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在塔里木河上游垂直河岸设置样带,研究胡杨种群数量特征与空间格局沿地下水位梯度的动态及相互关系,探讨其生存发展的合理生态地下水位及胁迫水位。结果表明:胡杨具有伴河生长的特性,在距河道100m以内胡杨以幼苗为主,种群属进展型;随着离河道距离的增加,胡杨种群幼龄比例减少,胸径逐渐增大,远离河道区老龄个体占优势,种群结构呈倒金字塔形,趋向衰退。胡杨种群密度、幼苗比例、长势与林分郁闭度随离河道距离增加而降低,平均胸径、最大胸径与树冠疏失度则增加;密度、郁闭度与离河道距离(地下水位)呈显著负相关,平均胸径与离河道距离呈正相关。河岸带胡杨空间格局主要呈聚集分布,近河岸区则呈随机分布,随距离增加空间格局转为聚集分布,这是种群集群抵御干旱环境而采取的生态适应对策。地下水位是影响河岸带胡杨种群生长与分布的主要因素,而维系河岸带胡杨种群正常生长的合理地下水位应4.1m,胁迫临界地下水位为5.5m。 相似文献
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祁连山青海云杉天然林林分径级结构空间分布格局分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《林业资源管理》2013,(6)
对祁连山东段青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)24块森林资源连续清查固定样地的林木径级结构分布进行了分析。结果表明:祁连山青海云杉天然林林木径级呈现出小径级木(612cm)所占比例较大,大径级木(2612cm)所占比例较大,大径级木(2636cm)及特大径级木(≥38cm)所占比例较小,而且低海拔、低密度下样地林木径级结构呈现不规则状分布;随海拔高度和密度的增加,林分内小径级木所占比例大体呈逐渐增大,大径级木及特大径级木所占比例逐渐减小的趋势,林木径级结构均呈现反J型分布;对林木径级分布状况采用线性函数拟合,三次函数能很好的拟合呈反J型分布的林木径级结构;林木平均胸径与密度之间的相关系数为0.513,呈显著负相关关系,平均胸径与海拔之间的相关系数为0.018,相关性不明显。 相似文献
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天山西部新疆野苹果种群特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在天山西部大莫合沟、小莫合沟和交吾托海沟3个新疆野苹果典型分布区,开展新疆野苹果群落学调查。结果表明:新疆野苹果多以纯林形式分布于天山山脉的阴坡或半阴坡,在部分地段伴生少量的野杏、天山云杉等树种;3个地点新疆野苹果种群的径级分布均呈单峰型;3个种群在Ⅱ～Ⅵ径级的株数较多,其他径级较少;大莫合沟种群的各径级都有个体分布,其结构较小莫合沟和交吾托海沟2个种群完整;3个地点新疆野苹果种群的高度结构也均呈单峰型,3个地点新疆野苹果种群在同一径级的平均树高差异显著;在新疆野苹果主要分布海拔范围1200～1700m内,新疆野苹果地径和枝下高随海拔的升高而降低,树高和冠幅随海拔的升高呈下降或单峰型的变化趋势;调查区内新疆野苹果林分的平均郁闭度比较低,为0.48±0.03,大莫合沟林分郁闭度仅为0.38±0.04,与小莫合沟(0.55±0.09)和交吾托海沟(0.51±0.08)间差异显著;大莫合沟的平均林分密度为(319.2±44.1)株.hm-2,较小莫合沟的(502.3±151.1)株.hm-2和交吾托海沟的(325.0±91.1)株.hm-2的小;大莫合沟林分密度和郁闭度随海拔的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,小莫合沟和交吾托海沟新疆野苹果林分密度和郁闭度随海拔的增加而呈先增加后降低的趋势;由于农田开垦、过度放牧和打草以及苹果小吉丁虫的蔓延危害,新疆野苹果的幼苗极少,影响其种群的更新和发展。 相似文献
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为探究狭叶方竹伴生群落结构特征及优势种空间分布格局,以3个狭叶方竹伴生群落(斗篷山、老山界、雷公山)为研究对象,采用样地法调查分析群落垂直结构、径级结构、高度级结构、物种重要值、优势种空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明：3个群落垂直结构明显,从上向下可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物不发达,仅少量藤本和附生草本。3个群落径级结构(DBH≥1 cm)呈倒“J”形,更新良好,群落平均胸径依次为老山界(16.02 cm)>雷公山(11.38 cm)>斗篷山(8.98 cm),群落密度则呈相反趋势。斗篷山、雷公山优势种径级结构呈倒“J”形,种群为增长型。老山界优势种径级结构呈单峰型,光叶水青冈种群为衰退型,多脉青冈和巴东栎种群存在衰退风险。随着群落演替,老山界群落优势种将逐步被替代。3个群落高度级结构总体呈倒“J”形,平均高度大小依次为斗篷山(8.14 m)>雷公山(6.87 m)>老山界(6.69 m)。不同群落优势种高度级结构存在差异,大多呈倒“J”形,单峰型次之。物种重要值在不同群落和群落不同层间存在差异,斗篷山、老山界和雷公山优势种重要值之和分别占乔木层重要... 相似文献
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【目的】分析胡杨种群在干旱区不同地下水埋深梯度下的空间分布格局及种内竞争强度变化,探究种群空间结构对干旱环境的响应特征。【方法】在塔里木河下游3个断面处离河道1 000 m的范围内等距离布设15个50 m×50 m天然胡杨林样地,利用地面激光雷达(TLS)获取树木三维结构数据,并通过聚集指数(R)、丛生指数(I)、点格局函数g(r)等空间分布指标以及竞争指数(CI),分析空间分布格局和种内竞争强度。【结果】1)R和I指数表明,在下游不同地下水埋深梯度下,胡杨种群空间分布格局整体上呈聚集分布。2)各样地内在0～25 m半径r距离获取的g(r)函数值分析表明,大部分样地胡杨在r<5 m距离内基本呈现聚集分布格局,在r>5 m距离呈随机分布格局。随着地下水埋深增加,树木聚集分布的距离r会缩小。3)点格局函数g12(r)结果表明,不同龄级胡杨树分布格局存在差异,中龄树主要呈聚集分布,其他龄级树呈随机分布;中龄树与幼龄树、成熟树之间存在正关联性,表现出相互促进关系,而其他龄级树木之间未呈现显著关联性。4)平均CI指数随离河道距离增大呈递减趋势,单木CI随胸径增大... 相似文献
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以位于浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区1 hm2永久样地为研究材料,逐一测量并记录了样地中所有胸径≥1 cm树木的胸围,并对其挂牌标记、鉴定种名和确定坐标位置,分析了样地内木荷种群结构与空间格局。研究结果表明,DBH≤17.5 cm的木荷个体数量占80.5%,DBH>27.5 cm的仅占8.4%,种群能够实现自我更新,属稳定型种群。基于种群径级结构分析,木荷种群密度随个体胸径的变化趋势类似于偏正态分布形曲线。木荷在整个样地中的分布表现出明显的空间异质性,多数聚集于坡面和山脊的生境中。种群空间关联性分析表明,木荷大径级(DBH≥16.1 cm)和小径级(1 cm≤DBH＜16.1 cm)间在0-8 m的尺度上负相关,8-25 m的尺度上无关联。另外,25个小样地的木荷重要值为0-34.35%,平均重要值为8.24%,小样地间的这种巨大差异归因于木荷种群空间分布的聚集性。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献