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1.
Study on the Sap Flow Characters of Two Old Trees of Cryptomeria fortunei on Tiamnu Mountain 
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下载免费PDF全文 应用热扩散技术法,于2010年4-8月对浙江天目山自然保护区内的2株柳杉古树的树干液流进行连续观测,结合所测定的相关环境因子,分析了柳杉树干液流和耗水量的变化规律,以及液流与各环境因子的关系.结果表明:不同季节柳杉树干液流速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰波动曲线,但树干液流启动时间、达到峰值时间及迅速下降时间存在明显差异;树干液流密度与光合有效辐射、空气温度和水汽压差间存在极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度和CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;液流密度随树干直径的增加,无明显变化差异,但液流速率和日均耗水量均随树干直径的增加而增大;胸径75.6 cm柳杉和胸径62.8 cm柳杉的日均耗水量季节变化过程相同,但2者变化差异较大,6月份日均耗水量最低,分别为( 49.356±14.883) kg和(9.531±4.297)kg;4月份日均耗水量最高,分别为(110.022±21.890)kg和(49.352±2.629)kg. 相似文献
2.
祁连山青海云杉林温度变化对土壤呼吸的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
据方精云等(2001)研究,我国土壤CO2的释放通量为4.2 PgC·a-1,约占全球土壤CO2释放通量的5.6%～8.4%.然而,在我国已经开展的一系列与全球变化相关的研究中,对土壤呼吸的研究还比较少.目前已报道的研究工作都集中在东部地区特定的森林生态系统或农田内,而西部地区土壤呼吸以及土壤呼吸沿海拔梯度(自然条件下海拔梯度和人类干扰下土地利用方式)变化的研究报道并不多见.土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节,由于土壤呼吸对温度变化相当敏感,CO2又是主要的温室气体,在全球变暖的情况下,通过土壤呼吸从土壤释放到大气中的CO2量会随着地球表面温度的升高而增加,这是全球变化的一个正反馈效应. 相似文献
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以神农架华山松为研究对象,采用热扩散探针法对树干液流进行连续1 a的测定,结合同步观测的环境因子,分析华山松树干液流规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)华山松树干液流具有明显的昼夜与季节变化规律。全年夜间树干液流量占整日液流量的10.37%,树干液流速率在不同季节表现为夏季春季秋季冬季。(2)不同天气条件下树干液流速率表现为晴天阴天雨天,晴天和阴天树干液流速率日变化规律均为单峰曲线,而雨天树干液流日变化规律不明显。(3)空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺为影响华山松树干液流月通量的主要因子。不同季节影响树干液流日通量的主要因子存在差异,春季主要影响因子是太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;夏季主要影响因子是风速、空气相对湿度和太阳总辐射;秋季主要影响因子是降水量、空气相对湿度、太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;冬季主要影响因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺。 相似文献
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【目的】探明光合产物供应状况对树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性的影响机制。【方法】以10年生毛白杨人工林为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,通过环剥改变林木的光合产物供应状况,连续监测环剥点上部(AG)和下部(BG)的树干表面CO2通量(Es)和树干温度(Tstem)并拟合其温度敏感性(Q10),同时测定AG和BG非结构性碳水化合物含量的动态变化,比较生长季和非生长季的Es及其Q10对底物变化的不同响应。【结果】1)相比于对照树木(NG),环剥处理30天后,环剥导致生长季AG的Es升高57%和BG的Es降低43%,但在非生长季NG、AG和BG的Es差异不明显。2)环剥降低生长季AG和BG的可溶性糖浓度29%和15%,而非生长季环剥导致AG和BG的可溶性糖浓度分别降低15%和增加10%。3)不同季节Es和Tstem均存在较好的指数函数关系,但环剥会降低AG和BG的Tstem对Es变化解释率。4)环剥提高生长季和非生长季AG的温度敏感性(Q10)和树干基础呼吸速率(R15),但却同时降低BG的Q10和R15。【结论】环剥阻断了光合产物的输入,从而改变树体环剥点上、下部的可溶性糖含量,最终导致环剥点上部的树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性上升,而环剥点下部的树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性下降。毛白杨树干表面CO2通量及其温度敏感性对环剥的响应在不同季节(生长季和非生长季)存在明显差异。 相似文献
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应用热扩散技术法,于2010年4—8月对浙江天目山自然保护区内的2株柳杉古树的树干液流进行连续观测,结合所测定的相关环境因子,分析了柳杉树干液流和耗水量的变化规律,以及液流与各环境因子的关系。结果表明:不同季节柳杉树干液流速率日变化规律基本一致,呈单峰波动曲线,但树干液流启动时间、达到峰值时间及迅速下降时间存在明显差异;树干液流密度与光合有效辐射、空气温度和水汽压差间存在极显著正相关,与空气相对湿度和CO2浓度呈极显著负相关;液流密度随树干直径的增加,无明显变化差异,但液流速率和日均耗水量均随树干直径的增加而增大;胸径75.6 cm柳杉和胸径62.8 cm柳杉的日均耗水量季节变化过程相同,但2者变化差异较大,6月份日均耗水量最低,分别为(49.356±14.883) kg和(9.531±4.297)kg;4月份日均耗水量最高,分别为(110.022±21.890)kg和(49.352±2.629)kg。 相似文献
8.
