首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) may be subclinical or difficult to detect in dilute urine as sediment abnormalities may not be observed. In our laboratory, bacterial culture is automatically performed (reflex culture) on samples with urine specific gravity (USG)≤1.013 to increase the likelihood of detecting infection. The value of routine culture of dilute urine, however, has not been fully assessed. Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of positive bacterial cultures and analyze the diagnostic utility and cost‐effectiveness of culture compared with routine sediment examination for detecting UTI in dilute urine specimens from dogs. Methods: Urinalysis and concurrent aerobic bacterial culture results were obtained from the electronic medical record system at the University of California–Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for samples with USG≤1.013 analyzed from July 1998 through January 2005. Urine collection method, presence of leukocytes and bacteria, bacterial culture results, and clinical diagnosis were recorded. Cost‐effectiveness of reflex culture, based on low USG as the sole criterion, was evaluated. Results: Of 1264 urine specimens, 106 (8.4%) had positive bacterial cultures. Using culture as the gold standard, sediment evaluation had a diagnostic sensitivity of 58.5% and specificity of 98.3% (diagnostic accuracy 94.9%). An additional cost of $60 per patient was incurred, leading to average annual costs of $11,668 for reflex bacterial cultures of all samples with low USG, regardless of collection method. Within our study population, 10 urine samples needed to be cultured for each true positive result. Conclusions: The sensitivity of urine sediment evaluation is low for UTI in dilute urine samples; however, reflex bacterial culture does not appear to be cost‐effective in dogs with USG≤1.013 in the absence of active urine sediment or high clinical suspicion for UTI.  相似文献   

2.
BackgroundUrinalysis (UA) is often used to screen for bacterial cystitis, regardless of sediment results, and followed up by quantitative urine culture (UC) for definitive diagnosis.ObjectivesDetermine prevalence of positive UCs in dogs with inactive urine sediments on routine UA.AnimalsA total of 1049 urine samples with inactive urine sediments and UCs collected from dogs presented to a veterinary specialty hospital between January 2018 and February 2020.MethodsRetrospective study of dogs with an inactive urine sediment on routine UA and follow‐up UCs. Signalment, UA findings, proteinuria, and UC results were recorded. Associations among these findings were assessed using multivariate logistic regression carried out using a backward stepwise method.ResultsOverall prevalence of positive UC was 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4‐4.8). Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated bacteria. Only naturally voided samples were associated with increased prevalence of positive culture when compared to collection by cystocentesis or a non‐specified method. No statistically significant association with culture positivity was found for urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio, urine specific gravity, urine pH, breed, age, or sex.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceBased on the low prevalence (3.4%) of positive culture in urine samples from dogs with inactive sediment on routine UA and the relatively high cost of UC and sensitivity, cost‐benefit analysis including clinical suspicion of lower urinary tract disease should inform testing decisions, rather than routinely performing cultures on urine samples without active sediments.  相似文献   

3.
A study was conducted to evaluate the safety of a commercial formulation of moxidectin sustained-release injectable for dogs (ProHeart 6, Fort Dodge Animal Health) administered as a single subcutaneous dose to 10-week-old puppies. Twelve male and 12 female purpose-bred beagles 10 weeks of age were blocked by weight within gender and randomly allocated to three treatment groups. Puppies in two groups were treated with moxidectin sustained-release injectable for dogs at three or five times the labeled dose rate of 0.17 mg moxidectin/kg. The third group was treated with saline solution as controls. Physical and neurologic status, hematologic parameters, clinical chemistries, urine samples, body weight, and food consumption were evaluated before and up to 12 weeks after treatment. When compared to controls, mild depression of erythropoiesis, characterized by reduced hemoglobin, reticulocytes, erythrocytes, and hematocrit, was noted in puppies treated with five times the label dose of moxidectin sustained-release injectable. Values for these parameters remained within normal ranges and increased during the study, but at a reduced rate relative to saline-treated controls. Other parameters evaluated remained within normal limits for all treatment groups. Based on results of this study, the no observed adverse effect level for moxidectin sustained-release injectable (ProHeart 6) treatment in 10-week-old puppies was determined to be three times the recommended rate.  相似文献   

