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1.
选取影响准东地区土壤风蚀的4个敏感性因子(风场强度、植被覆盖度、地形起伏度、土壤干燥度),结合GIS空间分析技术,将4个因子的敏感性划分为极敏感、高度敏感、中度敏感、低度敏感和不敏感5个等级,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定敏感性因子权重,最后确定准东地区土壤风蚀综合敏感性分级及其分布规律,并对准东地区进行区划研究。结果表明:准东地区土壤风蚀敏感性在空间分布上存在显著差异,总体呈现为北高南低,西高东低的分布态势;极敏感区、高度敏感区、中度敏感区、低度敏感区和不敏感区分别占准东地区总面积的15.27%、17.20%、22.66%、19.49%和25.38%。通过对准东地区土壤风蚀敏感性分级研究,并提出其分区保护与建设措施,以期为准东地区经济发展与环境保护提供科学参考。 相似文献
2.
土壤风蚀量随残茬高度的变化规律研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,直接在农田上观测不同残茬高度条件下的农田风蚀土壤损失情况。试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且输沙量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动。保护性耕作可明显地提高启沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右。 相似文献
3.
The rapid desertification of grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China poses a significant ecological threaten to northern China. The combined effects of anthropogenic disturbances(e.g., overgrazing) and biophysical processes(e.g., soil erosion) have led to vegetation degradation and the consequent acceleration of regional desertification. Thus, mitigating the accelerated wind erosion, a cause and effect of grassland desertification, is critical for the sustainable management of grasslands. Here, a combination of mobile wind tunnel experiments and wind erosion model was used to explore the effects of different levels of vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed on wind erosion at different positions of a slope inside an enclosed desert steppe in the Xilamuren grassland of Inner Mongolia. The results indicated a significant spatial difference in wind erosion intensities depending on the vegetation coverage, with a strong decreasing trend from the top to the base of the slope. Increasing vegetation coverage resulted in a rapid decrease in wind erosion as explained by a power function correlation. Vegetation coverage was found to be a dominant control on wind erosion by increasing the surface roughness and by lowering the threshold wind velocity for erosion. The critical vegetation coverage required for effectively controlling wind erosion was found to be higher than 60%. Further, the wind erosion rates were negatively correlated with surface soil moisture and the mass flux in aeolian sand transport increased with increasing wind speed. We developed a mathematical model of wind erosion based on the results of an orthogonal array design. The results from the model simulation indicated that the standardized regression coefficients of the main effects of the three factors(vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed) on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport were in the following order: wind speedvegetation coveragesoil moisture. These three factors had different levels of interactive effects on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport. Our results will improve the understanding of the interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in desert steppes, and will be helpful for the design of desertification control programs in future. 相似文献
4.
残茬高度对土壤风蚀量影响的试验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,观测不同残茬高度条件下农田土壤的风蚀情况.试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且风蚀量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动.保护性耕作可明显地提高起沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右. 相似文献
5.
内蒙古是我国风力侵蚀较为严重的地区之一,同时也是我国土地利用方式剧烈变化的地区之一。依据两期土地利用数据以及相应年代的土壤风力侵蚀数据,研究了20世纪90年代内蒙古自治区土地利用和风力侵蚀的静、动态格局。根据土地利用和风力侵蚀的空间分布及动态变化特点,设计了内蒙古土地利用—风力侵蚀动态区划,基于该区划详细讨论了内蒙古不同地区占主导地位的土地利用动态与风力侵蚀动态,由此揭示了两者之间存在的驱动——被驱动关系。研究发现,在过去10年里,内蒙古土地利用和风力侵蚀的基本格局没有太大变化,但风力侵蚀在总体上是增强了,而土地利用的变化主要反映为草地的退化和耕地的扩张。土地利用动态与风力侵蚀动态有着良好的时空对应关系草地的退化与耕地的扩张导致了显著的风力侵蚀增强,而草地的改善以及耕地的收缩对风力侵蚀的影响不是很大,这同时也表明了土地利用动态对风力侵蚀动态正、反向驱动力的不平衡性。 相似文献
6.
内蒙古农牧交错带中部地区荒漠化与土地利用之关系分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用RS与GIS技术手段分析了内蒙古农牧交错带中部地区荒漠化情况,得 出结论如下:①研究区土地退化主要以草地、耕地退化为主。其中,草地退化严重。在2000 年,草地退化面积达3556516.9hm2,占总草地面积的75.3%;耕地退化面积为1905119.6 hm2,占总耕地面积的69.2%。②研究区土地荒漠化面积达5982412.2hm2,占研究区面积的 71.0%。其中风蚀荒漠化面积最大,占研究区总面积的38.6%;水蚀荒漠化面积次之,面积 2491597hm2,占研究区总面积的29.6%;盐渍化面积最小,为239296hm2,只占2.8%。 相似文献
7.
