共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 390 毫秒
1.
We investigated the application of phosphine at low pressure for various exposure durations against major stored-product insects in a commercial dried fig processing facility in Central Greece. Trials were carried out inside a chamber, in which phosphine, in the form of aluminium phosphide pellets, was introduced with the use of a phosphine generator. The generator unit was also equipped with a vacuum pump to achieve low pressure inside the chamber. The chamber was filled with pallets with boxes containing figs. The insects tested were Tribolium confusum (all life stages), Ephestia elutella (eggs and larvae), Sitophilus oryzae (adults), Sitophilus granarius (adults), Rhyzopertha dominica (adults), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (adults) and Prostephanus truncatus (adults). Moreover, wheat grains containing immature stages of S. oryzae were also used. All insect-life stage combinations were exposed to phosphine at low pressure for 18, 48 and 72 h. In most cases, significant differences in mortality of insects treated with phosphine at low pressure compared to the control treatments were recorded. However, complete control (100%) was recorded only in the case of O. surinamensis adults and T. confusum larvae after exposure for 48 and 72 h, respectively. We conclude that the combined application of phosphine and low pressure at short exposure durations (up to 72 h) cannot provide sufficient control at least against the stored-product insect species and life stages tested in the present study. 相似文献
2.
Khoshnoud H Nemati N Amirnia R Ghiyasi M Ghourttapeh AH Tajbakhsh M Talati F Salehzadeh H 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2008,11(5):783-787
Tissues of higher plants contain novel natural substances that can be used to develop environmental safe methods for insect control. In this study, ethanol extract from flowers of Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) was examined for their effect on mortality and progeny production against adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) on two commodities, wheat and barley. The botanical extract was applied at five dose rates, which 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3% (w/v). Adults of R. dominica were exposed to the treated wheat and peeled barley at 25 degrees C and 65% RH and mortality was assessed after 24 h, 48 h, 7 day, 14 day and 21 day of exposure. Then all adults were removed and the treated substrate remained at the same conditions for an additional 45 day after this interval, the commodities were checked for progeny production. In two commodities mortality increased with the increase of dose and exposure interval. Results indicated that on wheat, mortality was 100% after 14 days of exposure at the highest dose rate. Whereas, in the same conditions mortality of adults on barley was 63%. Thus plant extract was more effective against adults of R. dominica on wheat than application of barley. Interestingly in two diets, complete suppression (100%) of the progeny production was observed in the treated wheat and barley than in control even in the lowest dose rate. 相似文献
3.
Khoshnoud H Ghiyasi M Amirnia R Fard SS Tajbakhsh M Salehzadeh H Alahyary P 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2008,11(10):1380-1384
In this study, botanicals extracted from two the species of family Scrophulariaceae, Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss and Verbascum speciosum Schard, were examined for their effect on mortality and progeny production against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.). The plant extracts were applied at five dose rates, which 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3% (w/v). Adults of S. oryzae was exposed to the treated wheat at 25 degrees C and 65% RH and mortality was assessed after 24 h, 48 h, 7 day, 14 day and 21 day of exposure. Then all adults were removed and the treated substrate remained at the same conditions for an additional 45 day after this interval, the commodity was checked for progeny production. In use two extracts the mortality of adults increased with the increase of dose and exposure interval so that; mortality was 100% after 21 days of exposure at the highest dose rate. Results indicated that applied of V. cheiranthifolium extract was more effective than V. speciosum against adult insects. Interestingly, in two cases complete suppression (100% reduction) of the progeny production (F1) was observed in the treated wheat than in control even in the lowest dose rate. Therefore, our results indicate that these medicinal plants can be used for protection of stored grain from infestations of stored-product insect pests. 相似文献
4.
水稻叶色与病虫发生关系及其机制研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
在盆载和田间条件下研究了不同施氮量产生的不同叶色水稻群体与稻纹枯病,白叶枯病,褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生的关系及其机制,深绿色叶片水稻的纹枯病,白叶枯病,褐飞虱和白背飞虱的发生程度显著或极显著大一地浅绿色叶片水稻。其原因为叶色深后,叶片低分子态氮含量增另,净光合率提高,碳氮比值降低,为病早生存繁提供了较为适宜的营养条件,稻株分蘖数猛增,形成庞大而郁闭的群体的结构,为病虫滋生创造了合适了的环境条性。根据叶深浅追施氮肥,既可满足水稻高产氮素需求,又可抑制病虫发生。 相似文献
5.
