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1.
The pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen have previously been studied in cattle, but no studies have been performed on differing ages and metabolic situations in these animals. The aim of this work was to study the possible modifictions of the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen enantiomers that may result from age, lactation or gestation in dairy cattle. Three groups of Holando Argentino cattle contained, respectively, 8 cows in early lactation, 8 pregnant cows and 8 newborn calves. Four animals from each group received the enantiomer R-(-)-ketoprofen, the other four animals received the S-(+) enantiomer, all by intravenous injection at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Significant differences between the three categories of animals were obtained in elimination half-life (t1/2) (1.52, 0.87 and 0.31 and 1.71, 0.69 and 0.26 in newborn calves, cows in early lactation and cows in gestation, respectively), mean residence time (MRT) (0.45, 1.25, 2.20 and 0.38, 0.99, 2.47 h, in cows in gestation, cows in early lactation and newborn calves, respectively) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) (0.87, 2.93, 3.24, and 0.67, 2.78, 5.13 (microg/h)/ml in cows in gestation, cows in early lactation and newborn calves, respectively, for the R-(-) and S-(+) enantiomer, respectively. In calves, there was a significant difference in AUC (3.24 vs 5.13 (microg/h)/ml between R-(-)- and S-(+)-ketoprofen. In view of the differences between calves and adult cattle in the pharmacokinetic results for ketoprofen, the effects of age and physiological status (lactation, gestation) should be taken into account for therapeutic regimens.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen (FBP) in different age groups and physiological status groups in dairy cattle. Ten Argentine Holstein bovines were divided into three different groups: 3 cows in early lactation, 3 cows in gestation and 4 newborn calves. Based on previous experience, all the animals received racemic FBP (50:50) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg by intravenous administration. Blood samples were taken at predetermined times after administration of flurbiprofen. Plasma enantiomer concentrations were measured by HPLC. Total body clearance (ClB) of (S)-(+)-FBP was higher in calves than in cows (114.5, 136.4, 121.4, 128.9 μg/ml vs 22.0, 24.2, 46.5 μg/ml and 27.6, 25.3, 34.6 μg/ml). In calves the disposition kinetics showed stereoselective behaviour. Area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) was higher and ClB and steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) were lower for (R)-(−)-FBP than for (S)-(+)-FBP. In cows, stereoselectivity was observed in ClB and elimination half-life (fract12)(frac{t_1}{2}) only in the early lactation group. In this study, enantioselective metabolic behaviour of FBP under the physiological situations studied was found. Hence, it is possible that both enantiomers of flurbiprofen may contribute to the drug's therapeutic effects, but further studies with the administration of separate enantiomers will be required to elucidate their metabolism.  相似文献   

3.
The influence of clofibrate on the stereoconversion of fenoprofen (FPF) was studied in guinea pigs. This hypolipidaemic agent has been related to some biochemical changes in the liver leading to an increase in the chiral inversion process. Two groups of animals (n = 6 per group) were pretreated with oral doses of clofibrate (280 mg/kg per day) for three days and were then given (R)- or (S)-FPF (5 mg/kg, IV). The FPF enantiomers were extracted from the guinea-pigs' plasma using a solid phase procedure and analysed by HPLC with previous derivatization with L-leucinamide. Pretreatment with clofibrate increased the chiral inversion of (R)-FPF in favour of the pharmacologically active (S)-FPF enantiomer. Before this metabolic interaction can be applied to therapy with fenoprofen, the toxic effects of (S)-(+)-FPF on the gastrointestinal and renal tracts and the interference by (R)-(–)-FPF with the metabolism of lipids should be thoroughly evaluated.  相似文献   

