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1.
2006年4月4～6日河西走廊沙尘暴天气的成因分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
利用实时气象资料,对2006年4月4~6日发生在河西走廊的沙尘暴天气进行分析。结果表明:中尺度地面切变线和蒙古气旋及其冷锋是河西走廊发生沙尘暴天气的地面影响系统,高空急流在沙尘暴天气的发生过程中也发挥了重要作用;沙尘暴发生区域在200 hPa高空急流出口区右侧、500 hPa正涡度中心下风方的正涡度平流中心附近。在沙尘暴发生时,沙尘暴发生区域的大气处于高能量、不稳定状态。  相似文献   

2.
内蒙古一次特强沙尘暴大风成因分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
2010年3月19日,内蒙古中西部地区发生了近几年最严重的沙尘暴天气。沙尘暴天气由蒙古国西部起沙,在内蒙古中西部地区加强,随着天气系统的演变,地面形成强沙尘暴或特强沙尘暴天气。利用常规观测资料及数值预报产品资料对3.19沙尘暴天气过程进行诊断分析,得到以下结论:3.19强沙尘暴、特强沙尘暴天气过程,是近地面前期强烈增温,导致地表热力不稳定,由蒙古气旋产生上升运动起沙。高空西北气流上,斜压扰动不稳定发展,高空冷平流激发了垂直于地面的锋面次级环流,地面气旋转为强冷锋过境,内蒙古中西部地区产生强沙尘暴天气。高空急流对沙尘暴天气的产生具有重要作用。高空急流出口区右侧,下沉气流落于地面冷锋后,引起大风,加强了沙尘暴天气。在冷锋移动过程中,冷高压强度少变,处于其前沿锋区内的山西、河北、河南、山东等地产生了扬沙或沙尘暴天气。  相似文献   

3.
利用常规观测资料和数值模拟方法对影响2001年4月6-8日强沙尘暴天气发生的若干天气因素进行了研究。结果表明在本次“锋面气旋型”沙尘暴过程中,气旋冷锋是引发强沙尘暴的主要系统,冷锋过境对沙尘暴的触发作用远强于气旋发展。冷锋的动力学特点决定其常与强沙尘暴伴随。影响沙尘暴的诸多天气因素中,影响地面大风形成的有效动量下传机制为高空急流下沉支使高空动量下传至对流层中层,其下方形成的深厚混合层使这一动量继续下传到地面。“混合层”从本质上反映了有利沙尘暴形成的大气层结特征,深厚混合层的是否形成很大程度决定着沙尘暴的强度。本次过程深厚混合层的形成是长时间地面加热的结果,这也是特强沙尘暴仅发生在内蒙古中部偏北地区而不是下垫面条件更为适宜的内蒙古西部的原因。混合层空气的平流对内蒙古中部偏北地区深厚混合层的形成具有相当的贡献,其影响程度与地形分布密切相关。地面热通量试验表明地面加热对冷锋过境时上升运动的强度、深厚混合层形成、高空动量下传等具有重要影响,并因此影响沙尘暴强度。  相似文献   

4.
利用MM5模式对2001年4月8～9日的双急流型沙尘暴天气过程进行了数值模拟和诊断分析,结果发现:此次沙尘暴过程中有强的西风动量下传,动量下传主要由北支急流完成;在沙尘暴发展旺盛阶段,南、北两支急流低层的南风和北风分量之间产生的辐散促进了高层动量下传,而高层南北两支急流南风分量的加强和贯通引导南方暖湿气流向北输送,抑制了沙尘暴的发展.南北两支急流的共同作用是造成该次沙尘暴的重要原因,北支急流产生了直接的作用,南支急流有间接的影响.250 hPa两支MPV1正的大值位涡区与南、北两支急流有很好的对应关系,在沙尘暴区域前部,对流层高层存在对称不稳定.  相似文献   

5.
利用常规观测资料、地面气象自动站资料和数值预报产品T213资料,对2008年4月17日下午准噶尔盆地南缘石河子垦区出现的沙尘暴天气过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明:西西伯利亚冷槽的斜压性结构使其强烈发展,为沙尘暴的发生提供了动力条件。而西西伯利亚冷槽的垂直结构强迫出一支下沉气流,为沙尘暴的发生提供了动量下传机制。沙尘暴是高空急流及高空锋区,在中、高纬地区共同作用的结果。沙尘暴爆发过程中,动力场、热力场的交换非常明显。沙尘暴发生在地面冷锋后部、冷高压前部、3h变压、变温最大处和气流辐散的地区。  相似文献   

