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1.
System of rice intensification (SRI) has been disseminated in many countries because of its high yield, although the mechanism of yield increase has yet to be fully understood. The aims of this study were to clarify the actual water management of a skilled SRI farmer in irrigated paddy field of Indonesia and to examine the effect of intermittent water management on rice growth and yield. Yield and yield components were compared in the field experiments in the farmer’s fields under intermittent (SRI) or flooded (FL) irrigation for 4 years from 2013 to 2016. The daily mean water depth of SRI plots during 0–40 days after transplanting showed very shallow (ca. 2 cm) or little lower than soil surface and continued to be lower than soil surface during reproductive stage when panicles were formed. The yield of SRI significantly exceeded that of FL for 4 years by 13% (P?=?0.0004), so did the panicle numbers per area (P?=?0.036). The yield increase in SRI was associated with the increased number of panicles, which should have resulted from enhanced tiller development under shallow water level during the vegetative stage. The increased number of panicles was, however, counteracted by the reduced number of spikelets per panicle and resulted in nonsignificant increase in the spikelet density, defined as number of spikelets per unit area of crop. This dampening change in spikelet number per panicle could have been caused by limited supply of either nitrogen or carbohydrate during the panicle development stage under the intermittent water supply. A greater yield increase by SRI could be expected by improving nutrient or water management during the reproductive stage.  相似文献   

2.
Sodic soils are characterized by high exchangeable sodium on exchange sites, soil pH greater than 8.5, relatively low electrical conductivity, low infiltration rate and dispersed clay. These characteristics restrict the capacity of soil to absorb water, resulting in poor infiltration. Evidently, these soils require application of irrigation water at shorter intervals for crop production. Thus, irrigation strategy for sodic soils differs from that of normal soils. An experiment to determine the suitable irrigation strategy along with methods of application namely: surface (farmer’s practice), sprinkler (double nozzle impact sprinkler), and low-energy water application device (LEWA) were initiated in the year 2012 for rice crop. Irrigation depths of 6 cm in case of surface method and 4 cm in case of sprinkler and LEWA methods were applied at each irrigation event. The irrigation events for rice were scheduled at 2-DAD (days after the disappearance of the ponded water), 3-DAD, and 4-DAD through surface method, and at daily, 1- and 2-day intervals (after initial ponding disappeared) by sprinkler and LEWA methods. Sprinkler and LEWA methods resulted in highest rice yield of 4.4 t ha?1 in irrigated plots at the 2-day interval which was at par with the highest yielding surface-irrigated plot scheduled at 2-DAD. At the same time, irrigation strategy of 2-day interval through sprinkler and LEWA methods registered water saving to the extent of 30–40% over 2-DAD under surface irrigation method. Results revealed that there could be substantial saving of water and energy (electricity and diesel) through the use of sprinkling devices for irrigating rice under sodic soil environments.  相似文献   

3.
Although the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been reported to produce higher paddy (Oryza sativa L.) yields with better-quality grains, little research has addressed the latter claim. This study investigated the interactive effects of rice cultivation methods with different irrigation schedules and plant density on the uptake and concentration of sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) in the grain and straw of two rice cultivars during two rainy seasons in the northern plains of India. As the two seasons differed in amounts of rainfall, there were impacts of soil moisture differences on nutrient uptake. Plots with SRI cultivation methods enhanced the grain uptake and concentrations of S, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu by 36, 32, 28, 32 and 63%, respectively, compared to conventional transplanting (CT). Under SRI management, the highest concentrations of S, Zn and Cu in the grain and straw occurred with irrigation intervals scheduled at 3 days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW; 3D), whereas Fe and Mn concentrations in the grain and straw were higher with irrigation at 1 DADPW (1 D ) compared with plots under 3 D or 5 DADPW (5 D ). The higher nutrient uptakes were also manifested in higher grain yield in 1 D and 3 D plots (by 9 and 6%, respectively) compared with 5 D . Wider spacing (25 × 25 cm) compared with closer spacing (20 × 20 cm) significantly increased yield and the uptake and concentrations of all the said nutrients in the grains. When comparing the performance of two cultivars, the total uptakes of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in both grain and straw were significantly more in Hybrid 6444 than the improved variety Pant Dhan 4. Overall, SRI crop management compared to CT practices led to more biological fortification of rice grains with respect to S and the four micronutrients studied, giving a concomitant yield advantage of about 17% on average in this region.  相似文献   

