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为明确环磺酮在我国玉米田的应用技术和前景,采用温室盆栽法测定环磺酮的杀草谱和对常见杂草的除草活性以及对不同玉米品种的安全性,并通过田间药效试验验证其应用效果。结果表明,在100 g (a.i.)/hm2田间推荐剂量下进行茎叶处理时,环磺酮可以有效防除玉米田常见禾本科、莎草科和阔叶杂草,其中对反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus、鳢肠Eclipta prostrata的活性较高,鲜重抑制率可达90%以上;对6种常见玉米田杂草稗Echinochloa crus-galli、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、圆叶牵牛Ipomoea purpurea、反枝苋、碎米莎草Cyperus iria和青葙Celosia argentea的生长抑制中量GR50分别为8.44、17.16、9.37、8.68、9.40和32.51 g (a.i.)/hm2,在供试剂量下环磺酮的除草活性均高于对照药剂硝磺草酮;田间推荐剂量下环磺酮对除黑糯301品种以外的11个玉米品种均较为安全,提高到2倍推荐剂量时,对不同玉米品种的生长抑制均增强;环磺酮对郑单958、珍珠糯8号、苏科甜1506和中糯2号4个玉米品种以及稗、马唐、圆叶牵牛、反枝苋、碎米莎草和青葙6种杂草之间均具有较好的选择性,选择性指数为10.40~29.14。田间药效试验表明,126 g (a.i.)/hm2环磺酮处理茎叶后第28天,对玉米田杂草稗、马唐、狗尾草Setaria viridis、香附子Cyperus rotundus、圆叶牵牛、空心莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides的总株防效为86.51%,鲜重防效为87.81%,且对供试玉米品种彩甜糯102安全。 相似文献
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己唑醇对水稻纹枯病的毒力测定及田间药效试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据水稻纹枯病菌在含己唑醇系列浓度的PDA培养基上的菌丝生长速率,计算出己唑醇对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力回归方程为:Y=4.0407+2.3632x,r=0.9971,药剂EC50=2.5464mg/L,EC95=12.6463mg/L,试验结果表明己唑醇对水稻纹枯病菌具有较高的生物活性。田间药效显示,5％己唑醇悬浮剂250mg/667m2药后15d防效达69.54％。 相似文献
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为提高微生物杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的防治效果,利用球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana IPPB343、IPPB1237与金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae IPPM330189三种昆虫病原真菌,斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosis viruses,SLNPV）、甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒（Mamestra brassicae nuclear polyhedrosis viruses,MBNPV）2种昆虫病毒和短稳杆菌Empedobacter brevis昆虫病原细菌,设置9种联合施用药剂组合,评价6种微生物杀虫剂单独使用以及不同药剂联合施用组合对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力以及田间防治效果。结果表明,与6种微生物杀虫剂单独使用相比,9种联合施用组合均能提升微生物杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的毒力水平与田间防治效果。施药后7 d时,金龟子绿僵菌IPPM330189+MBNPV药剂组合的防治效果最好且增效最明显,对草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果达到88.75%,协同毒力指数为23.78。此外,金龟子绿僵菌IPPM330189+短稳杆菌悬浮剂药剂组合施药后7 d对草地贪夜蛾的田间防治效果达到87.45%,协同毒力指数也可达到21.72。表明微生物杀虫剂联合施用可显著提升其对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果。 相似文献
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临夏地区春蚕豆根腐病发生与为害调查 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
对甘肃临夏地区的３４０块春蚕豆田根腐病的调查，明确了该区蚕豆根腐病死亡率为１％～９０％，平均为１５．３３％；死亡率小于１０％的地块占调查地块总数５９．７％，大于３０％地块占１７．３５％，随着海拔梯度的增高，蚕豆死亡率逐渐下降。病原真菌主要有腐皮镰刀菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｏｌａｎｉ）、燕麦镰刀菌（Ｆ．ａｖｅ－ｎａｃｅｕｍ）、粘帚霉（Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍｒｏｓｅｕｍ）和尖孢镰刀菌（Ｆ．ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ） 相似文献
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为西北农林科技大学小麦新育成品种（系）在黄淮麦区的大面积推广,该研究对83份西农新育成的小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病和白粉病鉴定,成株期抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病鉴定,并在田间自然环境下对其抗性进行鉴定及对相关抗病基因进行分子检测。结果显示,在苗期人工接种鉴定中,有63、29和16份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现出抗性,9份小麦品种（系）对3个条锈菌生理小种均表现出抗性;有10、3和0份小麦品种（系）分别对白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici生理小种E15、E09和A13表现出抗性。在成株期人工接种鉴定中,有23、15、28和62份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中有6份在苗期和成株期均对小麦条锈病表现出抗性。在田间抗性鉴定中,有57、6、65和40份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病及叶锈病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中,3份含有Yr5基因,22份含有Yr9基因,3份含有Yr17基因,2份含有Pm24基因,14份含有Lr1基因,所占比例分别为3.6%、26.5%、3.6%、2.4%和16.8%。 相似文献
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Dirk Jan Van Der Gaag Albert Kerssies Connie Lanser 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(5):535-542