6.
河西走廊一次强沙尘暴动力机制分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
2011年甘肃省沙尘暴次数较常年明显偏少,但在4月28日河西走廊出现了范围大、强度强的沙尘暴过程,值得关注的是,甘肃省沙尘暴第一高发地民勤却仅出现扬沙。文中利用常规观测、加密自动站及T639数值预报初始场资料,对这次强沙尘暴天气过程进行分析。结果表明:前期气温偏高、降水稀少是大风、沙尘天气出现的气候背景;500hPa斜压槽强烈发展,带动地面冷高压前部锋面气旋强烈发展是引发沙尘暴的动力条件;200hPa高空急流位置及其调整与沙尘暴天气有直接关系;三小时变压中心的移动方向指示了沙尘暴的移动发展方向。通过对Q矢量散度和螺旋度的诊断,发现:冷锋后Q矢量散度>0,冷空气强烈下沉,将高空动量下传到地面,锋前Q矢量散度<0,对应上升运动,使地面锋面后部出现强烈西北大风,造成沙尘暴。沙尘暴一般出现在螺旋度零线附近等值线密集处,螺旋度负中心强度与沙尘暴强度正相关。另外,通过中尺度资料的分析,能更精准的确定沙尘暴落区,提高短时临近预警的准确率。  相似文献   

7.
用NCEP(1°×1°)资料和GRAPES_SDM沙尘暴模式,对发生在中国北方的"20060409-11"强沙尘暴天气过程进行了数值模拟,并利用位涡理论对此次沙尘暴过程的发生机制进行了研究。结果表明:⑴强斜压槽触发了此次强沙尘暴天气,稳定的高原高压脊对低压槽的阻滞作用是沙尘暴能够维持较长时间的原因;⑵GRAPES_SDM成功模拟出此次强沙尘暴过程天气系统和发生区域,表明它是研究沙尘暴天气的有利工具;⑶此次沙尘暴过程发生的机制是:高层位涡梯度增大,使位涡锋生增强,导致高空急流产生;高空急流通过地面沙尘区域时,导致了地面风速增强而产生沙尘暴。  相似文献   

8.
甘肃临夏地区一次扬沙与强寒潮天气诊断分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
利用基本气象资料和欧洲中心数值预报产品资料,对发生在2006年4月10～11日临夏地区的一次扬沙和强寒潮天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:临夏地区扬沙伴有强寒潮天气发生,在大气环流调整过程中,冷空气活动是造成扬沙和强寒潮灾害的主要动力,高空急流是大风的动量来源,蒙古气旋和冷锋是触发这次扬沙、强寒潮天气的重要天气系统.高、低空冷、暖平流的空间配置使降温更为剧烈.同时,涡度和散度对扬沙和寒潮的落区有很好的指示作用.在受灾区,对流层和近地面层为不稳定层结,从而引起强烈垂直上升运动,导致低层强烈辐合,出现了10～11日的灾害性天气过程.  相似文献   

9.
应用常规观测资料、灾情资料、NCAR/NCEP再分析资料(2.5×2.5经纬度),对近40年发生在内蒙古地区(草原牧区为主)的21次较强暴风雪天气过程,就暴风雪天气进行了天气学分型和成因分析。同时,针对内蒙古暴风雪天气主要影响系统-蒙古冷涡的结构、发展演变特征进行了分析研究。分析研究表明:强冷空气活动是暴风雪天气形成的主要原因;强盛的高空急流及与之配合的高空辐散区的强迫作用是地面蒙古气旋强烈发展和强风形成的动力条件;远程的较好的水汽输送配合对流层低层冷涡辐合对较强的降雪至关重要;对流层高层辐散强迫、中低层温度差异、中层涡度平流作用对蒙古气旋的爆发性发展起到关键作用;对流层低层偏南暖湿急流与偏西干冷急流在蒙古气旋控制区交汇是暴风雪天气发生的重要特征;对流层中层强上升运动配合对流层低层强风区的结构特征对确定暴风雪天气落区有很好的指示意义。  相似文献   

10.
利用1979—2011年英国东英吉利大学气候研究中心（CRU）整理的地面月降水资料和日本气象厅（JMA）加工的全球高空等压面月平均气象场再分析资料,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）,确定了川渝地区典型干旱年,讨论了川渝地区夏季典型干旱的气候特征及其大气环流特征。结果表明：川渝地区夏季典型干旱年具有气温高、降水少的气候特征;东亚中纬度盛行纬向气流,西风锋区偏北,冷空气多偏北东移,川渝地区及其我国北方大部分地区受大陆带状高压控制。500 hPa带状高压与100 hPa南亚高压中心位置基本一致,且500 hPa高压中心与温度场的暖中心相对应,是持续性川渝夏季干旱具有近似正压结构的典型环流特征;同时川渝地区夏季干旱年对流层低层从云贵高原到四川盆地的西南气流明显偏弱,风场距平合成表明,云贵高原到川渝地区为东北距平风,距平风场上华南地区为明显的气旋式环流;川渝地区夏季典型干旱年整层西南气流水汽输送与常年比较明显偏小。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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