuber resistance to soft rot in a laboratory test and for basic agronomic traits in field trials conducted for two consecutive years. In addition, one family originating from a 4x-2x cross of two susceptible parents was tested. Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, year, GCA (female) × year, GCA (male) × year, and SCA × year upon the inheritance of resistance to soft rot. About 35% of the progeny was selected as resistant to tuber soft rot, and of these 11% showed high resistance combined with good tuber yield, tuber weight, and tuber appearance. The relationships between resistance to soft rot and chosen agronomic traits were not noted or were weakly significant and sporadic. The resistance to tuber soft rot found in diploid potato hybrids can be transferred to the cultivated tetraploid pool through 4x-2x crosses, and a high frequency of offspring posses resistance.  相似文献   

4.
Solanum juzepczukii Buk. andSolanum curtilobum Juz. et Buk. are two important primitive cultivated species of potato which are planted in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia. Little natural variation exists within these species. Crosses were made to artificially recreate these species using tetraploid cultivated potatoes as female parents and triploids derived from acaule-diploid crosses as males. The new hybrids were tetraploid (2n = 48) with a high degree of heterosis and variability, and several potential cultivated clones possessing valuable characters such as yield, earliness, frost tolerance and good tuber type were selected.  相似文献   

5.
The formation of cross-links between pectin molecules via Ca2+ in the potato tuber cell wall is a determinant factor on processing properties of potato and the quality of its products such as French fries. Thus, in this study, potato tubers varying significantly in their calcium concentrations were analyzed to investigate whether an increased absorption of calcium by a potato tuber led to an increase in the calcium concentration in the cell wall and how the calcium concentration in the cell wall influenced on the formation of cross-links between pectin molecules via Ca2+. Correlation analysis revealed that calcium absorbed by a potato tuber was bound to the cell wall as a water insoluble form 99 days after planting or later. Furthermore, with an increase in the calcium concentration in the cell wall, the content of chelator soluble pectin increased throughout tuber bulking and maturation stages. However, the degree of methylation was not a limiting factor in the formation of cross-links between pectin chains via Ca2+. Atomic force microscopy images of parenchyma cell walls prepared from mature potato tubers indicated an increase in the amount of calcium cross-linked pectin molecules with an increase in the calcium concentration in the cell wall. The present study demonstrated that the calcium concentration of the cell wall of potato tubers significantly affected the formation of cross-linkages between pectin molecules and, consequently, contributed to an enhanced formation of pectin-calcium networks in the cell wall.  相似文献   

6.
利用体细胞杂交获取马铃薯软腐病的抗性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
对马铃薯四倍体栽培种和二倍体野生种Solanumbrevidens的体细胞杂种通过叶片离体培养获得的四倍体植株,以及用四倍体栽培种进行回交获得的五倍体植株的块茎对软腐病的抗性进行了测定。结果表明,由体细胞杂种通过叶片组织离体培养再生植株中,有一个株系SC107对软腐病菌Erwiniacarotovora具有较强的抗性。在用不抗软腐病的马铃薯栽培种对体细胞杂种进行回交获得的杂种后代中,大部分株系对软腐病菌具有高水平的抗性,从而说明Solanumbrevidens对软腐病的抗性基因已转移到马铃薯栽培种。  相似文献   

7.
本试验以7个优良马铃薯品种(系)按不完全双列杂交设计配制组合,分析了群体主要性状与生产力的遗传相关及其配合力效应.结果表明,群体平均单株结薯数、平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量及小薯数量和产量与群体产量的遗传相关达显著或极显著.平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量是筛选商品价值较高的优良群体的重要相关性状.亲本的一般配合力效应在平均单株结薯数、平均决茎重、商品薯产量、小薯产量和数量几个性状上对模型Ⅰ差异显著,组合间的特殊配合力效应均达到显著差异.特殊配合力方差为总方差的61.47%～147.52%,表明该群体的生产力主要由非加性基因控制.相对配合力总效应值与产量的相关达极显著水平(r_(3.4)=0.99).综合评定亲本801-5,Katahdin和Baraka在马铃薯群体和品种选育中具有较高的利用价值.  相似文献   