Spread of Phytophthora root and crown rot in three pot plant species was studied on ebb-and-flow benches where the nutrient solution was recirculated. The plant species and their respective pathogens were: Saintpaulia ionantha – P. nicotianae, Gerbera jamesonii – P. cryptogea, and Spathiphyllum wallissii – Phytophthora spp. Ebb-and-flow benches were infested with the pathogen using different methods: 18–25% of the plants on a bench were inoculated or potted in soil infested with the pathogen or the nutrient solution was infested by either zoospores or mycelium fragments. More than 80% of the inoculated Saintpaulia plants and 22% of plants potted in infested soil developed disease but no spread of the disease was observed. Infestation of the nutrient solution did not result in any diseased Saintpaulia plant. More than 70% of the Gerbera plants developed disease as a result of spread of the pathogen irrespective of the infestation method used. No significant spread of the disease was observed with inoculated Spathiphyllum plants nor from plants potted in infested soil. A few Spathiphyllum plants developed disease symptoms after infestation of the nutrient solution with zoospores. In one experiment, nearly all Spathiphyllum plants were diseased after infestation of the nutrient solution with mycelium fragments. The presence of an irrigation mat significantly reduced the spread of the Phytophthora disease in Gerbera and Spathiphyllum. The possibility of an irrigation mat acting as a filter for zoospores is discussed. 相似文献
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Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora nicotianae were isolated from tomato plants with symptoms of crown and root rot in plastic‐house crops in Sicilia and Calabria (southern Italy). The species were identified primarily on the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics. The identification was confirmed using molecular methods, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of mycelial proteins and polymorphism of DNA sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction using random primers (RAPD‐PCR). P. capsici caused significant losses in tomato crops that had succeeded capsicum crops. P. cryptogea was found to be the most frequent species causing basal stem rot of tomato, a disease of increasing importance in commercial tomato crops in plastic houses in Sicilia. P. nicotianae was common in plastic houses where poor drainage resulted in standing water. 相似文献
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为探究内蒙古田间影响燕麦叶斑病的因素，采用正交试验设计对燕麦品种、播期、种植密度、施氮量、施磷量和灌水量6个因素及其组合于2009—2011年进行连续3年的重复试验，运用逐步回归法对3年试验数据进行分析，探讨不同因素及其组合对燕麦叶斑病的影响。正交方差和分析表明，播期和品种是影响燕麦叶斑病的主要因素，方差贡献率分别为78.69%和12.20%；而施氮量、施磷量和灌水量对燕麦叶斑病发生程度均无显著影响。拟合分析获得燕麦叶斑病发生程度与播期(x2)、品种(x1)和种植密度(x3)之间的非线性回归方程为y=51.99-6.45x2-0.39x1x3，表明适当推迟播期、选择抗性较高的燕麦品种且相对密植可减轻燕麦叶斑病的发生程度。 相似文献
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Kirsten Thinggard 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1995,101(1):111-114
This is the first record of root rot inCampanula carpatica as well as in the genus ofCampanula caused byPhytophthora cryptogea. An attack was observed in potted plants grown in a greenhouse on ebb- and flow benches and with recirculation of the nutrient solution. The fungus caused wilting of the leaves together with discoloration and rotting of the roots. Pathogenicity tests showed that the isolate ofP. cryptogea fromC. carpatica attactedGerbera jamesonii and vice versa. Treatment with the fungicide furalaxyl was able to reduce disease development. 相似文献
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The purpose of this research was to identify the pathogens causing root and crown rot in major pomegranate-growing areas of Iran. Infected tissue samples were collected from trees with symptoms from 49 pomegranate orchards in four provinces of Iran: Fars, Markazi, Isfahan, and Kohgiluyeh va Boyer-Ahmad. In total, 23 Phytophthora spp. isolates were obtained, which were identified as P. cryptogea species complex (12 isolates) and P. cinnamomi (11 isolates) based on morphological characters. Molecular confirmation of identification was performed by inference of phylogeny of ITS-rDNA regions, β-tubulin gene, and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. The results of our phylogenetic analysis confirmed the morphological identification of P. cinnamomi isolates and placed them in Clade 7c of Phytophthora. In addition, the P. cryptogea species complex isolates, despite morphological similarities, were in fact four distinct species including P. cryptogea sensu stricto (two isolates), P. pseudocryptogea (one isolate), P. sp. kelmania (one isolate), and P. erythroseptica (six isolates). This is the first report of pomegranate root and crown rot caused by P. cinnamomi and P. cryptogea species complex. 相似文献