Ali Mamtimin 《干旱区科学》2011,3(1):9-14
The development and progress of soil wind erosion are influenced by the factors of climate,terrain,soil and vegetation,etc. This paper,taking Tazhong region,a town in the centre of the Taklimakan Desert,as an example and using comparative and quantitative methods,discussed the effects of climate,surface roughness(including vegetation cover) and surface soil properties on soil wind erosion. The results showed that the climate factor index C of annual wind erosion is 28.3,while the maximum of C is 13.9 in summer and it is only 0.7 in winter. The value of C has a very good exponential relationship with the wind speed. In Tazhong region,the surface roughness height is relatively small with a mean of 6.32 × 10-5 m,which is in favor of soil wind erosion. The wind erosion is further enhanced by its sandy soil types,soil particle size,lacking of vegetation and low soil moisture content. The present situation of soil wind erosion is the result of concurrent effects of climate,vegetation and surface soil properties. 相似文献
8.
The study of wind erosion processes is of great importance to the prevention and control of soil wind erosion. In this study, three structurally intact soil samples were collected from the steppe of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China and placed in a wind tunnel where they were subjected to six different wind speeds (10, 15, 17, 20, 25, and 30 m/s) to simulate wind erosion in the wind tunnel. After each test, the soil surfaces were scanned by a 3D laser scanner to create a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and the changes in wind erosion mass and microtopography were quantified. Based on this, we performed further analysis of wind erosion-controlling factors. The study results showed that the average measurement error between the 3D laser scanning method and weighing method was 6.23% for the three undisturbed soil samples. With increasing wind speed, the microtopography on the undisturbed soil surface first became smooth, and then fine stripes and pits gradually developed. In the initial stage of wind erosion processes, the ability of the soil to resist wind erosion was mainly affected by the soil hardness. In the late stage of wind erosion processes, the degree of soil erosion was mainly affected by soil organic matter and CaCO3 content. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for soil wind erosion control and promote the application of 3D laser scanners in wind erosion monitoring. 相似文献
9.
我国北方强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国北方强风蚀区是形成沙尘天气的主要区域,本文依据各风蚀区风速的大小、走向,自然地理条件,沙化土地现状及分布特点,将我国北方沙区分为古尔班通古特沙漠西北缘、天山东段—塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘、柴达木盆地西段、河西走廊—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯—乌拉特、浑善达克沙地东北部、内蒙古东部七个强风蚀区。同时从沙化土地、降水量、风速及大风日数、沙尘天气的发生等方面对强风蚀区空间分布格局及特征进行了分析。 相似文献
10.
内蒙古半干旱地区土壤侵蚀过程的研究——以内蒙古准格尔旗为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文探讨了在特定半干旱条件下土壤侵蚀过程的特点,即以不同时空尺度相交织的“风、水两相土壤侵蚀”过程的机制;编绘了研究区典型地段风、水两相土壤侵蚀现状图;分析和讨论了两相侵蚀过程在内蒙古半干旱地区国土整治,特别是水土保持工程中的理论和实践意义。 相似文献
11.
土地利用类型变化对沙漠化过程的影响——以科尔沁沙地为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以内蒙古奈曼旗1975,1985,1995年和2005年4期遥感影像为信息源,在3s技术支持下,对不同时期土地利用及各类型沙地的动态变化进行分析.结果表明:耕地和沙地是土地利用的主要类型,分别占总面积的40.33%,40.14%.近30年来,林地、耕地的增加幅度最大,分别由22827 hm2,207493 hm2增加到121375 hm2,331442 hm2.草地减少幅度最大,南120 75l hm2减少到13 299hm2,主要土地利用转移方向为:草地转化为耕地,沙地转化为耕地,耕地转化为林地.从沙地的空间格局特点来看,沙地占研究区总面积的40%以上,其中以固定沙地的分布为主,在50%以上.从变化趋势来看,沙地面积呈下降趋势,沙漠化程度指数由O.24下降到0.19,沙漠化过程正处于全面逆转期.沙漠化的逆转主要表现为沙地向耕地和林地的转化,沙漠化的发展主要表现为草地和耕地向沙地的转化. 相似文献
12.