8.
马铃薯磷素的吸收、积累和分配规律   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
磷元素在马铃薯植株体内的流动性较大,磷营养水平与块茎膨大密切相关,块茎是磷素的最终贮存库。在块茎增长初期,叶片、地上茎和块茎中的磷素浓度均为一生中的最高值,此时是马铃薯对磷需求最多的时期,块茎形成后,则大量的磷(P2O5)向块茎转移。马铃薯对磷素(P2O5)吸收速率较低。在整个生育期内吸收速率呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在块茎增长期。  相似文献   

9.
Wild Solanum species offer a valuable source of genetic diversity for potato improvement. Most of these species are found in equatorial South and Central America and they do not tuberise under long-day photoperiods typical of those in the major potato production areas of North America, Europe and Asia. Crosses between two haploids of Solanum tuberosum Chilotanum Group as females and two wild Solanum species clones generated four hybrid families. The parents and progeny were subjected to two greenhouse trials to evaluate tuberisation at 20-, 14-, and 8-h photoperiods. Parents and offspring tuberised most readily at the 8-h photoperiod, and poorly or not at all at the 20-h photoperiod. Segregation for tuberisation in hybrids was apparent at the 14-h photoperiod and depended on the cultivated parent, but not the wild species parent. The data support previous studies and best fit a model in which tuber production under long photoperiods is controlled by two dominant genes in cultivated × wild species hybrids.  相似文献   

10.
马铃薯品种块茎性状的遗传分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
对Mira等 10个马铃薯品种的 2 2个杂交组合无性一代的块茎产量等 8个块茎性状的群体遗传参数和配合力效应进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 :淀粉含量的遗传受母本加性效应和亲本间非加性效应控制 ;单个块茎重的遗传受父本加性效应的控制 ;皮色、结薯数和块茎产量的遗传受非加性效应控制 ;薯形、肉色和块茎外观的加性和非加性效应同等重要。两个亲本 (至少有一个 )的一般配合力高的杂交组合后代的群体表现优于双亲具有一般配合力平均值的杂交组合 ;而双亲具有一般配合力平均值的杂交组合的群体表现优于双亲一般配合力都很低的杂交组合。根据一般配合力选择亲本配制大量杂交组合 ,并从中筛选优良单株和优良TPS组合的方法非常适合于马铃薯育种  相似文献   

11.
The main objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of supplemental calcium fertilization on the levels of freezing tolerance in different wild potato species. For this purpose, the freezing tolerance of a broad spectrum of theSolatium taxa was evaluated with and without supplemental calcium fertilization. Previous studies have shown that there is a large variation in the calcium accumulation capabilities among species and among various accessions within species. While this study confirms such variation, no direct relationship between the leaf calcium content and the improvement in freezing tolerance was found. Nevertheless, overall 45% of the species accessions had significant higher leaf calcium content and 52% of the species accessions showed a significant drop in the frost score average at the p<0.05 level. In terms of this experiment, a drop in the frost scores meant an improvement to withstand cold. One third of the frost tolerant accessions and 41% of the frost sensitive accessions showed both, a significant increase in leaf calcium content and at the same time a significant lower average frost score. The different response observed among the accessions may suggest that even though most of the accessions are able to accumulate calcium, only some of them may have the ability to benefit from the supplemental calcium. Future breeding schemes may be able to use this information for selecting clones that would respond positively to calcium fertilization in terms of frost survival. Results of this study also suggest that calcium fertilization may be used as a rather inexpensive cultural practice for protecting potatoes from frost damage. The results of the present study also suggest that soil calcium levels should be taken into consideration when freezing tolerance of potato germplasm is being evaluated.  相似文献   