在盆栽和田间条件下研究了不同施氮量产生的不同叶色水稻群体与稻纹枯病、白叶枯病、褐飞虱和白背飞虱发生的关系及其机制．深绿色叶片水稻的纹枯病、白叶枯病、褐飞虱和白背飞虱的发生程度显著或极显著大于浅绿色叶片水稻、其原因为叶色深后，叶片低分子态氮含量增加，净光合率提高，碳氮比值降低，为病虫生存繁殖提供了较为适宜的营养条件；稻侏分蘖数猛增，形成庞大面郁闭的群体结构，为病虫滋生创造了合适的环境条件．根据叶色深浅追施氮肥、既可满足水稻高产氮素需求，又可抑制病虫发生。 相似文献
6.
《Journal of Cereal Science》2009,49(3):580-591
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. Due to its high content of starch and unique gluten proteins, wheat grain is used for many food and non-food applications. Although grain quality is an important topic for food and feed as well as industrial processing, the consequences of future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations on quality parameters such as nutritional and bread-making rheological properties are still unclear. Wheat productivity increases under CO2 enrichment. Concomitantly, the chemical composition of vegetative plant parts is often changed and grain quality is altered. In particular, the decrease in grain protein concentration and changes in protein composition may have serious economic and health implications. Additionally, CO2 enrichment affects amino acid composition and the concentrations of macro- and micro-elements. However, experimental results are often inconsistent. The present review summarises the results from numerous CO2 enrichment experiments using different exposure techniques in order to quantify the potential impacts of projected atmospheric CO2 levels on wheat grain yield and on aspects of grain composition relevant to processing and human nutrition. 相似文献
7.
Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on grain quality of wheat 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. Due to its high content of starch and unique gluten proteins, wheat grain is used for many food and non-food applications. Although grain quality is an important topic for food and feed as well as industrial processing, the consequences of future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations on quality parameters such as nutritional and bread-making rheological properties are still unclear. Wheat productivity increases under CO2 enrichment. Concomitantly, the chemical composition of vegetative plant parts is often changed and grain quality is altered. In particular, the decrease in grain protein concentration and changes in protein composition may have serious economic and health implications. Additionally, CO2 enrichment affects amino acid composition and the concentrations of macro- and micro-elements. However, experimental results are often inconsistent. The present review summarises the results from numerous CO2 enrichment experiments using different exposure techniques in order to quantify the potential impacts of projected atmospheric CO2 levels on wheat grain yield and on aspects of grain composition relevant to processing and human nutrition. 相似文献
8.
Expression of a limit-dextrinase (LD) type starch debranching enzyme (EC 3.2.1.41) was observed in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm and germinating grains, indicating a role for the enzyme in both biosynthesis and degradation of starch. A full-length cDNA, TaLD1, encoding LD in wheat developing kernels was isolated and predicted to encode a 98.6 kDa mature protein active in amyloplasts. Isolated cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli to produce a recombinant His-tagged LD, which mainly accumulated in inclusion bodies as an inactive enzyme. Extraction of His-tagged LD from the inclusion bodies followed by dialysis under thiol/disulphide redox conditions allowed partial refolding of the protein and detection of pullulanase specific activities by zymogram analysis and enzyme assays. Several active conformations were demonstrated by the recombinant TaLD1 and pullulanase activity could be modulated by redox conditions in vitro. The results suggest that cellular redox conditions may regulate the level of LD activity in wheat tissues. 相似文献
9.
Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the insecticidal effect of two pirimiphos-methyl formulations, an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a capsule suspension (CS) against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Tribolium confusum in wheat, maize and rice. Pirimiphos-methyl was applied at two dose rates, 2 and 4 ppm, and adult mortality was measured after 2, 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure in the treated commodity. Progeny production was assessed 65 d after the removal of the parental adults. S. oryzae adult survival was significantly higher in rice than in wheat and maize, whereas T. confusum mortality was significantly higher in maize than in the other grains. From the species tested, the most susceptible species was S. oryzae, for which mortality reached 100% after 7 days of exposure in treated wheat and maize, followed by T. confusum and R. dominica. Progeny production was significantly suppressed by pirimiphos-methyl in the case of S. oryzae, but not in the case of R. dominica. In general, only few differences in performance between the EC and the CS formulation were detected. We conclude that the type of grain commodity significantly affects mortality after the application of the two pirimiphos-methyl formulations tested, but this effect is species-dependent. 相似文献
10.
利用摄入法和点滴法测定高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、三唑磷、杀螟丹和杀虫双对海南中蜂工蜂的急性经口和接触毒性。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯、三唑磷、杀螟丹和杀虫双对海南中蜂经口毒性(48 h)的LC50分别为3.845、2.527、1.518、0.363、26.866和38.187 mg/L,6种农药对海南中蜂接触毒性(24 h)的LD50分别为42.485、41.292、7.793、18.467、1 027.577和4 049.884 ng/蜂;6种农药对海南中蜂的经口毒性分别为高毒、高毒、高毒、剧毒、中毒和中毒,接触毒性除杀虫双为中毒外,其余均为高毒。 相似文献
11.
水稻抗病基因同源序列的克隆及测序分析 总被引：20，自引：2，他引：20
根据已知的NBS LRR类及丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类抗病基因结构中氨基酸的保守区域，设计了两组简并引物用于扩增广谱抗稻瘟病品种云系2号中的抗病基因同源序列。结果一共获得11类的NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源片段及16类的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类抗病基因同源片段。所有11类的抗病基因同源系列均含有NBS-LRR类抗病基因的保守序列，如P-loop、Kinase 2、Kinase 3a以及跨膜区域等。所有16类的蛋白激酶的序列均含有丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶所共有的催化区Ⅵ（共有氨基酸序列：DLKPEN）、Ⅷ（共有氨基酸序列：GT/SXXYXAPE）以及蛋白激酶的其他催化区。两条NBS-LRR类的抗病基因同源片段YR1、YR12分别与抗病基因I2 C-2及Xa1氨基酸同源性很高(>50%)。7条丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶类的抗病基因同源片段与已克隆的[WTBX][STBX]Xa21、Pto、Lr10[WTBZ][STBZ]等抗病基因的氨基酸序列超过60%的相同以及76%~78%的氨基酸类似。 相似文献
12.
Background
Glucosinolate breakdown products are volatile, therefore good candidates for insect fumigants. However, although they are insecticidal, the mode of action of such natural products is not clear. We studied the insecticidal effect of these compounds as fumigants, and monitored the production of carbon dioxide by the insects as a probe to the understanding of their mode of action. 相似文献13.
灌溉畦长对小麦冠层光能利用特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确灌溉畦长对小麦冠层光能利用特性的影响,以济麦22为供试材料,在改水成数90%灌溉条件下,设置10 m(L10)、20 m(L20)、30 m(L30)、40 m(L40)4个畦长处理,比较分析了不同畦长灌溉处理间小麦开花期土壤含水量、花后叶面积指数、冠层光能利用特性和籽粒产量的差异。结果表明,随畦长的增加,麦田灌溉量、土壤含水量、花后0～28 d叶面积指数、花后14 d冠层光合有效辐射截获率和截获量、冠层光能转化率和利用率、产量和水分利用效率均呈增加趋势,花后14 d冠层光合有效辐射透射率呈下降趋势,L40处理的以上指标与其他处理差异均显著。畦长对小麦耗水量影响不明显。因此,增加灌溉畦长可促进土壤水分贮存、小麦冠层光能吸收、转化和利用,增加产量和水分利用效率;在本试验条件下,40 m畦长灌溉表现最佳。 相似文献
14.