4.
Rice is cultivated through transplanting of seedling in submerged field which is a cumbersome, labour intensive and water-guzzling practice. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of crop establishment methods and irrigation schedules on water productivity, economics and energetics of aerobic direct-seeded rice at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, during Kharif 2012–2013. The experiment was laid out in split plot design, keeping combinations of two tillage system (no-tillage and conventional tillage) and two methods of sowing (uni-directional and bi-directional) in main plots and four irrigation schedule [(30, 45, 60 and 75 mm CPE (cumulative pan evaporation)] in sub plots. Aerobic direct-seeded rice sown after conventional tillage gave significantly higher grain yield than no-till with 15.4 % higher water expense efficiency. The energy gain and net monetary returns were 13.2 and 21.2 % higher in conventional sown crop than no-till, respectively. Bi-directional sowing resulted in 26.5 % higher grain yield than uni-directional with no effect on quality traits of grains. The net energy gain and net monetary returns were 26.5 thousands MJ/ha and 125.3 $/ha higher from bi-directional sown crop than uni-directional sown crop. Crop irrigated at 30 mm CPE schedule resulted in significantly higher grain yield than that irrigated at 45, 60 and 75 mm CPE. The energy gain, energy use efficiency and net returns were also maximum at 30 CPE schedule than at 45, 60 or 75 CPE. However, brown, milled and head rice recoveries were statistically at par between irrigation scheduling at 30 and 45 mm CPE but significantly better than 60 and 75 mm CPE. Bi-directional sowing with conventional tillage and irrigation at 30 CPE is an energy efficient and economical viable technique for direct-seeded rice.  相似文献   

5.
Rice is the main crop produced in the Senegal River Valley under the semiarid Sahelian climate where water resource management is critical for the resource use sustainability. However, very limited data exit on rice water use and irrigation water requirement in this water scarcity environment under climate change conditions. Understanding crop water requirements is essential for better irrigation practices, scheduling and efficient use of water. The objectives of this study were to estimate crop water use and irrigation water requirement of rice in the Senegal River Valley at Fanaye. Field experiments were conducted during the 2013 hot and dry season and wet season, and 2014 hot and dry season and wet seasons. Three nitrogen fertilizer treatments were applied to rice variety Sahel 108: 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha?1. Rice water use was estimated by the two-step approach. Results indicated that crop actual evapotranspiration (ETa) varied from 632 to 929 mm with the highest ETa obtained during the hot and dry seasons. Irrigation water requirement varied from 863 to 1198 mm per season. Rice grain yield was function of the growing season and varied from 4.1 to 10.7 tons ha?1 and increased with nitrogen fertilizer rate. Rice water use efficiency relative to ETa and irrigation requirements increased with nitrogen fertilizer rate while rice nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the nitrogen fertilizer rates. The results of this study can be used as a guideline for rice water use and irrigation water requirement for the irrigation design projects, consultants, universities, producers, and other operators within rice value chain in the Senegal River Valley.  相似文献   

