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1.
为了探讨增加冬小麦穗粒数的途径,以当前主推品种矮抗58、豫农949和20世纪80年代推广品种百泉41、郑引1号为供试材料,研究了不同年代小麦品种在小花发育动态模式与结实性上的差异.结果表明,不同年代主推品种小花的分化动态均符合二次曲线模式,小花的退化、败育动态模式均符合一次方程模式,但不同年代冬小麦品种在方程参数上有明显差异.当前主推的冬、春性小麦品种的小花分化速率、退化速率均显著快于早期推广品种,但可孕花败育速率低于早期品种.从成熟期考种结果来看,当前主推品种的小穗结实率、可孕小花结实率高于早期品种,而小花结实率则低于早期品种. 相似文献
2.
氨苄西林对小麦旗叶生理及产量和品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探明氨苄西林对主要农作物生长发育、生理生化以及产量和品质的影响作用,在小麦(郑州9023品种)扬花期,以不同浓度(0、400、600、800、1000和1200mg·L-1)的氨苄西林钠水溶液进行叶面喷施处理,分别测定了喷后不同时期旗叶的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活力以及与籽粒产量相关的指标(穗长、小穗数、不孕小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等)和籽粒蛋白含量的变化。结果表明,氨苄西林能延缓小麦灌浆至成熟期旗叶叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活力的下降,使光合速率升高,穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等性状得到明显改善,籽粒产量增加8.89%~16.74%,籽粒蛋白质含量提高0.05~0.51个百分点。其中以氨苄西林600~800mg·L-1处理效果较好。 相似文献
3.
栽培管理模式对冬小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探索提高小麦穗粒数的技术途径与栽培管理模式,在大田试验条件下,以豫麦49-198为材料,研究了不同栽培管理模式(当前农民栽培管理模式、节本增效栽培管理模式、超高产栽培管理模式、高产高效栽培管理模式)对小麦小花发育动态模式与结实特性的影响。结果表明,不同栽培管理模式下,随播后累积生长度日的增加,小麦小花的分化动态均符合二次曲线方程模式,退化和败育动态均符合一次方程模式,但不同栽培管理模式间小花发育方程参数上存在明显差异;与当前农民栽培管理模式相比,其他3种栽培管理模式均显著增加了可孕小花数和最终结实粒数,并显著提高了小穗、小花和可孕花的结实率,其中以高产高效栽培管理模式分化小花数、可孕小花数和最终结实粒数提高的幅度最大。 相似文献
4.
抗氧化剂ＡｓＡ、α－ＴＨ及抗氧化剂的增效剂ＣＡ于小麦灌浆期叶面喷施，具有增加叶绿素含量和净光合速率的作用。灌浆后期抗氧化剂具有增强ＳＯＤ活性、削弱膜脂质过氧化、延缓叶绿素和蛋白质降解、延长叶片功能期的作用。灌浆初期处理可使不孕小穗数减少、可孕小穗数及穗粒数增多、粒重增加。ＡｓＡ、α－ＴＨ和 ＣＡ处理，以开花后第２０ｄ处理增加粒重的效果最好，开花后第１０ｄ处理穗粒数增加较多。 相似文献
5.
抗氧化剂ＡｓＡ、α－ＴＨ及抗氧化剂的增效剂ＣＡ于小麦灌浆期叶面喷施，具有增加叶绿素含量和净光合速率的作用。灌浆后期抗氧化剂具有增强ＳＯＤ活性、削弱膜脂质过氧化、延缓叶绿素和蛋白质降解、延长叶片功能期的作用。灌浆初期处理可使不孕小穗数减少、可孕小穗数及穗粒数增多、粒重增加。ＡｓＡ、α－ＴＨ和ＣＡ处理，以开花后第２０ｄ处理增加粒重的效果最好，开花后第１０ｄ处理穗粒数增加较多。 相似文献
6.