12.
农田土壤Nmin对马铃薯块茎形成的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为明确农田土壤矿质氮(Nmin)含量对马铃薯块茎形成的影响,在内蒙古阴山北麓马铃薯主产区大田条件下,利用主栽马铃薯品种‘克新1号’,通过设置不同供氮水平,研究了薯田土壤Nmin含量对块茎形成的时间、数量以及重量的影响。结果表明:土壤Nmin含量在1850 mg/kg范围内时均可形成块茎,且在18.6450 mg/kg范围内时均可形成块茎,且在18.6419.94 mg/kg可较早形成块茎,超过50.57 mg/kg时,不形成块茎;较高的土壤Nmin含量会降低块茎形成的数量,在内蒙古阴山北麓地区,马铃薯出苗39 d以后,块茎数量不再增加;虽土壤Nmin含量的增加推迟了块茎的形成时间,但较高的土壤Nmin有利于马铃薯生育后期单株块茎重量的增加。  相似文献   

13.
Summary Variation in aggressiveness to tubers among isolates ofPhytophthora infestans sampled from three potato growing regions in the Netherlands was compared. Variation in the ability to infect tubers of cv. Bintje was found between isolates of each of the three regional populations. The most aggressive isolate of the old population matched the average level of the new population in its ability to infect tubers. As a consequence, the commonly used reference isolate VK 6C can no longer be considered to be representative of the present population ofP. infestans. Therefore it is recommended that testing tuber resistance for the official list of potato cultivars with this isolate should be discontinued. Tuber infection and subsequent spread of the fungus in the tuber tissues were not found to be correlated. The components of tuber pathogenicity studied were not correlated to pathogenicity factors in the foliage, as measured under growth chamber conditions.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
D. Poder 《Potato Research》1990,33(4):465-468
Summary Single-node leaf cuttings, from plants originated from apical cuttings on sprouted potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.), were used to study phosphate transport following hormone (IAA) and calcium treatments. Phosphate accumulation in tubers was significantly enhanced by axillary bud pretreatment with calcium followed by a subsequent treatment of the tuber formed with IAA. The results suggest that calcium may be necessary for the regulatory action of auxin on phosphate transport into the tuber.  相似文献   

16.
A role for sucrose synthetase in the development of Kennebec and Norchip potatoes is supported by its high activity evident in immature tubers. The total activity per tuber increased markedly after tuberization and remained at a constant elevated level for the majority of the growing season. Its activity per tuber demonstrated a sharp decline when both varieties reached a certain degree of chemical and physical maturity. When the activity was expressed as units per gram of potato or per mg protein, two apparent decreases were evident during tuber development. A gradual decline occurred early in the season from July 21 to August 25 and a smaller more abrupt drop occurred in mid-September. The latter reduction, which lowered the sucrose synthetase activity to almost zero, corresponded with the time when the tuber reached its average mature size, when the mg of extractable protein was maximized, and when visible physical deterioration of foliage was noted. When Kennebec and Norchip potatoes reached a certain state of physiological maturity, sucrose synthetase had apparently fulfilled its function in relation to tuber development. It is suggested that these similar physiological states might be indexed by a sucrose synthetase cleavage activity which decreases to approximately 3 units per gram of potato, and/or drops to 1000 units or less per tuber.  相似文献   

17.
马铃薯氮素的吸收、积累和分配规律   总被引：21，自引：2，他引：21  
植株体内氮素浓度的高低反映了其生长势的强弱,马铃薯生育期间各器官氮素浓度的变化始终表现为叶片>地上茎>块茎,叶片中的氮素浓度高低反映了叶片光合活性的大小。马铃薯对氮的吸收与营养生长和块茎的增长密切相关,植株对氮的需求量受其生长状况所控制。而且,氮在植物体内很容易流动,块茎形成后,大量的氮素转移到块茎中,用于块茎的建成和营养贮存。马铃薯植株在淀粉积累开始后,各器官中氮素加快了向块茎的转移,使叶片和地上茎的衰老进一步加剧。因此,在马铃薯高产栽培实践中,须注重氮、磷、钾的适量与配合施用,使之既能满足块茎的形成与生长的需要,又可防止植株生长过旺或后期发生早衰。本试验表明,在因素中量(适量)组合下,每生产500kg块茎需要纯N2 65kg。  相似文献   