6.
《Field Crops Research》1996,48(1):47-55
Phenological development, shoot dry matter production, grain yield and yield components of rice were examined in relation to drought occurring at various stages of growth. Rice was sown three or four times at three-week intervals in the field in each of two years, and performance in three stress trials was compared with that in corresponding irrigation trials, with the aim of quantifying the response of the crop to water stress of 23–34 days' duration developing at different growth stages. When drought occurred during vegetative stages, it had only a small effect on subsequent development and grain yield. The reduction in yield of up to 30% was due to reduced panicle number per unit area in one trial, and reduced number of spikelets per panicle in another. The effect of water stress on yield was most severe when drought occurred during panicle development. Anthesis was delayed, the number of spikelets per panicle was reduced to 60% of the irrigated control and the percentage of filled grains decreased in one crop to zero. This decrease in grain yield to less than 20% of the control was associated with low dry matter production during the drought period as well as during the recovery period following the drought. When drought occurred during grain filling, the percentage of filled grains decreased to 40% and individual grain mass decreased by 20%. The effect of stress was also related to its severity during grain filling. Stress at this stage hastened maturity. The results suggest that variation in yield components due to water availability is related to the variation in dry matter production at particular growth stages. Results of a supplementary shading experiment show that the relationship between spikelet number per panicle or single grain mass and crop growth rate was the same, whether growth rate was varied by availability of soil water or solar radiation. Filled-grain percentage, however, was more sensitive to drought stress than shading when comparison was made at a similar crop growth rate.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of salt-induced soil on growth and yield development of paddy rice in Akure, Nigeria was determined. This was to ascertain effect of various salt-inducing parameters on rice yield. Fifteen soil samples were collected and 13 parameters were analysed using standard procedures. The parameters include electrical conductivity (EC), pH, particle size, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable acidity (EA), organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), phosphorus, sodium, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium. Geographic information System (GIS) mapping was also carried out on the affected areas and results compared with the international standards. From the results, predominant soil class was clay loam which is excellent for rice growth while salinity levels were not in excess to lead to stress or low rice yield although very low values of N and K were recorded. EC, CEC and EA were well below critical levels in the soil and with the exception of OM, OC, MC and pH which were statistically significant at P < 0.05, other parameters were statistically non-significant. GIS mapping also showed traces of salt but not in high concentration levels as to result in crop stress.  相似文献   

8.
System of rice intensification (SRI) is a water-saving agro-technique being popularized in Southern Asia including India. A particular key practice in SRI, reduced water application (no continuous flooding), needs to be more farmer-friendly for its mass adoption under traditional and non-traditional cultivation. A field experiment was conducted maintaining different water regimes throughout the crop season (vegetative as well as reproductive stages) by scheduling irrigation applications at 1, 3, or 5 days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW), using two different plant spacings and two different varieties. With an increase in the period of water stress, tiller production was increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) and found to be maximum under prolonged stress, i.e., 5 days after disappearance of ponded water (5 DADPW). Increased tiller production did not result in yield increments, but yield-contributing parameters (panicle weight, grain weight per panicle, filled grain percentage, and test weight) were confirmed as critical determinants of yield. Plant nutrient (NPK) uptake was reduced under stress conditions, but the translocation of phosphorus and potassium from sources to sink was increased significantly in this study. Nutrient utilization efficiency was also enhanced under mild (3 DADPW) to prolonged (5 DADPW) water stress conditions. No significant reduction in yield was recorded under mild water stress, and this resulted in increased water productivity; however, significant yield loss was observed under prolonged water stress (5 DADPW).  相似文献   

9.
生物炭对双季水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤性状的残留效应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
生物炭对改良酸性土壤质量和提高作物产量具有重要作用。本研究以常规稻中嘉早17(早稻)和杂交稻五优308(晚稻)为供试品种,于2015年开始设置不施生物炭(C0)和一次性施用生物炭20 t/hm^2(C20)处理,以阐明施用生物炭3年后对双季稻产量、养分吸收和土壤性状的残留效应。结果表明,与C0处理相比,C20处理显著提高双季早稻产量,但对晚稻产量无显著影响;C20处理显著提高早、晚稻钾素吸收,对早稻氮素和磷素吸收有增加的趋势,但未达显著水平。试验进行4年后,C20处理显著提高土壤有机质含量和pH值。因此,在本试验中的酸性红壤上一次性施用生物炭后的第4年,生物炭仍然对双季水稻产量和土壤肥力具有提升效应。  相似文献   