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Daniela Minerdi Marino Moretti Yuan Li Laura Gaggero Angelo Garibaldi Maria Lodovica Gullino 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,122(2):227-237
A conventional PCR and a SYBR Green real-time PCR assays for the detection and quantification of Phytophthora cryptogea, an economically important pathogen, have been developed and tested. A conventional primer set (Cryp1 and Cryp2) was designed
from the Ypt1 gene of P. cryptogea. A 369 bp product was amplified on DNA from 17 isolates of P. cryptogea. No product was amplified on DNA from 34 other Phytophthora spp., water moulds, true fungi and bacteria. In addition, Cryp1/Cryp2 primers were successfully adapted to real-time PCR.
The conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays were compared. The PCR was able to detect the pathogen on naturally infected
gerbera plants and on symptomatic artificially infected plants collected 21 days after pathogen inoculation. The detection
limit was 5 × 103
P. cryptogea zoospores and 16 fg of DNA. Real-time PCR showed a detection limit 100 times lower (50 zoospores, 160 ag of DNA) and the
possibility of detecting the pathogen in symptomless artificially infected plants and in the re-circulating nutrient solution
of closed soilless cultivation systems. 相似文献
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Morphological and cultural characters currently used for the classification of species of Phytophthora are inadequate to distinguish P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri and P. erythroseptica. In this study isolates of the above-mentioned species, including type and/or authentic cultures of P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri were compared. Morphological and cultural characters, together with electrophoretic patterns of both total mycelial proteins and isozymes (arylesterase and malate dehydrogenase), allowed the distinction of P. erythroseptica from the others. Authentic cultures of P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri showed distinctly different electrophoretic patterns of arylesterase and malate dehydrogenase isozymes and of total mycelial proteins. Some Italian isolates previously identified as P. cryptogea or P. drechsleri showed features of both species, therefore it was impossible to discriminate the two species solely on the basis of the electrophoretic patterns of mycelial proteins. 相似文献
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Fusarium oxysporum is a soil borne hyphomycete that causes vascular wilts in several crop plants. A variety of remedial measures such as the use of fungicides, soil amendments and biological antagonists have proved insufficient in controlling F. oxysporum. Ever since it was first reported in banana crop, the only effective control strategy known is planting of resistant cultivars. However, presumably due to the high mutation rates and rapid co-evolution with its host, Fusarium wilt has surmounted host defense barriers and has already begun infecting even the resistant Cavendish varieties that dominate export markets worldwide. Transgenic banana plants showing enhanced resistance to Fusarium wilt have been developed in recent past, but they remain largely confined to the laboratory. The importance of banana as source of food and income in developing countries world over and the need to develop Fusarium wilt tolerant cultivars by novel biotechnological approaches is detailed herein. In this communication, we review the biology and management of Fusarium wilt in banana with the aim of providing the baseline of information to encourage much needed research on integrated management of this destructive banana crop disease problem. 相似文献