18.
Powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss) causes extensive losses in potato production systems globally. Two pot experiments were established in the greenhouse in summer 2013 and winter 2014 to evaluate the effectiveness of different soil chemicals, fumigant, amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) against Sss in the rhizospheric soil, potato roots and tubers. The study used visual assessment methods to assess the effect of treatments on root galling and zoosporangia production, and qPCR to measure Sss concentration in the soil and in the potato roots and tubers. All six soil treatments, namely metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide, Biocult and a combination of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower numbers of zoosporangia in the roots compared to the untreated control. The same effect was observed on the concentration of Sss DNA in the roots at tuber initiation. A more diverse picture was obtained when root gall scores at tuber initiation and Sss DNA in the rhizospheric soil at tuber initiation and harvesting were compared. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also noted in disease severity, disease incidence, and tuber yield between metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide and the untreated control. Calcium cyanamide gave the highest tuber yield. The study demonstrated the potential of soil treatments such as metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax and calcium cyanamide in managing Sss in potatoes by reducing the pathogen both in the rhizospheric soil and the roots of the potato plant.  相似文献   

19.
A bacterium identified asPseudomonas fluorescens was isolated from pinkeye lesions of infected Kennebec potato tubers. Two isolates which rapidly macerated tuber slices were selected for further study. Supernatants from macerated potato tuber slices inoculated previously with either isolate 13 or 31 ofP. fluorescens contained pectic enzyme activity. Trace amounts of pectin methylesterase activity were observed in the supernatants. Optimum viscosity reduction of sodium polypectate (NaPP) or pectin substrates by the enzyme complexes occurred at pH 8.6 and 7.2 respectively. Paper chromatography of hydrolysis products indicated that substrates were hydrolyzed terminally as well as randomly when the reaction mixtures were buffered from pH 7.1 to 7.5 NaPP was degraded more rapidly than pectin by both enzyme complexes. Reducing group data indicated the greatest hydrolysis of both substrates occurred near pH 8.6 and that both enzyme complexes hydrolyzed NaPP preferentially. Trans-eliminase activity was found in both enzyme complexes. Optimum activity occurred between pH 8.0 and 9.0 using a NaPP substrate and between pH 7.0 and 8.0 using pectin. The addition of calcium to the reaction mixture increased hydrolysis suggesting the importance of calcium as a co-factor for trans-eliminase activity. Both enzyme complexes macerated potato tuber slices rapidly. Data suggested a relationship between viscosity reduction of NaPP, transelimination of NaPP, and loss of coherence of tuber tissue slices by enzyme complexes of both isolates.  相似文献   

20.
Acrylamide, a suspected human carcinogen, is a Maillard reaction product that forms when carbohydrate-rich foods are cooked at high temperatures. Processed potato products, including French fries and potato chips, make a substantial contribution to total dietary acrylamide. Health safety concerns raised by acrylamide in food increased financial risks to the potato industry and encouraged industry to take a proactive approach toward acrylamide mitigation. The USDA National Institutes of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) on acrylamide reduction in potato was a cooperative endeavor in which industry partners worked at a systems level with university and government researchers to develop acrylamide mitigation strategies. Short-term goals focused on identifying advanced breeding clones and recently released varieties that have lower acrylamide-forming potential than standard potato varieties. Research was also directed at developing more efficient potato breeding methods, including marker-assisted breeding, genome wide selection, and improved phenotyping methods. Data from the National Fry Processing Trial (NFPT) and SCRI agronomic trial have shown that dramatic reductions in acrylamide are achievable through the use of new varieties that maintain low concentrations of tuber reducing sugars. Chipping potato trials coordinated by Potatoes USA and data from breeding populations suggest that maintaining low tuber reducing sugars through extended storage and lowering tuber asparagine content are options for decreasing acrylamide content in potato chips. To have an impact, new varieties must have exceptional agronomic performance and must produce finished products that meet requirements for consumer attributes including color, texture and taste. Data consistently show that this is more easily achievable in chipping potatoes than in fry processing potatoes.  相似文献   

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