木本植物木质部栓塞测定技术的争议与进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化导致的全球尺度的森林衰败死亡增多,以植物水分关系为核心的树木死亡机制成为研究热点,而木本植物长距离水分运输中的木质部栓塞的研究是植物水分关系的核心。本文声学检测法、非破坏性成像技术和低压液流技术3类测定木质部栓塞的技术方法进行综述。声学检测法的优点是对植物材料无破坏性且具有较高的时间分辨率,但测定结果的可靠性差,这种方法更倾向于定性检测木质部栓塞。核磁共振和微CT成像技术是近年来兴起的非破坏性成像技术,对植物材料无破坏性,可对导管无偏差的三维成像;尤其是微CT技术,其空间分辨率小于1~2μm,可更详尽地呈现出木质部的栓塞程度和分布模式以及栓塞形成和修复的动态。应用微CT方法是未来研究中的趋势,但此装置还不易获取,因此在当前的木质部栓塞研究中还难以广泛应用。低压液流方法是近30年来测定木质部栓塞应用最广泛的方法,本文对此方法的原理及操作步骤进行介绍。近年有学者提出在测定过程中可能会出现"张力-剪断假象",认为即使在水中剪断存在张力的枝条也会人为地增加所测样品的栓塞程度。这就质疑了之前树木栓塞日变化和栓塞修复的研究结果及用自然干燥法测定树木抗栓塞能力的研究结果。"张力-剪断假象"在植物水力研究领域引起激烈的讨论,之后有众多学者迅速设计针对性的试验开展研究,然而并没有重复出"张力-剪断假象",并且认为避免"张力-剪断假象"的张力释放过程发生了栓塞修复。"张力-剪断假象"虽然对低压液流方法测定木质部栓塞引起争议,但此事件使研究者认识到严格、细心地进行木质部栓塞测定操作的重要性。最后提出应用低压液流技术测定木质部栓塞操作中应该注意的10项建议。 相似文献
9.
不同时间尺度下兴安落叶松树干液流密度与环境因子的关系 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于连续1年的兴安落叶松树干液流密度和环境因子(光照、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度和土壤湿度)的测定结果,探讨不同时间尺度下树干液流密度与环境因子的关系差异.在月时间尺度上,土壤温度和土壤湿度显著影响树干液流密度变化,土壤温度单位增加引起树干液流上升0.084～0.123 L·cm-2 month-1;在天时间尺度上,显著影响因子有土壤温度、光照和空气温度,其中土壤温度为最主要的影响因子,单位增加会导致树干液流上升1.9 ～2.7 mL·cm-2 d-1;在小时时间尺度上,主要影响因子在不同季节不同,但最主要因子多是直接影响地上叶片生理指标如光照和空气湿度,二者单位上升平均分别引起树干液流上升1.239 mL·cm-2 min-1和下降0.0566 mL·cm-2 min-1.随尺度由大到小,对树干液流影响最大的因子有从地下直接与根系水分吸收相关的土壤环境因子向地上直接影响叶片蒸腾的环境因子(光照和空气湿度)转变的趋势.同时,随着尺度增大,与树干液流显著相关的环境因子数明显下降,且相关系数R2显著提高,长期监测树木耗水可以采用监测环境因子反推的方法,而在小尺度上相同方法可能导致很大误差,最好采用直接测定法. 相似文献
10.
氧浓度对阻燃木材发烟性能的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
采用可控气氛锥形量热仪,在辐射功率为50 kW·m-2,氧浓度为15%～21%的条件下,对磷酸二氢铵(MAP)阻燃紫椴木材及其素材的燃烧发烟性能进行对比研究.通过对烟释放速率(RSR)、总烟释放量(TSR)、比消光面积(SEA)以及一氧化碳(CO)生成速率(PCO)和CO产率(YCO)等相关动态烟参数的综合分析,总结不同氧浓度下,MAP阻燃紫椴木材及其素材燃烧时的浓烟和有毒气体CO的释放规律.结果表明:对于所有试样,有焰燃烧阶段的浓烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)要远大于红热燃烧阶段.当氧浓度在16%左右时,MAP阻燃木材和素材的烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)相当.在相同的氧浓度下,当氧浓度在16%以上时,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的浓烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)小于素材;而当氧浓度在16%以下时,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的浓烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)反而高于素材.在试验氧浓度范围内,MAP阻燃木材的CO释放(PCO和YCO)要高于素材.随着氧浓度的增加,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)和CO释放(PCO和YCO)均降低;素材燃烧过程中的烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)和CO生成速率(PCO)均增加,但CO产率(YCO)降低,前者主要是由于素材燃烧过快而使体系缺氧造成的,而后者主要是由于在单位木材质量损失下热解产物更充分燃烧.总之,随着空气中氧浓度的降低,MAP阻燃木材燃烧时的烟(包括CO)释放均呈增加趋势. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
19.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
20.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献