4.
Twenty-nine free-ranging Norwegian cattle were captured with xylazine (n=20) or medetomidine (n=9) using a tranquilizing gun, and the time from darting to recumbency (induction time) was recorded. Twenty-eight animals were given atipamezole IV 15–100 min after darting, and the effects of the antagonist were evaluated. Blood samples (n=19) for haematology and serum chemistry were collected within 10 min after immobilization was induced.Xylazine (0.55±0.18 mg/kg; mean ± SD;n=18) or medetomidine-HCl (0.039±0.10 mg/kg;n=8) induced complete immobilization after a single darting with sternal or lateral recumbency, the induction times being 9.6±3.8 and 12.0±6.8 min, respectively. No difference in the clinical effects of the two drugs was observed.Rapid reversal was achieved with 0.057±0.017 and 0.077±0.019 mg/kg of atipamezole-HCl in xylazine- and medetomidine-treated animals, respectively. All the animals stood within 2 min after IV administration of the antagonist. Seven animals showed signs of excitement shortly after reversal, but these side-effects were of brief duration. Heavy resedation with relapse into recumbency was seen 3–4 h after reversal in two cows captured with xylazine, while moderate resedation was observed in two medetomidine-treated animals 2 h after reversal.Except for the plasma glucose concentration, which was elevated in both xylazine- and medetomidine-treated animals, the mean values of the haematological and plasma chemical parameters were within the reference ranges established for Norwegian cattle.Eight cows captured with xylazine (0.51±0.20 mg/kg) and given atipamezole-HCl (0.045±0.013 mg/kg) for reversal were in the last two months of pregnancy. All these animals calved normally and no cases of premature births or other periparturient disorders were seen.Abbreviations EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid - IM intramuscular - IV intravenous - SC subcutaneous - SD standard deviation  相似文献   

5.
As a part of ongoing research to further elucidate frequent and species-specific causes of differences in oral bioavailability, a 3 mg/kg dose of racemic ketoprofen, a high permeability/low solubility compound in the human biopharmaceutics classification system, was administered intravenously and orally to different species. Due to possible enantioselective disposition kinetics and inversion, enantiomers were quantitated separately using a stereospecific HPLC assay. The absolute bioavailability of R(−) and S(+) ketoprofen in chickens, turkeys, dogs and pigs was 31.5% and 52.6%, 42.6% and 32.5%, 33.6% and 89.1%, and 85.9% and 83.5% respectively. Incomplete bioavailability in poultry is probably due to incomplete absorption in addition to first-pass elimination. Low bioavailability of R(−) ketoprofen in dogs, strongly indicates first-pass metabolism. High bioavailability of S(+) ketoprofen in dogs and both enantiomers in pigs confirms that absorption of these substances is complete and controlled by gastric emptying rather than dissolution.  相似文献   

6.
As a part of ongoing research to further elucidate frequent and species-specific causes of differences in oral bioavailability, a 3 mg/kg dose of racemic ketoprofen, a high permeability/low solubility compound in the human biopharmaceutics classification system, was administered intravenously and orally to different species. Due to possible enantioselective disposition kinetics and inversion, enantiomers were quantitated separately using a stereospecific HPLC assay. The absolute bioavailability of R(−) and S(+) ketoprofen in chickens, turkeys, dogs and pigs was 31.5% and 52.6%, 42.6% and 32.5%, 33.6% and 89.1%, and 85.9% and 83.5% respectively. Incomplete bioavailability in poultry is probably due to incomplete absorption in addition to first-pass elimination. Low bioavailability of R(−) ketoprofen in dogs, strongly indicates first-pass metabolism. High bioavailability of S(+) ketoprofen in dogs and both enantiomers in pigs confirms that absorption of these substances is complete and controlled by gastric emptying rather than dissolution.  相似文献   

7.
The S(+) enantiomer of ketoprofen is predominant in the plasma of pigs after administration of racemic ketoprofen, although the occurrence and extent of R(-)-to-S(+) inversion is uncertain. Plasma concentrations of both enantiomers were measured and percentages of S(+) ketoprofen were calculated at different time points after intravenous and oral dosing of pigs with 1.5mg/kg R(-) ketoprofen. S(+) ketoprofen was formed immediately after administration and concentrations exceeded R(-) concentrations after 1h. Absence of pre-systemic inversion was deduced from the lower S(+) percentages after oral administration. A rapid and increasing inversion, reaching a maximum of about 70%, occurred and appeared to be responsible for the predominance of S(+) ketoprofen in pig plasma after administration of the racemate.  相似文献   