10.
结实期干湿交替灌溉对水稻根系、产量和土壤的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]干湿交替灌溉(WMD)对水稻根系生长和产量形成有重要影响,但其对土壤性状的影响,以及与根系生长的关系尚不明确.[方法]本研究以5个不同类型的水稻品种为材料,在结实期设置常规灌溉(CI)和干湿交替灌溉(WMD)两种灌溉方式处理,研究了其对水稻产量、根系形态生理及土壤性状的影响.[结果]1)与CI相比,结实期WMD...  相似文献   

11.
Water shortage threatens agricultural sustainability in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. Thus, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation (SI) on the root growth, soil water variation, and grain yield of winter wheat in this region by measuring the moisture content in different soil layers. Prior to SI, the soil water content (SWC) at given soil depths was monitored to calculate amount of irritation water that can rehydrate the soil to target SWC. The SWC before SI was monitored to depths of 20, 40, and 60 cm in treatments of W20, W40, and W60, respectively. Rainfed treatment with no irrigation as the control (W0). The mean root weight density (RWD), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction activity (TTC reduction activity), soluble protein (SP) concentrations as well as catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in W40 and W60 treatments were significantly higher than those in W20. The RWD in 60–100 cm soil layers and the root activity, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities in 40–60 cm soil layers in W40 treatment were significantly higher than those in W20 and W60. W40 treatment is characterized by higher SWC in the upper soil layers but lower SWC in the 60–100-cm soil layers during grain filling. The soil water consumption (SWU) in the 60–100 cm soil layers from anthesis after SI to maturity was the highest in W40. The grain yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water productivity were the highest in W40, with corresponding mean values of 9169 kg ha?1, 20.8 kg ha?1 mm?1, and 35.5 kg ha?1 mm?1. The RWD, root activities, SP concentrations, CAT and SOD activities, and SWU were strongly positively correlated with grain yield and WUE. Therefore, the optimum soil layer for SI of winter wheat after jointing is 0–40 cm.  相似文献   

12.
To clarify the optimal water management in large-scale fields under high temperatures at the ripening period, effective water managements during this period for improvement of yield, appearance quality and palatability were investigated. Compared with intermittent irrigation and flooded irrigation, the soil temperature with saturated irrigation remained low throughout the day, and the decrease rate of the bleeding rate of hills was the lowest. These results suggested that the saturated irrigation maintained root activity. For the three irrigation types, the number of spikelets per m2 and 1000-grain weight were similar, however, saturated irrigation resulted in significantly higher rice yield due to improvement in the percentage of ripened grains. The saturated irrigation produced a high percentage of perfect rice grains and thicker brown rice grain, furthermore, the palatability of cooked rice was excellent because protein content and hardness/adhesion ratio were both low. Thus, under high-temperature ripening conditions, soil temperature was lowered and root activity was maintained when applying saturated irrigation after heading time. The results indicated that saturated irrigation is an effective countermeasure against high-temperature ripening damage.  相似文献   

13.
为了解油菜-水稻与小麦-水稻两种轮作体系中水稻生长的差异,分析油菜作为良好茬口的原因,以秸秆在土壤中腐解的溶液为材料,研究多熟种植体系对后作水稻的增产趋势.采用多因素随机区组设计,包括秸秆类型、添加液类型和秸秆浓度三种因素,其中秸秆类型为油菜、小麦秸秆,添加液类型为蒸馏水和营养液,秸秆浓度分别为空白对照(0 g/L)、...  相似文献   