吡蚜酮对水稻褐飞虱取食行为的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
吡蚜酮是防治褐飞虱的推荐替代杀虫剂之一。取食选择性试验表明,0.1g/L吡蚜酮处理和清水处理24h稻株上的平均落虫数分别为(1.6±1.2)头/株和(1.5±0.9)头/株。刺探电位技术监测发现,与清水对照相比,0.1g/L吡蚜酮浸苗处理下褐飞虱的口针刺探频次、韧皮部刺入频次、在韧皮部外部活动的持续时间以及木质部取食行为的持续时间没有显著差异,而褐飞虱的非刺探持续时间显著增加,褐飞虱在韧皮部内摄取汁液被极显著干扰,吡蚜酮处理后4h内褐飞虱成虫在韧皮部取食的总持续时间只有(1.2±0.5)min,而在对照上的总持续时间为(65.1±11.3)min。取食恢复试验表明吡蚜酮对褐飞虱韧皮部取食的抑制作用可逆,但是取食抑制的恢复非常缓慢。经吡蚜酮0.1g/L处理24h再转移至清水处理苗上120h后,韧皮部取食的总持续时间也仅约为10min。研究表明,吡蚜酮对褐飞虱没有驱避性和拒食性,不阻碍褐飞虱口针刺探和木质部取食,但对韧皮部取食具有明显的抑制作用,且这种抑制作用恢复非常缓慢。因此,吡蚜酮防治褐飞虱的持效期较长。 相似文献
15.
During breadmaking, a continuous protein network is formed which confers visco-elasticity to dough. The properties of this protein network are highly dependent on the characteristics of the gluten proteins of the wheat flour. A good quality (highly elastic) gluten network retains the carbon dioxide that is produced by the yeast, giving dough and bread with optimal properties. However, the properties of the gluten proteins can differ substantially between wheat flours and are highly dependent on genetic, environmental and post-harvest conditions. Deficiencies in wheat quality for breadmaking can be overcome by incorporating exogenous components which alter the functionality of the gluten proteins during breadmaking. These include additives (e.g. potassium bromate, iodate, chlorine dioxide and chlorine, azodicarbonamide, ascorbic acid and peroxides) and enzymes affecting protein crosslinking. Transglutaminase, glucose oxidase, hexose oxidase and laccase all promote the formation of covalent bonds between gluten proteins and, hence, can serve as alternatives to chemical bread improvers. 相似文献
16.
小麦专用复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂抗旱机理的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探讨小麦复方抗旱型浸种剂和包衣剂的抗旱机理及给其推广应用提供理论依据,以小麦品种临麦2号为材料,研究了干旱胁迫条件下小麦用复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂及普通包衣剂处理后小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合等生理指标的变化.结果表明,与普通包衣剂处理和对照相比,抗旱型包衣剂处理的小麦种子萌发率、发芽势降低,而抗旱型浸种剂处理的种子萌发率、发芽势升高,两种抗旱型种子处理剂处理下小麦幼苗根数和根长均显著增加.除气孔间隙CO2浓度外,抗旱型浸种剂和抗旱型包衣剂处理的幼苗地上部干重、叶片持水力和MDA含量低于对照和普通包衣剂处理,根干重、根冠比、叶绿素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性均明显高于后二者,其中抗旱型浸种剂处理效果较佳.说明在干旱胁迫下复方抗旱型包衣剂和浸种剂处理可显著增加小麦幼苗根系生长、抗氧化、硝态氮利用和光合性能,浸种剂还可促进种子萌发,从而降低干旱胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,提高小麦抗旱能力;抗旱型浸种剂表现优于包衣剂. 相似文献
17.
用20亿PIB/mL灰茶尺蠖病毒(EgNPV)对成年SD大鼠进行急性经口、经皮毒性试验,对白色家兔进行眼刺激和皮肤刺激试验,对豚鼠进行皮肤致敏试验以及进行小鼠急性致病性试验。结果表明20亿PIB/mL灰茶尺蠖病毒(EgNPV)水剂对SD大鼠的急性经口毒性(其LD50雌雄大鼠均5 000 mg/kg)属于低毒;对SD大鼠的急性经皮毒性(其LD50雌雄大鼠均2 000 mg/kg)属于低毒;对家兔的皮肤无刺激性;对家兔的眼睛也无刺激性:在染毒后24 h内不洗眼情况下,眼刺激积分最高为0;对豚鼠的皮肤致敏率为0,其致敏性分级为Ⅰ级,属弱致敏物;病理组织学检查结果表明,各实验组小鼠内脏组织均未见有病理改变,无急性致病性。 相似文献
18.