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Articles on chemigation with fungicides targeting foliage have been reviewed. They included 23 fungicides tested on 10 crops. Many studies compared chemigation to a check treatment, while others also included conventional methods. Chlorothalonil, followed by mancozeb, fentin hydroxide and captafol were the most studied fungicides, while peanut (Arachis hypogaea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ), and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were the most studied crops. Center pivot, followed by solid set, were the irrigation systems most frequently used. The minimum volume of water applied by some center pivots (25 000 litre ha−1 ) is 25 times the maximum volume of water used by conventional ground sprayers. The reduction of fungicide residue on foliage caused by the very large volume of water used by chemigation might be offset by the following factors: (1) fungicide application at the time of maximum leaf wetness when fungi are most active, (2) complete coverage of plants, (3) reducing greatly the inoculum on plant and soil surface, (4) better control of some soil pathogens, and (5) more uniform distribution of fungicides by center pivot. Furthermore, chemigation avoids mechanical damage and soil compaction. Additionally, some systemic fungicides seem to be absorbed rapidly by the leaves, by root uptake from the soil, or by both. In general, all fungicides applied through irrigation water can lessen disease severity. However, when compared to conventional methods, chemigation with fungicides can be less, equally or more effective depending on crop, pathogen, disease severity, fungicide and volume of water. For Cercosporidium personatum control on peanuts, application of protectant fungicides through irrigation water is less effective than conventional methods, but the results with some systemic fungicides mixed with non-emulsified oil and applied through a relatively low volume of water (2.5 mm) are encouraging. Important diseases of potato and tomato can be controlled nearly as well by chemigation as by conventional methods without impairing yield. The main advantage of chemigation for these crops is avoiding a large number of tractor trips through the field and reduced costs of fungicide application. Chemigation has also been shown to be a good option for control of white mold [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum] on dry beans. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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S. Aghighi T. I. Burgess J. K. Scott M. Calver G. E. St. J. Hardy 《Plant pathology》2016,65(3):451-461
Rubus anglocandicans is the most widespread and abundant blackberry species within the European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) aggregate in Western Australia (WA). European blackberry is also one of the 32 Weeds of National Significance in Australia. A disease recorded as ‘blackberry decline’ was first observed in some blackberry sites in WA in 2006. A disease survey was conducted in the Manjimup‐Pemberton region along the Warren and Donnelly River catchments in WA between 2010 and 2012. Phytophthora amnicola, P. bilorbang, P. cryptogea, P. inundata, P. litoralis, P. multivora, P. taxon personii, P. thermophila and a P. thermophila × amnicola hybrid were recovered from declining and adjacent decline‐free sites, as well as from streams and rivers. Phytophthora cinnamomi was isolated from dying Banksia and Eucalyptus species from two non‐decline sites. Of these species, P. bilorbang and P. cryptogea were more pathogenic than the others in under‐bark inoculations using excised stems (primocanes), in planta primocane inoculations in blackberry growing wild in native forest stands, and in glasshouse pot trials. It was concluded that blackberry decline is a complex syndrome and Phytophthora species, in particular P. bilorbang and P. cryptogea, together with temporary inundation, are major biotic and abiotic factors contributing to blackberry decline. 相似文献