14.
Drought condition in many places leads to the imperative use of greywater for irrigation. There is a serious concern on the impact of such prolonged uses on soil sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term impacts of greywater irrigation on soil electrical conductivity (EC) and other soil quality parameters in field conditions. Six locations were monitored in this study where home gardens have been irrigated with treated greywater for 2 years. Results showed a general reduction in EC levels of soil samples along all depth intervals at all locations. The average soil EC before greywater irrigation was 0.97 dS/m and decreased to 0.41 dS/m, which may be due to the use of greywater as well as the rainwater effect. The reduction in soil EC and irrigation water quantity shows positive correlation (correlation coefficient r = 0.64). Calcium precipitation might also have a major role in soil EC reduction. Soil calcium content was 81 mg L?1 before using treated greywater and decreased to 43 mg L?1 after 2 years of treated greywater usage, which might have been caused by calcium carbonates (CaCO3) precipitation. The results of other soil chemical analyses clearly show that using treated greywater for irrigation has reduced the concentration of organic matters, K, Cd, Pb, P, Mg, Cl, Na, exchangeable sodium percentage, and sodium adsorption ratio after 2 years of application. Zn concentration increased from 11 to 15 mg L?1, and soil pH became slightly higher from 7.6 to 7.8.  相似文献   

15.
Intensive cultivation of rice and wheat in north-west India has resulted in air pollution from rice straw burning, soil degradation and declining groundwater resources. The retention of rice residues as a surface mulch could be beneficial for moisture conservation and yield, and for hence water productivity, in addition to reducing air pollution and loss of soil organic matter. Two field experiments were conducted in Punjab, India, to study the effects of rice straw mulch and irrigation scheduling on wheat growth, yield, water use and water productivity during 2006-2008. Mulching increased soil water content and this led to significant improvement in crop growth and yield determining attributes where water was limiting, but this only resulted in significant grain yield increase in two instances. There was no effect of irrigation treatment in the first year because of well-distributed rains. In the second year, yield decreased with decrease and delay in the number of irrigations between crown root initiation and grain filling. With soil matric potential (SMP)-based irrigation scheduling, the irrigation amount was reduced by 75 mm each year with mulch in comparison with no mulch, while maintaining grain yield. Total crop water use (ET) was not significantly affected by mulch in either year, but was significantly affected by irrigation treatment in the second year. Mulch had a positive or neutral effect on grain water productivity with respect to ET (WPET) and irrigation (WPI). Maximum WPI occurred in the treatment which received the least irrigation, but this was also the lowest yielding treatment. The current irrigation scheduling guidelines based on cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) resulted in sub-optimal irrigation (loss of yield) in one of the two years, and higher irrigation input and lower WPI of the mulched treatment in comparison with SMP-based irrigation scheduling. The results from this and other studies suggest that farmers in Punjab greatly over-irrigate wheat. Further field and modelling studies are needed to extrapolate the findings to a wider range of seasonal and site conditions, and to develop simple tools and guidelines to assist farmers to better schedule irrigation to wheat.  相似文献   

16.
Pot experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the effects of soil copper（Cu） concentration on growth, development and yield formation of rice by using the japonica cultivar Wuxiangjing 14 and hybrid rice combination Shanyou 63. The plant height, leaf number, elongated internode number and heading date of rice plants were not affected at soil Cu levels below 200 mg/kg, but affected significantly at above 400 mg/kg. The inhibitory effects on rice growth and development were increased with the increment of soil Cu levels. The grain yields decreased significantly with raising soil Cu levels. The main reasons for the grain yield reductions under lower soil Cu levels （100, 200 mg/kg） were mainly due to the decrease of number of spikelets per panicle, however, under higher soil Cu levels （more than 400 mg/kg）, both panicle number and number of spikelets per panicle contributed to the yield loss. The decreases of panicle number by Cu stress were mainly attributed to slow recovery from transplanting, delayed tillering and reduced maximum tiller numbers. The reduction of number of spikelets per panicle under soil Cu stress resulted from the decreases of both shoot dry weight （SDW） at the heading date and the ratio of spikelets to SDW. Total biomass at maturity decreased significantly with the increase of soil Cu levels, while economic coefficient showed non-significant decrease except under soil Cu levels above 800 mg/kg.  相似文献   