4.
To evaluate indices of renal function in healthy, growing Beagle puppies from 9 to 27 weeks of age and to determine whether indices change with age during this period. Animals-6 healthy Beagle puppies. PROCEDURE: Urine collections were performed at 2-week intervals in puppies 9 to 27 weeks old. Daily excretion of urinary creatinine, protein, sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, and calcium were determined, as were quantitative urinalyses including endogenous creatinine clearance, urine protein-to-creatinine ratios (UPr/C), and fractional clearances of sodium (FNa), potassium (FK), chloride (FCI), calcium (FCa), and phosphorus (FP). RESULTS: Significant differences among age groups were detected for endogenous creatinine clearance, and daily urinary protein, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus excretion. Significant differences also existed among age groups for UPr/C, FNa, FK, FCI and FP. Age-related effects fit a linear regression model for FNa, UPr/C, daily phosphorus excretion, and daily protein excretion. Quadratic regression models were judged most appropriate for endogenous creatinine clearance, FK, daily chloride excretion, and daily potassium excretion. Endogenous creatinine clearance measurements higher than adult reference ranges were observed from 9 to 21 weeks of age. The FNa, FK, FCI, FCa, and FP were slightly higher than those reported for adult dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Selected results of quantitative urinalyses in healthy 9- to 27-week-old Beagle puppies differ with age and differ from those measured in adult dogs. Diagnostic measurements performed in puppies of this age range should be compared with age-matched results when possible.  相似文献   

5.
The results of vaccinating two groups of puppies with commercial vaccines, both of which claimed to provide adequate protection with a final vaccination at 10 weeks of age, were compared. Groups of 19 and 20 puppies with similar titres of maternally derived antibodies against canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) at four weeks of age were vaccinated at six and 10 weeks of age and their responses to each vaccination were measured by comparing the titres against cpv, cdv and cav-2 in the serum samples taken immediately before the vaccination and four weeks later. After the vaccination at six weeks of age, all 19 of the puppies in group 1 had responded to cpv and cdv, and 14 had responded to cav-2; in group 2, 17 of the 20 had responded to cpv, 19 to cdv and 15 to cav-2. In both groups the puppies that did not respond to the first vaccination had responded serologically to cpv, cdv and cav-2 at 10 weeks of age.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed on the calcaneus (CAL) and accessory carpal bone (ACB) of early-age neutered (n = 11) and sham-operated puppies (n = 10) to investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) over time. Prepubertal ovariohysterectomy and sham surgery were performed at 10 weeks, while BMD and BMC were measured at 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age. BMD and BMC of CAL and ACB of ovariohysterectomised puppies were found to be higher. The differences between the groups were statistically unimportant; however, the fourth measurement of the ACB showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference. Sexually intact puppies weighed less than gonadectomised puppies in all measurements. Because of the positive correlations between body weight and bone mineral density, BMD and BMC of early-age neutered puppies were found to be higher. These results suggest that BMD and BMC are not affected by prepubertal ovariohysterectomy until six months of age in mixed-breed puppies.  相似文献   

7.
Aiming at determining the prevalence and the risk factors associated to astrovirus infection in puppy, fecal samples were collected in 316 puppies (age from 5 to 14 weeks of age) from 33 French breeding kennels. Data were registered for each puppy, including age, breed, gender, origin of the dog, and feces quality. The samples were tested by specific RT-PCR for the presence of canine astrovirus. Astroviruses were identified in 20.9% (66/316) of the puppies and in 42% (14/33) of the breeding kennels. Young puppies (i.e. <7 weeks of age) and puppies from large breeding kennels were more likely to be infected by the astrovirus. No association between the quality of feces and astrovirus infection could be determined in this survey.  相似文献   

8.
The aim of this paper is to report serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) concentrations in the progeny of a pair of English setters. These dogs had a history of producing puppies with a high prevalence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) secondary to either congenital deficiency or early onset juvenile atrophy of pancreatic acinar cells. Serum TLI concentrations in the clinically healthy parents of the puppies with EPI were normal, as were serum TLI concentrations in the unaffected puppies. However, serum TLI concentrations were extremely low (less than 1 μg/litre) in three puppies at eight to 12 weeks of age when clinical signs of EPI were present. In addition, one of the three puppies, with low TLI concentrations at eight weeks of age, had serum TLI concentrations of 0.7 μg/litre at two weeks of age even though no clinical signs were evident at that time. These results suggest that serum TLI assay may be a useful diagnostic aid in identifying puppies at a very early age with this unusual form of EPI.  相似文献   