8.
The pharmacokinetic properties of ketoprofen were determined in 4‐week‐old calves after intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a racemic mixture at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight. Due to possible enantioselective disposition kinetics and chiral inversion, the plasma concentrations of the R(?) and S(+) enantiomer were quantified separately, using a stereospecific HPLC‐UV assay. A distinct predominance of the S(+) enantiomer was observed, as well as significantly different pharmacokinetic parameters between R(?) and S(+) ketoprofen. More in specific, a greater value for the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0→∞) (46.92 ± 7.75 and 11.13 ± 2.18 μg·h/mL for the S(+) and R(?) enantiomer, respectively), a lower apparent clearance (Cl/F) (32.8 ± 5.7 and 139.0 ± 25.1 mL/h·kg for the S(+) and R(?) enantiomer, respectively) and a lower apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) (139 ± 14.7 and 496 ± 139.4 mL/kg for the S(+) and R(?) enantiomer, respectively) were calculated for the S(+) enantiomer, indicating enantioselective pharmacokinetics for ketoprofen in calves following i.m. administration.  相似文献   

9.
As a result of research conducted in the US, recommendations for dry cow vitamin E intakes have increased seven fold there, however there has been no change to recommendations in the UK. As part of a larger study comparing the impact of existing UK and new US recommended vitamin E intakes on the health and fertility of commercial dairy cows in the UK, a study was set up to investigate the effect of route of supplementation and stage of lactation, over a 21 day period, on the response to mega-supplementation of cattle receiving supposedly adequate vitamin E. The study assessed the response of dry, peak lactation and mid lactation cows to in-feed or parenteral vitamin E supplementation (7 animals per treatment/lactation stage group) by measuring plasma and milk vitamin E concentrations, blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and milk yields over a 21 day period. Plasma vitamin E concentrations were significantly influenced by a time, stage and treatment interaction (P = 0.046). Both dry and lactating animals had significantly higher plasma vitamin E concentrations at some time points in the parenteral supplemented cows compared to the in-feed supplementated animals (P ≤ 0.011 and P < 0.01, respectively). Milk vitamin E concentrations did not significantly differ between lactation stages but treatment had a significant effect on concentrations (P < 0.008) when lactation stage was removed from the model. There was no significant difference in milk yield between treatment groups. A significant relationship between plasma and milk vitamin E concentrations was only found in the parenterally supplemented cows (r = 0.435, P < 0.001). In cattle with intakes greater than the ARC recommendations, measurement of plasma vitamin E concentration may be of limited value in determining whether there has been a response to supplementation. The relationship between plasma and milk vitamin E concentrations is too poor for milk vitamin E concentrations to be used as a proxy for plasma vitamin E.  相似文献   

10.

This study assessed daily milk yield (DMY), 100-day (MY100), and 305-day (MY305) milk yield, and lactation length (LL) in purebred Ankole cattle and Ankole crossbreds, and the influence of environmental factors on these traits. Milk yield data were obtained for 865 cows and 1234 lactations and analyzed using a mixed linear model. The overall least squares mean of DMY, MY100, and MY305 across breed groups was 2.7 L (N = 1234, SD = 1.7), 262 L (N = 959, SD = 176), and 759 L (N = 448, SD = 439), respectively, while the average lactation length was 256 days (N = 960, SD = 122). All factors included (breed group, season and year of calving, and parity) were significant for yield traits, except season of calving for MY305. First-parity cows had the lowest milk production, and fourth-parity cows the highest. For all traits, pure Ankole cows had the lowest milk yield. Among the crossbreds, there was no significant difference between Ankole × Friesian, Ankole-Jersey mother × Sahiwal sire, and Ankole-Sahiwal mother × Jersey sire, or between Ankole × Sahiwal and Ankole-Sahiwal mother × Sahiwal sire. It was concluded that Ankole crosses with Friesian or Jersey can be beneficial, even under a management system of limited nutrition as in Rwanda.