17.
《Field Crops Research》1999,64(3):237-247
An experiment, over 3 years, studied the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manures on potassium (K) balances in rainfed lowland rice on a light-textured Tropaqualf. Two rice crops were grown each year: the first direct seeded (DS) in moist soil that was later flooded by monsoon rain; the second transplanted (TP) into flooded soil towards the end of the wet season. A soybean crop followed the TP rice in the first year. In all the fertilizer and manure combinations studied, removal of K in the crop exceeded K additions and the soil K balance was negative unless crop residues were incorporated. For DS rice the relations between grain yield and K uptake fell within the limits of maximum K dilution and maximum K accumulation expected for well-managed irrigated rice. But those for TP rice tended to fall below the limit of maximum accumulation, yield being constrained by factors other than mineral nutrition, especially water deficit. In the DS rice, grain yields per unit K uptake were close to maximal in the treatments that received no K, but they were well below that in the K-fertilized treatments. Uptake was well correlated with exchangeable K in the soil at maximum tillering measured by ammonium acetate extraction. The mass balances of K inputs, K uptake and exchangeable K in the soil however, showed that a large part of the uptake was from non-exchangeable pools. The mobilization of non-exchangeable K was apparently plant-induced and was greater in treatments with greater growth. A mechanism for root-induced solubilization of non-exchangeable K, peculiar to rice growing in flooded soil, is proposed.  相似文献   

18.
As the challenges toward increasing water for irrigation become more prevalent, knowledge of crop yield response to water can facilitate the development of irrigation strategies for improving agricultural productivity. Experiments were conducted to quantify maize yield response to soil moisture deficits, and assess the effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on water productivity (water and irrigation water use efficiency, WUE and IWUE). Five irrigation treatments were investigated: a full irrigation (I1) with a water application of 60 mm and four deficit treatments with application depths of 50 (I2), 40 (I3), 30 (I4), and 20 mm (I5). On average, the highest grain yield observed was 1008.41 g m?2 in I1, and water deficits resulted in significant (p < .05) reduction within range of 6 and 33%. This reduction was significantly correlated with a decline in grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, ear number per plant, and number of grain per row. The highest correlation was found between grain yield and grain number per ear. The WUE and IWUE were within range of 1.52–2.25 kg m?3 and 1.64–4.53 kg m?3, respectively. High water productivity without significant reduction in yield (<13%) for I2 and I3 compared to the yield in I1 indicates that these water depths are viable practices to promote sustainable water development. Also, for assessing the benefits of irrigation practices in the region crop water production functions were established. Maize yield response to water stress was estimated as .92, suggesting the environmental conditions are conducive for implementing DI strategies.  相似文献   

19.
施磷对膜下滴灌水稻生长发育及产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在膜下滴灌条件下,以粳稻品种T-43为材料,研究了水溶性磷肥施用量对水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,在施磷量(P2O5)0~156 kg/hm^2范围内,水稻的株高、叶片数随着施磷量增加而上升;以施磷量130kg/hm^2处理的有效分蘖数、有效穗数、穗长、主茎实粒数、分蘖实粒数、千粒重和产量最高;当施磷量达到156kg/hm^2时,有效分蘖数及产量构成因素则呈下降趋势。说明膜下滴灌水稻水溶性磷肥施用有其适宜值,过量施用不仅低产低效,还可能增加土壤环境污染。  相似文献   

20.
不同灌溉方式对春玉米根系分布、养分累积及产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
通过田间试验,研究不同灌溉方式下东北中部春玉米区土壤结构、根系形态、地上部养分累积及产量构成。结果表明,灌溉后土壤三相比显著变化,土壤固相下降,液相和气相比例显著增加,0～20 cm土壤容重降低6.7%～17.9%;灌溉后0～60 cm根系干重及根长总量略有增幅,且在深层土壤中的比例增加,有利于植株对养分和水分的吸收;与不灌溉（CK）相比,隔沟交替灌溉（T1）、全垄灌溉（T2）下植株氮、磷、钾含量平均提高14.5%、42.6%、16.1%,生物量和产量平均提高19.8%和14.3%。因此,在春玉米关键生育期合理补水可以改善土壤结构,降低土壤容重,促进根系合理分布,增加植株养分吸收,进一步增加产量。  相似文献   

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