9.
Oxalate nephrosis is a prevalent renal disease in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) of the Mount Lofty Ranges population in South Australia. The symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) assay is widely used in companion animals to diagnose renal disease, particularly in the early stages. This study aimed to determine: (1) reference intervals for SDMA in koalas and (2) SDMA values of koalas with oxalate nephrosis. Blood samples were collected from 41 Mount Lofty Ranges koalas euthanased on welfare grounds. Koalas were necropsied and, based on renal histopathology, were classified as unaffected (n = 22) or affected (n = 19) by oxalate nephrosis. Serum or plasma samples were analysed for creatinine, urea and SDMA and urine samples for urine specific gravity (USG). The reference interval for SDMA in unaffected koalas was 2.4–22.9 μg/dL. In koalas with oxalate nephrosis, SDMA was elevated in 74% of cases above the upper limit of the confidence interval. SDMA was elevated in three affected koalas with normal creatinine values. A positive correlation was found between SDMA and creatinine (R = 0.775, P < 0.001) and SDMA and urea (R = 0.580, P < 0.001) and a negative correlation between SDMA and USG (R = −0.495, P = 0.027). In conclusion, SDMA correlates well with other commonly used tests of renal function in koalas and should be included as part of the standard diagnostic process to increase the accuracy of oxalate nephrosis diagnosis in koalas.  相似文献   

10.
Measuring urine specific gravity (USG) is an important component of urine analysis as it evaluates renal concentrating capability. The objective of this study was to quantify the difference in USG values between a hand-held optical analogue refractometer and a cat-specific digital instrument. Urine samples from 55 cats were assessed. There was a statistically significant difference between these two refractometers (P<0.001), with the optical refractometer (mean USG=1.031) consistently reading higher than the digital refractometer (mean USG=1.027). Results for a random subset of the samples (n=10) were compared with urine osmolality and both the optical and digital instruments demonstrated excellent correlation. While an accurate USG reading is important, it is unlikely that the statistical significance between the two instruments is clinically significant and, therefore, unlikely to result in a change in patient evaluation or treatment plans. While both the digital and optimal refractometers are highly correlated to the urine osmolality, making both devices valid for assessment of USG in clinical practice, this digital device is easier to read and eliminates the variability of subjective interpretation.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three in-house diagnostic tests, i.e. counter current immunoelectrophoresis (CCIE), intradermal (ID) and indirect fluorescent immunoassay (IFI), for the diagnosis of Heterophyes infection. One hundred and twenty puppies were randomly divided into eight groups (n=15/group). Heterophyes heterophyes infections were established in these puppies by administering a dose of 50 H. heterophyes encysted metacercariae/puppy by gavage. Forty puppies of similar age and sex were divided into eight groups, of five puppies each and were used as negative controls. Sera pooled from separate infected and uninfected groups were tested against H. heterophyes antigens, weekly for 8 weeks post-infection (PI). The ID assay detected infected puppies sooner than any of the serological tests. Sero-conversion was first detected 2 weeks PI by ID assay and 1 week later by CCIE and IFI assays. ID test performed well till the end of the experiment (sensitivity and specificity: 100% and 90%, respectively). Both IFI and CCIE assays had a sensitivity of 40% and 20%, respectively for early detection of antibody, which was less sensitive than ID but both assays were more specific (100%) than the ID assay. The lowest agreement was between ID and IFI tests (40.3%), whilst the highest was observed between CCIE and IFI tests (67.2%). Of the three evaluated methods, the ID test could be recommended for scientific and laboratory diagnosis of heterophyosis in naturally infected animals. However, since none of the investigated method are optimal (i.e, offers 100% specificity and sensitivity), the choice of test employed must depend on the aim of the study.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementary antioxidants (AOX) and whey protein on the immune function health of puppies. Four groups of 10 puppies were fed a control and 3 different test foods (control + antioxidants (AOX), control + AOX + 1% whey protein, and a grocery brand (low AOX)) for 6 weeks. A standard vaccination protocol with a combination canine parvovirus (CPV) and distemper (CDV) vaccine was carried out at 2 and 4 weeks. The results showed that animals on high AOX foods had significantly increased titers, memory cells and serum E concentrations compared to the control and groc groups respectively.  相似文献   

13.
Background: Urine specific gravity (USG) is used clinically to estimate urine osmolality (UOsm). Although USG has been shown to have a linear correlation with UOsm in dogs, the relationship is altered when there are significant numbers of high molecular weight (MW) molecules in the urine.
Hypothesis: USG would no longer predict UOsm in dogs given intravenous hetastarch (670/0.75)(HES).
Animals: Eight healthy employee-owned adult dogs.
Methods: Prospective, controlled experimental study. USG and UOsm were measured every 30 minutes from t=0 minutes to t=360 minutes. Dogs were administered 20mL/kg of either NaCl 0.9% (control group, n=4) or HES (treatment group, n=8) IV over 1 hour starting at t=90 minutes.
Results: There was a decrease in UOsm in both groups starting at t=120 minutes and continuing for the study duration, and there was no significant difference in UOsm between treatment and control groups across all time points. There was an appropriate decrease in USG from t=120 minutes for the control group. In the treatment group, USG increased significantly at t=120 minutes ( P = .0006), t=150 minutes ( P = .0002), and t=180 minutes ( P = .0044). The largest increase in USG occurred at t=150 minutes with a mean USG of 1.070 ± 0.021 (range 1.038-1.104).
Conclusions and clinical importance: Urine specific gravity should not be used to estimate urine solute concentration in dogs following the administration of 20mL/kg of HES. In a clinical setting, the evaluation of USG following this dose of HES may lead to an overestimation of urine concentration.  相似文献   