几种不同提取方法对小麦叶片总蛋白双向电泳的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索小麦叶片蛋白质提取的最优方法,以普通小麦品种石4185的叶片为材料,研究了三氯乙酸/丙酮法、裂解液法、尿素/硫脲法、KCl-醋酸铵甲醇法等四种不同蛋白质提取方法对小麦叶片蛋白双向电泳图谱的影响.结果表明,三氯乙酸/丙酮法获得的蛋白点形状规则、清晰,且重复性好;裂解液法拖尾现象较轻,但蛋白点数少且欠清晰,重复性也不如前者;尿素/硫脲法的蛋白点数很少,也较为弥散,且有明显的拖尾现象;KCl-醋酸铵甲醇法使大量蛋白丢失,蛋白点数非常少,且上部竖纹干扰较重.因此,三氯乙酸/丙酮法是提取小麦叶片蛋白的较优方法. 相似文献
19.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):487-497
Root growth into deep soil is an important factor for stable production in wheat under drought conditions. Root penetrating capacity (RP) shown by pot experiments with a paraffin-Vaseline layer (PV layer) may be a useful indicator estimating deep rooting ability of wheat genotypes. Previously, we identified genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) with diverse RP by the pot experiments. In this study, we investigated the root distribution of three Ethiopian landraces of durum wheat with high RP, three recent cultivars of durum wheat with low RP and one Japanese cultivar of bread wheat ‘Haruyutaka’ with low RP using: (1) pots with a PV layer, (2) root boxes, (3) artificial field and (4) a normal field to analyze the relationship between RP estimated by pot experiment and root development in the field. In the pot experiments, RP was evaluated by the number of roots penetrating through the PV layer (NRP). In the root-box and field experiments, the root distribution was evaluated by the number of roots on the vertical surface of soil as the root frequency (RF: root number cm-1 soil surface). Ethiopian landraces had a significantly larger NRP than recent cultivars in the pot experiment. The root box and field experiments showed that Ethiopian landraces tended to have a higher RF than recent cultivars in deep soil layer. We concluded that RP estimated by pot experiments with a PV layer is a useful indicator of deep rooting ability under field conditions. 相似文献
20.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), along with light, water and nutrients, represents an essential resource needed for plant growth and reproduction. Projected and recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide may allow breeders and agronomists to begin intra-specific selection for yield traits associated with CO2 sensitivity. However, selection for maximum yield, particularly for cereals, is continuous, and it is possible that modern cereal cultivars are, in fact, the most CO2 sensitive. To test CO2 responsiveness, we examined two contrasting spring wheat cultivars, Marquis and Oxen, over a 3-year period under field conditions at two different planting densities. Marquis was introduced into North America in 1903, and is taller, with greater tiller plasticity (i.e. greater variation in tiller production), smaller seed and lower harvest index relative to modern wheat cultivars. Oxen, a modern cultivar released in 1996, produces fewer tillers, and has larger seed with a higher harvest index relative to Marquis. As would be expected, under ambient CO2 conditions, Oxen produced more seed than Marquis for all 3 years. However, at a CO2 concentration 250 μmol mol−1 above ambient (a concentration anticipated in the next 50–100 years), no differences were observed in seed yield between the two cultivars, and vegetative above ground biomass (e.g. tillers), was significantly higher for Marquis relative to Oxen in 2006 and 2007. Significant CO2 by cultivar interaction was observed as a result of greater tiller production and an increased percentage of tillers bearing panicles for the Marquis relative to the Oxen cultivar at elevated carbon dioxide. This greater increase in tiller bearing panicles also resulted in a significant increase in harvest index for the Marquis cultivar as CO2 increased. While preliminary, these results intimate that newer cultivars are not intrinsically more CO2 responsive; rather, that yield sensitivity may be dependent on the availability of reproductive sinks to assimilate additional carbon. Overall, understanding and characterizing vegetative vs. reproductive sink capacity between cultivars may offer new opportunities for breeders to exploit and adapt varieties of wheat to projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. 相似文献