  相似文献   

11.
The skim milk progesterone profile was assessed by radioimmunoassay, without extraction, from the day of insemination (day 0) until the cows were dried off on day 225 of gestation. A total of 418 samples were collected from 154 pregnant Holstein cows. The daily variation in skim milk progesterone was recorded from day 1 until day 45 of pregnancy to detect the commencement of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum after insemination. Subsequent determinations were made every 2 weeks from day 46 until lactation ceased. On the day of artificial insemination and for the first 2 days after insemination, all the cows had a basal progesterone concentration <0.1 ng/ml. A rise in progesterone (0.2±0.1 ng/ml) was first detected on the third day after insemination. The progesterone values then increased significantly (p<0.001) until day 15.The values then remained nearly constant (2.5–3.5 ng/ml) until day 106 of pregnancy, when they began to decline. Between days 120 and 180 of gestation, progesterone was significantly decreased (2.2–2.9 ng/ml) before it rose again to the previous plateau (3.5–3.9 ng/ml) around day 180. The progesterone concentration then remained at the higher level until the animals were dried off.Abbreviations AI artificial insemination - RIA radioimmunoassay  相似文献   

12.
The concentration of acid soluble glycoproteins (ASG) in serum was determined by the Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 method as a means of assessing the amount of the acute phase protein in bovine serum. The mean (±SD) ASG concentration in sera from 30 normal dairy cows was 98.0 (±31.5) mg/dl (range 42.2–161.0 mg/dl). The mean serum ASG concentrations in cattle suffering from enzootic bovine leukosis and enzootic bovine leukosis associated with glomerulonephritis were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of normal cows. Elevated ASG concentrations were observed in cows with acute clinical mastitis. Higher (1.1–2.9 fold) ASG concentrations were observed in sera from cattle on the fifth day after surgery than in those taken at the preoperative stage. The measurement of ASG in serum could be used routinely in bovine clinical medicine as a useful indicator of inflammatory processes.  相似文献   

13.
A fluorochrome microassay was used to investigate peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function in cattle. Glass-adherent PMNL were reacted withStaphylococcus aureus princubated in 20% bovine serum for 30, 60 and 90 min. Coverslips were stained with acridine organge (AO) followed by crystal violet to quench extracellular bacterial fluorescence. PMNL function was evaluated by counting the number of dead (stained red with AO) and live (stained green with AO)S. aureus contained within 100 PMNL. A phagocytic index was calculated as the average number of bacteria contained within PMNL. The percentage killing ofS. aureus was calculated from the average proportion ofS. aureus within PMNL that were dead.Six clinically normal Holstein calves, 3–4 months of age, were sampled on 6 consecutive days. PMNL phagocytosis and killing did not vary significantly (p>0.05) among repeated samplings per calf. PMNL function increased with increasing time of incubation of PMNL withS. aureus. Means (± SD) for percentage killing were 46.7±13.1, 57.4±11.6, and 62.1±9.8% for 30, 60 and 90 min of reaction, respectively. Means (± SD) for the phagocytic index were 2.9±0.8, 3.6±1.0, and 4.2±1.1 bacteria/PMNL for 30, 60 and 90 min of reaction, respectively. PMNL function was determined in 30 normal cattle of various breeds, age and sex, and these values were pooled to provide normal values for PMNL function.When values for bovine clinical patients (n=25) with various diagnoses were compared with normal values (defined by the mean ± 2SD for the 30 normal cattle) for PMNL function, only one patient was observed to exhibit PMNL hypofunction. A cow with disseminated intravascular coagulation in association with peracute coliform mastitis exhibited decreased PMNL killing capacity. Abnormal PMNL function was uncommon in the hospital population studied.Peripheral blood PMNL function was evaluated in lactating Holstein cows with (n=15) or without (n=15) chronic subclinicalS. aureus mastitis. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in PMNL function among these cows.  相似文献   

14.
Ketoprofen (KTP) is a chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class, approved by the FDA for the allevation of pain associated with musculoskeletal disorders in horses. The present study was designed to examine the bioavailability of ketoprofen enantiomers after rectal administration of the racemate to healthy horses. One gram of racemic ketoprofen was injected intravenously and administered rectally as a fat based suppository in a cross-over design study (n = 4). Blood samples were analysed for KTP enantiomers using HPLC. After IV administration, the S(+) enantiomer concentrations in plasma were higher than the R(-) enantiomer concentrations and the AUC(0-12 h) for the S(+) enantiomer was significantly higher than for the R(-) enantiomer. Following rectal administration C(max) and AUC(0-12 h) were significantly higher for the S(+) than for the R(-) enantiomer. Bioavailability after rectal administration was low. Since there was no significant difference in bioavailability between the two enantiomers, it is assumed that no pre-systemic inversion from R(-) to S(+) occurred after rectal administration of racemic KTP to horses.  相似文献   