本文作者也和一些研究者一样认为,增加每穗粒数,除通过增加每小穗可育小花数或增加小穗数外,开拓小麦每穗非正常位置上产生的额外小穗数(有时称为"分枝"),也可能是更为根本的途径.但是,目前关于基因型与环境对小麦额外小穗表现的水平及稳定性的影响还缺乏了解.为了揭示春化与光周期对小麦额外小穗性状表现的影响,特进行了如下试验,以测定不同环境下的不同基因型,研究小麦额外小穗的稳定性. 相似文献
7.
小麦温敏雄性不育系BNY的花粉育性及自交结实性研究 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
BNY是新发现的小麦温敏雄性不育两用系。为了进一步确定BNY的育性敏感时期,对BNY和CK(温麦6号)的花粉育性及自交结实性进行了系统调查,结果表明,BNY不同蘖位、穗位、花位的花粉败育率存在差异,小分蘖败育率高于大分蘖,大分蘖高于主茎;同一穗不同部位的小穗花粉败育率差异不明显;同一小穗不同花位花粉败育率差异明显,下位小花败育率显著高于上位小花。自交结实率主茎穗高于大分蘖穗,大分蘖穗高于小分蘖穗,但均显著低于CK;主茎穗与大分蘖穗的自交结实率差异不显著,而小分蘖穗与主茎穗及小分蘖穗与大分蘖穗的自交结实率差异显著。 相似文献
8.
大穗小麦穗部性状的遗传分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给大穗小麦材料在杂交育种中的利用提供参考,以小麦大穗品系9110192和多穗品系密穗矮秆为亲本,采用P1、P2、F1、F2四世代联合分析方法,研究了杂交后代穗长、小穗数、小穗密度、穗粒数、穗粒重的遗传模型。结果表明,穗长、小穗密度、穗粒数、穗粒重均受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因与多基因共同控制;小穗数为多基因遗传,无主基因存在,各性状均不同程度受环境影响。穗长、小穗密度、穗粒数、穗粒重主基因遗传率分别为92.14%、88.69%、62.71%、59.67%,多基因遗传率分别为2.58%、3.19%、11.87%、13.1%。穗长与小穗密度受环境影响较小,早代选择可靠性较高,穗粒数、穗粒重受环境影响较大,应在稍晚世代选择。 相似文献
9.
每平方米穗数,每穗小穗数,每小穗粒数和粒重是冬小麦产量组成的四个因素.小花发育的速度可影响最终的每小穗粒数.Whingwiri等推断,顶端小穗形成后产生的小花不能结实,因此顶端小穗的形成意味着小穗数和小花数已经确定.并认为小花与穗轴之间的维管束系统的发育随小花分化而开始,顶端小穗形成后维管束发育即受抑制,此后形成的小花不能结实.每个小穗上最初两朵小花是在顶端小穗形成前产生的,约97%能结实;第四朵小花很少结实,第三朵处于两者之间,约72%不能结实. 相似文献
10.
为了解小麦小花发育成粒特性与同化物分配间的关系,以大穗型品种周麦16和多穗型品种豫麦49-198为材料,分析了两种穗型小麦小花发育成粒特性及同化物分配的差异。结果表明,周麦16的小花退化、败育速率较豫麦49-198缓慢,且在小穗结实率、小花结实率和可孕小花结实率上均高于后者。在小花发育中后期,大穗型品种周麦16转移到穗部的同化物比多穗型品种豫麦49-198多。经相关分析,花期完善小花(有完整绿色花药的小花)数与穗干重、穗氮积累量、茎干重、茎氮积累量呈微弱的正相关,与穗茎干重比、穗茎氮积累量比呈显著正相关,与穗干重/穗氮积累量比呈极显著正相关。周麦16的穗茎干重比、穗茎氮积累量比显著高于豫麦49-198,二指标均与穗干重/穗氮积累量比呈极显著正相关。进一步分析发现,周麦16的开花期单位面积完善小花数与成熟期单位面积粒数分别较豫麦49-198增加3.85%和4.65%,且品种间差异均达到极显著水平。 相似文献
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12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
15.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
16.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
19.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
20.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献