14.
Urine samples were taken from 79 cats with clinical signs of acute feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) by means of cystocenthesis, catheterization, or at voiding and were cultured. No bacteria were cultured from 79% of the samples taken by cystocenthesis, 55% of the samples obtained by catheterization, and 17% of the samples obtained at voiding. Samples obtained by cystocenthesis most often yielded pure cultures, whereas the voided samples were often contaminated, yielding mixed cultures. Therefore, it is difficult to interpret culture results for voided or catheterized urine samples, which may lead to overdiagnosis of urinary tract infections. E. coli was the most prevalent bacterial species. Numbers of bacteria were low (10(2) to 10(3)/ml) in three out of eight culture-positive samples taken by cystocenthesis, indicating that the number of bacteria present in the bladder of cats with urinary tract infections may be low. This may lead to underdiagnosis of urinary tract infections when interpreting culture results for voided and catheterized samples, because bacterial counts lower than 10(3) colony-forming units/ml of urine are generally considered not clinically relevant. In conclusion, cystocenthesis is the preferred method of sampling for the evaluation of cats with suspected urinary tract infection.  相似文献   

15.
Objectives— (1) To compare short‐term outcome of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) in puppies aged 12–17 weeks with lax hips (group JPS1), in puppies aged 18–22 weeks (group JPS2), and control (group C) puppies; and (2) to document outcome of bilateral pectineus myotomy (PM) associated with JPS in 18–22‐week‐old puppies (group JPS–PM). Study Design— Prospective study. Methods— Puppies (12–22 weeks) from large and giant breed dogs with a combination of a positive Ortolani sign, poor acetabular coverage (Norberg angle [NA]≤100°), and a subluxation index (SI) >0.5 for one or both hips were selected. Puppies aged <18 weeks were randomly assigned to group JPS1 or C. Puppies aged 18–22 weeks were randomly assigned to group JPS2, JPS–PM, or C. Three to 4 months later, surgery was considered successful in pain‐free dogs with negative Ortolani sign, normalized acetabular coverage (NA≥105°), and SI>0.5. Success rates were compared using Fisher's exact tests: JPS1 versus JPS2 versus C; JPS2 versus JPS–PM. Significance was set at P<.05. Results— All dysplastic hips from nonoperated (C) groups were dysplastic at follow‐up, meaning that our criteria for case selection were accurate. JPS1 had significantly better success rate than JPS2 (85 versus 17.8%, respectively). JPS–PM dysplastic hips failed to demonstrate a better outcome than JPS2 hips. Clinical Relevance— This study confirms, on a large series of dysplastic hips, the age‐dependent effects of JPS, with better results if performed before 18 weeks of age. There is no benefit of adding PM to the procedure in candidates >18 weeks at surgery.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the measurement of dog urine dilution/concentration by comparing osmolality with three methods of specific gravity (USG) measurement, i.e. weighing, refractometry and test strips. In unselected urine samples from 182 dogs there was a better agreement between osmolality and USG determination by refractometry (r = 0.92) than by weighing (r = 0.82) or by test strips (r = 0.27). There was an almost linear relationship between osmolality and USG: osmolality (mOsm/kg) = 36646(34318/38974) x (USGref - 1) + 25(-39/88); calculated osmolality differed from measured osmolality by more than 500 mOsm/kg in only 8 of 181 samples. There was a good agreement between USG determination by weighing and refractometry: USGref = 1.000(0.905/1.095) x USGweighing - 0.0004(-0.0019/0.0027), with a moderate bias. Only 12% of the differences between the two methods exceeded 0.010. Test strip assessment of USG was unreliable because of systematic underestimation and should not be used for dog urine. Refractometry is the best technique for routine evaluation of urine concentration/dilution when osmometry is not available.  相似文献   