15.
A herd of 370 Holstein–Friesian cows were maintained in Central Sudan, Khartoum for intensive dairy production during the period 1990–1996. The area is characterized by high temperatures during the day and cools down at night, with an average thermal-humidity index (THI) of 74.8. The average adjusted lactation milk yield, milk yield per day, milk yield per day of calving interval and lactation length of the animals in the herd were 5117±123 (SE) kg, 14.7±0.25 kg, 11.3±0.36 kg and 350±8.0 days, respectively. Heifers calved at 25.2±2.3 (SD) months of age. The variation was large, which suggested large environmental fluctuations. Sire variance contributed 1.35% and 19.6% to the total variance in cows and heifers, respectively, while cow within sire contributed 19%. The heritabilities of total lactation yield, 305-day yield, milk per day of lactation, milk per day of calving interval, and lactation length in heifers were 0.78±0.24, 0.36±0.34, 0.39±0.24, 0.23±0.23, and 0.23±0.22, respectively. In cows, the heritability estimates were 0.05±0.24, 0.06±0.24, 0.08±0.24, 0.00 and 0.00 for the same traits, respectively. The repeatabilities of total lactation yield, 305-day yield, milk per day, milk per day of calving interval and lactation length were 0.02±0.03, 0.22±0.03, 0.17±0.02, 0.05±0.02 and 0.00, respectively. Regression analysis showed that, for each unit increase in THI, milk yield decreased by 0.29±0.04 kg. The stress usually caused by the combined effects of temperature and humidity was not severe in this area.  相似文献   

16.
The hepatic mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity was measured by fluorimetric assay in dairy cows with or without fatty liver. CPT activities in 13 lactating cattle and in 6 non-lactating cows were 304.4±86.6 mol CoA/min per g protein and 169.3±84.8 mol CoA/min per g protein, respectively. This difference was significant (<0.05). CPT activities in early lactation (0–110 days after calving), mid-lactation (111–220 days after calving) and late lactation (over 220 days after calving) were 278.9±68.0, 312.4±124.1 and 320±59.3 mol CoA/min per g protein, respectively. There was no significant difference between the values at different stages of lactation. The CPT activity in 10 lactating cows with fatty liver unrelated to calving was 201.3±80.0 mol CoA/min per g protein. CPT activity in 10 cattle with fatty liver was significantly lower than that in normal lactating cattle. Based on these findings, clinical fatty liver unrelated to calving appears to be associated with a decrease in hepatic CPT activity.  相似文献   

17.
The objectives of this study were to estimate the environmental and additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters of crosses of Holstein (H), Brahman (B) and Brown Swiss (BS) in Olancho region in Honduras. The data consisted of 54,517 milk yield records from 192 dual-purpose crossbred cows lactating from 2000 to 2005 at the Universidad Nacional de Agricultura de Honduras (UNA). The lactation curve and lactation parameters of interest were the scaling factor to represent yield at the beginning of lactation (a), the factor associated with the inclining (b) and declining (c) slopes of the lactation curves, and the milk yield at initial day of lactation (MY20), peak milk yield (MYmax), day at peak milk yield (tmax), and the total milk yield (TM) per lactation, respectively. The incomplete gamma function (Wood function) was used to estimate lactation curve and lactation parameters from daily milk records of H × B, H × BS and BS × B crossbred cows. The environmental, additive and non-additive genetic effects on lactation curve and lactation parameters were estimated using Dickerson and Kinghorn models. The coefficients of determination of fitness of Wood's function (R2) ranged from 80% to 97% with an average of 93%. The lactation curve of the crossbred cows was similar to those reported for dairy cows grazing in the tropics. Lactation parameters such as MYmax, tmax and TM were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by environmental sources of variation suggesting the necessity of differential management strategies. The moderate to large positive phenotypic correlation of MYmax and TM indicate that one of the milk yield parameters could be used as a selection criterion to improve either one or both traits. Despite the fact that both genetic models showed similar patterns, the absolute value of the parameters varied. For both models, individual additive genetic breed effect for H breed were significant (P < 0.05) and contributed more to TM than the BS breed. In the Dickerson model, highly positive significant (P < 0.01) effect on TM for H×BS and BS×B crosses was found. The Kinghorn model did not show significant effects of dominance on this parameter. The estimate of recombination effect for all crosses involving B breed were negative and significant (P < 0.05) for positive correlated lactation curve parameters. Although the inclusion of non-additive effects on crossbreeding genetic effects were not all significant for lactation curve and lactation parameters, non-additive effects should be taken into account to improve the Honduran dairy cattle production management.  相似文献   