Interactions between wind and water erosion change sediment yield and particle distribution under simulated conditions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
TUO Dengfeng 《干旱区科学》2015,7(5):590-598
Wind and water erosion are among the most important causes of soil loss, and understanding their interactions is important for estimating soil quality and environmental impacts in regions where both types of erosion occur. We used a wind tunnel and simulated rainfall to study sediment yield, particle-size distribution and the fractal dimension of the sediment particles under wind and water erosion. The experiment was conducted with wind erosion firstly and water erosion thereafter, under three wind speeds(0, 11 and 14 m/s) and three rainfall intensities(60, 80 and 100 mm/h). The results showed that the sediment yield was positively correlated with wind speed and rainfall intensity(P<0.01). Wind erosion exacerbated water erosion and increased sediment yield by 7.25%–38.97% relative to the absence of wind erosion. Wind erosion changed the sediment particle distribution by influencing the micro-topography of the sloping land surface. The clay, silt and sand contents of eroded sediment were also positively correlated with wind speed and rainfall intensity(P<0.01). Wind erosion increased clay and silt contents by 0.35%–19.60% and 5.80%–21.10%, respectively, and decreased sand content by 2.40%–8.33%, relative to the absence of wind erosion. The effect of wind erosion on sediment particles became weaker with increasing rainfall intensities, which was consistent with the variation in sediment yield. However, particle-size distribution was not closely correlated with sediment yield(P>0.05). The fractal dimension of the sediment particles was significantly different under different intensities of water erosion(P<0.05), but no significant difference was found under wind and water erosion. The findings reported in this study implicated that both water and wind erosion should be controlled to reduce their intensifying effects, and the controlling of wind erosion could significantly reduce water erosion in this wind-water erosion crisscross region. 相似文献
13.
14.
基于GIS的秦巴山区土壤侵蚀空间特征分析——以陕西省宁强县为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
兰敏 《干旱地区农业研究》2012,30(2):196-200
为了给秦巴山区宁强县的水土保持与土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据,本研究利用遥感影像解译和GIS技术,得到研究区土地利用现状、植被覆盖和数字高程模型(DEM)等数据,并利用USLE模型计算研究区的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明,研究区的土壤侵蚀面积轻度占47.015%,中度占33.36%,强度占12.53%。土壤侵蚀严重的地区主要分布在研究区的东北部,并且也是灌溉水田、水浇地、旱地和菜地分布的区域;本研究还运用GIS和遥感技术,选用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)成功估算了宁强县的侵蚀模数及各种侵蚀等级面积,研究结果与二调结果相符合。 相似文献
15.
为了准确评估土壤水分盈亏状况,在墒情评估中引入土壤有效水下限概念,提出单站单标准的墒情评估体系。结果表明:内蒙古自动土壤水分观测站凋萎湿度和田间持水量整体偏高,区域主要集中在东部区、河套地区和阴山山脉,相对偏低区域主要在锡林郭勒盟和西部区,偏低区土地类型以草原和荒漠区为主。整体来看,相对凋萎湿度东部高于中西部,东部偏南最高;相对凋萎湿度(6.57%～55.15%)波动较大,在田间持水量至相对凋萎湿度之间根据等间距划分得到二类、三类墒情上限范围为68.86%～85.05%和37.71%～70.07%,地区间墒情标准等级差异较大,二、三类墒情从地理位置来看,东部区中部区西部区锡林郭勒盟草原区,从土地利用分区来看,农林区域要明显大于草原区,其中内蒙古中西部的乌兰察布—土默川农业区、阴山丘陵农业区、河套灌区要明显高于周边草原区。 相似文献
16.
气候变化对内蒙古东北部森林草原火灾的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近50年来,内蒙古东北部的年平均气温呈直线上升的趋势,年增温率为0.375℃/10a;多年平均降水量为399.5mm,最大值出现在1998年,增加率达21.27mm/10a;多年平均风速呈减小趋势,减小率为（0.20m/s）/10a。通过气侯变化状况与历史火灾次数的统计分析得出,在气候变暖的背景下,内蒙古东北部森林草原... 相似文献
17.