17.
This study assessed the standard urinalysis technique and sediment stain techniques as predictors of bacterial culture results for canine and feline urine. Canine (n = 111) and feline (n = 79) urine samples were evaluated using unstained wet-mount and air-dried Gram and Wright-Giemsa stained sediment; results were compared to aerobic bacterial culture. Eleven canine and 7 feline urine samples were culture positive. Unstained wet-mount and stained sediment had sensitivities of 89% and 83% and specificities of 91% and 99%, respectively. The specificity of using either stain was higher (P < 0.01) than wet-mount examination for detecting bacteriuria. There were significant differences among 3 technologists in detecting true positives (P < 0.01). Association of sediment and culture results used 112 canine and 81 feline samples. There was a negative association (P < 0.01) between lipid detection and wet-mount identification of bacteria.  相似文献   

18.
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is considered to be one of the most common diagnoses in feline patients. Several authors have concluded that feline idiopathic cystitis is the most common cause of FLUTD, whereas infectious cystitis is diagnosed in only 2% of the cases. In the period from January 2003 to February 2005, 134 cats that presented with signs of lower urinary tract disorders were included in a study at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. Ninety-seven percent were first opinion cases. All the cats went through a physical examination, and blood samples were collected for haematology and clinical chemistry. The urine analysis included urine stix, specific gravity, microscopic examination of the sediment and microbiological culturing. The urine samples were collected as voided mid-stream urine samples, by catheter or by cystocentesis and the method used was registered. Of the 134 cats included in the study, 37% were diagnosed as having obstructive and 63% as having non-obstructive FLUTD. In total 44 cats (33%) were diagnosed with bacteriuria, exceeding 10(3) colony forming units per millilitre (cfu/ml) and 33 (25%) of these cats had bacterial growth exceeding 10(4) cfu/ml, either alone or in combination with crystals and/or uroliths. Six cats (18%) with bacterial growth exceeding 10(4) cfu/ml were older than 8 years. No significant difference was found between the sampling methods performed with regard to bacteriuria. This study indicates that bacteriuria may have been underdiagnosed in Norwegian cats with clinical signs of FLUTD. It also confirms the importance of microbiological culturing in first opinion cases with FLUTD and that a skilled operator can get representative samples regardless the choice of method.  相似文献   

19.
Seroconversion after early vaccination at four weeks against canine parvovirus (CPV) using a high antigen titre vaccine was evaluated in 121 puppies from three breeds of dogs housed in kennels representative of the private practitioner's environment. The trial included 52 German shepherd pups, 25 Rottweiler pups and 44 Boerboel pups. From each group 11, 4, and 18 puppies acted as control dogs, respectively. Depending on the different groups, puppies were vaccinated at 4, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. The experimental group differed from the control group in that they received the high titre vaccine at 4 weeks of age, whereas the control group was not vaccinated at 4 weeks. Blood was collected from all pups prior to vaccination to measure maternally derived colostral antibody. The results indicated that vaccination at 4 weeks of age in pups with high maternally derived antibody levels, results in seroconversion rates that may lead to a reduction in the window of susceptibility with respect to CPV infection. The implications of the findings with respect to dogs in heavily contaminated environments are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the findings of light microscopic evaluation of routine unstained wet-mounted preparations and air-dried, modified Wright-stained preparations of urine sediment with results of quantitative aerobic bacteriologic culture of urine. DESIGN: Masked prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 459 urine samples collected by cystocentesis from 441 dogs. PROCEDURE: Urinalyses and quantitative bacteriologic cultures of urine were performed. Unstained wet-mounted preparations and air-dried, modified Wright-stained urine sediment preparations were examined by light microscopy for the presence of bacteria. RESULTS: Compared with results of quantitative bacteriologic culture, routine unstained preparations and modified Wright-stained preparations had sensitivities of 82.4% and 93.2%, specificities of 76.4% and 99.0%, positive predictive values of 40.1% and 94.5%, negative predictive values of 95.8% and 98.7%, and test efficiencies of 77.3% and 98.0%, respectively. Compared with 74 samples that yielded growth on bacteriologic culture, the routine unstained method had concordance and misclassification rates of 39.2% and 60.8%, respectively, whereas the Wright-stained method had concordance and misclassification rates of 78.4% and 21.6%, respectively. Significant associations between each of occult blood in urine, pyuria, female sex, and lower urine specific gravity with bacteriuria detected by Wright-stained sediment examination and quantitative bacteriologic culture of urine were identified. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Examination of modified Wright-stained preparations of urine sediment appeared to be a rapid, cost effective method that significantly improved the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and test efficiency of light microscopic detection of bacteriuria, compared with that of the routine unstained method.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号