18.
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was evaluated in sera from cows with ketosis and in some with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) that occurred during early lactation. The enzyme activities of 652±214 U (mean±SD) in cows with ketosis (n = 6) and 683±110 U in those with LDA (n = 5) were significantly (p<0.01) decreased compared to those in healthy normal cows (994±65 U, n = 8). Serum concentrations of free cholesterol, cholesteryl esters (CE) and phospholipids were similarly decreased in the two diseases. Cows whose LCAT activity and CE concentration were lower than the normal values were detected while in the non-lactating stage, and some of these cows had ketosis after parturition. It is suggested that evaluation of the LCAT activity and of the CE concentration during the non-lactating stage would be useful in detecting cows that are susceptible to postparturient disorders such as ketosis.  相似文献   

19.
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density (SD) on oxidative stress status and mammary gland permeability in early lactating dairy cows. Thirty‐two dairy cows were allocated into 16 blocks, basing on parity, previous milk yield, and body weight, and were then randomly assigned into one of the two treatments as follows: 75% (75SD) and 100% (100SD) SD. The cows were fed with same diet throughout the 8‐week experimental period. The milk yield and milk sample were collected on two consecutive days during the 8‐week experimental period weekly. Plasma samples were collected on fourth and eighth experimental weeks. Raw, energy‐corrected, and 4% fat‐corrected milk yield were significantly higher in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals, respectively. The milk somatic cell count was lower in 75SD‐cows than that of 100SD‐animals. The levels of Na+, Na+/K+, bovine serum albumin and plasmin were lower in 75SD‐cows than those of 100SD‐cattle, respectively. The 75SD‐cows had reduced insulin and insulin/glucagon levels but higher prolactin and growth hormone concentrations, compared with those of 100SD‐animals, respectively. In conclusion, compared with low SD‐animals, early lactating cows with higher SD had higher oxidative stress status, which further led to a greater mammary gland permeability.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, as well as its participation in the immunomodulation of pregnant cows. Thus, sixteen cows were divided into two groups (A and B): the group A was composed by cows not pregnant (n = 8), while the group B was composed by pregnant cows (n = 8). Serum levels of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), IL‐6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and C‐reactive protein (CRP), as well as ADA and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities, were measured on five sampling times (3, 5, 7 and 8 months of gestation, and soon after calving). Serum ADA activity was similar throughout the experiment in the cows belonging to the group A, but its activity increased during the experiment in cows from the group B, that is it was lower in the third and fifth months of pregnancy, and higher on months 7, 8 and after calving when compared to the group A. TNF‐α and IL‐6 serum levels were lower in pregnant cows compared to non‐pregnant animals; however, they significantly increased after calving. Serum levels of IL‐10 increased after 8 months of gestation, but it reduced after calving when compared to the group A, while CRP increased on month 8 of gestation and after calving compared to the group A. Pregnant cows showed lower serum ROS levels on months 3, 5 and 7 of gestation, and higher levels at the post‐partum. Serum GST activity was higher on month 5 of gestation in pregnant cows, but it was lower on months 7, 8 and in the post‐partum compared to the group A. Based on these evidence, we concluded that ADA activity and the others mediators or inflammatory modulators have important role in the maintenance of cow′s gestation due to their immunomodulatory effects.  相似文献   

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