内蒙古西部是东亚及全球重要沙尘源, 为揭示2000年以来该区沙尘活动空间分布特征及其成因,对区域地貌类型,地表沉积物组分,沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘日数,以及大风日数等数据进行统计分析。结果表明：富粉沙、黏土组分的干盐湖与分布众多盐湖的边缘沙漠及沙地为高频沙尘活动区,如额济纳、拐子湖、腾格里沙漠南缘、毛乌素沙地西北边缘等区域;粉沙、黏土组分含量高, 而地表水分含量或植被盖度较高的地表,沙尘活动的频次较低,如河套灌区及鄂尔多斯高原东南边缘高盖度植被分布区; 地表粉尘含量较高, 且有一定盖度植被覆盖的地表,在较强风力作用下,沙尘事件也频发,如白云鄂博、乌拉特后旗等区域。综上所述,受区域大地貌背景的影响,地表沉积物机械组分、水分、植被以及风力等自然因素的空间差异,导致该区域沙尘活动发生频次具有显著的空间变异性。 相似文献
18.
荒漠草原土壤健康评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
文中以西鄂尔多斯自然保护区东部的荒漠草原棕钙土为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析,从与土壤健康有关的物理、化学、生物学指标中筛选出具有代表性和敏感性的评价指标,建立了土壤健康评价体系,并采用模糊综合评价法对不同退化程度荒漠草原土壤的健康状况进行了分析,主要研究结果如下:1)根据植被数据的分析结果把研究区划分为未退化、轻度、中度、重度四个退化等级;2)通过主成分分析法筛选出对放牧较敏感的8个荒漠草原土壤健康评价的指标;3)用模糊数学方法对荒漠草原土壤健康状况进行综合评价,未退化区土壤差异性健康综合系数为1,轻度退化区为0.9079,中度退化区为0.6789,重度退化区为0.5949。健康土壤评价系数为(l-0.90),亚健康土壤评价系数为(0.89-0.65)和不健康土壤评价系数为(0.64-0)。未退化区、轻度退化区土壤为健康土壤,中度退化区土壤为亚健康土壤,而重度退化区土壤为不健康土壤。 相似文献
19.
KAMALI Nadia 《干旱区科学》2020,12(4):690-700
Wind erosion is one of the main drivers of soil loss in the world, which affects 20 million hectare land of Iran. Besides the soil loss, wind erosion contributes to carbon dioxide emission from the soil into the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate monthly and seasonal changes in carbon dioxide emission in four classes i.e., low, moderate, severe and very severe soil erosion and the interactions between air temperature and wind erosion in relation to carbon dioxide emission in the Bordekhun region, Boushehr Province, southwestern Iran. Wind erosion intensities were evaluated using IRIFR (Iran Research Institute of Forests and Ranges) model, in which four classes of soil erosion were identified. Afterward, we measured carbon dioxide emission on a monthly basis and for a period of one year using alkali traps in each class of soil erosion. Data on emission levels and erosion classes were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with twelve replications in each treatment. The highest rate of emission occurred in July (4.490 g CO2/(m2?d)) in severely eroded lands and the least in January (0.086 g CO2/(m2?d)) in low eroded lands. Therefore, it is resulted that increasing erosion intensity causes an increase in soil carbon dioxide emission rate at severe erosion intensity. Moreover, the maximum amount of carbon dioxide emission happened in summer and the minimum in winter. Soil carbon dioxide emission was just related to air temperature without any relationship with soil moisture content; since changes of soil moisture in the wet and dry seasons were not high enough to affect soil microorganisms and respiration in dry areas. In general, there are complex and multiple relationships between various factors associated with soil erosion and carbon dioxide emission. Global warming causes events that lead to more erosion, which in turn increases greenhouse gas emission, and rising greenhouse gases will cause more global warming. The result of this study demonstrated the synergistic effect of wind erosion and global climate warming towards carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere. 相似文献
20.
农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度关系的风洞模拟实验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以土壤风蚀严重的河北坝上康保县为研究区,采用风洞试验的技术手段,对农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度的关系进行研究。结果表明,农田留茬与翻耕、农田垄向及农作物残茬高度的差异对土壤风蚀强度有较大影响。垄向平行主风向的风蚀强度大于垄向垂直主风向的风蚀强度。风速越大,垄向不同造成的风蚀强度的差异越大,尤其是当风速≥15m/s时,风蚀强度的差异表现得较为明显;风蚀强度与留茬高度呈负相关;翻耕地的风蚀强度大于任何留茬地的风蚀强度;风蚀强度与风速变化呈现出指数函数变化规律。因此,农田垄向垂直主风向、作物收获后不进行翻耕、留有适度茬高、优先种植残茬硬度较大的莜麦作物,这样的耕作方式可有效降低土壤风蚀强度,缓解河北坝上地区农田土壤风蚀状况。 相似文献