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1.
Results of studying the effect of different plant species on the humus status of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soil were generalized. It was found that the application of different green manure species (Lupinus luteus L., Trifolium pratense L., and Raphanus sativus L.) and straw from cereal crops (Secale cereale, Hordeum L.) under percolative conditions helped to sustain a stable humus budget in grain agrophytocenoses. A significant change in the fractional composition of HAs and FAs occurred under the effect of green manure. The fractions of free HAs and those bound to clay minerals accumulated with the application of Trifolium pratense and Raphanus sativus biomass and cereal straw. Lower amounts of aggressive and free FAs were formed in the soil with the application of straw and fallow plants. The decomposition of green manure and the formation of humic substances also depended on the hydrothermal conditions during application of manure. 相似文献
2.
粪肥对不同磷水平土壤磷流失潜力的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
田间试验结果表明,因施肥方式不同,粪肥施用对不同磷水平土壤磷流失潜力的影响也不相同。在施用的粪肥与表土混合的情况下,粪肥对土壤磷流失的增加量随土壤磷水平的提高而升高。但当粪肥表施不与土壤混合时,情况有所不同。在粪肥表施初期,无论是高磷土壤还是低磷土壤,地表径流中磷浓度都达到较高水平,施肥引起的土壤磷流失的增加量以低磷土壤更为明显。但粪肥表施较长时间后,粪肥对土壤磷流失的增加量也随土壤磷水平的提高而升高。总的来说,控制地表径流磷流失的效果是粪肥与土混施优于表施,流域内粪肥处置应优先施于土壤磷水平较低的土壤中。 相似文献
3.
Alan L. Wright Tony L. Provin Frank M. Hons David A. Zuberer Richard H. White 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(1):22-28
Compost application to turf grasses can increase availability of nutrients in soil and improve growth, but can potentially lead to accumulation of macronutrients in soil and contribute to leaching and runoff losses. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of compost source and application rate on concentrations of plant-available macronutrients in soil over 29 months after a one-time application to saint augustine grass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] and Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf. Compost application increased soil organic C, P, Ca, and S concentrations by 3 months after addition, but further increases from 3 to 29 months were seldom observed. In contrast, NO3-N and K levels declined while Mg levels increased slightly from 3 to 29 months. Seasonal or cyclical patterns of soil macronutrient levels were apparent, as lower concentrations were observed during dormant stages of Bermuda grass growth in winter. Initial macronutrient concentrations of compost sources strongly influenced macronutrient dynamics in surface soil, while higher application rates resulted in higher levels of P, K, Ca, Mg, but not NO3-N and S. Higher levels of macronutrients in Bermuda grass than saint augustine grass turf suggested plant-mediated uptake and assimilation differed between turf grass species. Utilization of turf grass systems for compost application should take into account plant species composition and the related impacts of plant uptake. Macronutrient concentrations were significantly correlated with both total organic C and dissolved organic C (DOC). Formation of organic matter-cation complexes appeared to influence macronutrient dynamics in soil, and may contribute to leaching and runoff losses. 相似文献
4.
We analyzed soil prokaryotic and fungal community composition in soils with varying histories of cattle manure application. The manure treatments were (i) annual application for 43 years (MF), (ii) annual application for 14 years followed by 29 years without application (MF14), and (iii) annual application for 30 years followed by 13 years without application (MF30). An annual application of chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer (CNF) and a non-amended control (Con) were also included. Soil prokaryotic evenness and diversity significantly decreased in MF relative to other treatments in fall, but were similar to the other fertilizer treatments in spring and summer. Distinct prokaryotic and fungal community composition was observed in MF compared to other treatments across fall, spring, and summer seasons. The MF treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes, but significantly decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria. In fall, the soil prokaryotic and fungal community composition with MF30 was significantly different than the other fertilization treatments. Overall, the study showed that annual manure application (MF) led to a different microbial community composition than the other fertilizer treatments. Soil without manure application for 13 years (MF30) had a significantly different microbial community composition from other fertilizer treatments in fall, while the soil without manure application for 29 years (MF14) resembled a microbial community that had never received manure. 相似文献
5.
苏打盐碱水灌溉的土壤添加石膏肥和有机肥后水溶性碳和微生物碳研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), a small fraction of soil organic matter, has a rapid turnover rate and is a reservoir of labile nutrients. The water-extractable carbon pools provide a fairly good estimate of labile C present in soil and can be easily quantified. Changes in soil MBC and water-extractable organic carbon pools were studied in a 14-year long-term experiment in plots of rice-wheat rotation irrigated with canal water (CW), sodic water (SW, 10-12.5 mmol c L-1 residual sodium carbonate), and SW amended with gypsum with or without application of organic amendments including farmyard manure (FYM), green manure (GM), and wheat straw (WS). Irrigation with SW increased soil exchangeable sodium percentage by more than 13 times compared to irrigation with CW. Sodic water irrigation significantly decreased hot water-extractable organic carbon (HWOC) from 330 to 286 mg kg-1 soil and cold water-extractable organic carbon (CWOC) from 53 to 22 mg kg-1 soil in the top 0-7.5 cm soil layer. In the lower soil layer (7.5-15 cm), reduction in HWOC was not significant. Application of gypsum alone resulted in a decrease in HWOC in the SW plots, whereas an increase was recorded in the SW plots with application of both gypsum and organic amendments in both the soil layers. Nevertheless, application of gypsum and organic amendments increased the mean CWOC as compared with application of gypsum alone. CWOC was significantly correlated with MBC but did not truly reflect the changes in MBC in the treatments with gypsum and organic amendments applied. For the treatments without organic amendments, HWOC was negatively correlated with MBC (r = 0.57*) in the 0-7.5 cm soil layer, whereas for the treatments with organic amendments, both were positively correlated. Irrigation with SW significantly reduced the rice yield by 3 t ha-1 and the yield of rice and wheat by 5 t ha-1 as compared to irrigation with canal water. Application of amendments significantly increased rice and wheat yields. Both the rice yield and the yield of rice and wheat were significantly correlated with MBC (r = 0.49**-0.56**, n = 60). HWOC did not exhibit any relation with the crop yields under the treatments without organic amendments; however, CWOC showed a positive but weak correlation with the crop yields. Therefore, we found that under sodic water irrigation, HWOC or CWOC in the soils was not related to MBC. 相似文献
6.
通过田间径流微区定位试验,以中亚热带3种典型母质(花岗岩、红砂岩、红黏土)发育红壤花生坡地为研究对象,以当地常规化肥用量处理为对照,连续3年研究了在常规化肥用量减半条件下配施6个不同用量腐熟猪粪(猪粪含有0,0.5,1,2,4,8倍的对照处理磷用量)对红壤花生坡地水土流失和磷素流失的影响,以期为典型红壤地区合理施用猪粪提供科学依据。结果表明:化肥减半配施猪粪处理能有效降低红壤坡地的产流产沙,但随着猪粪用量的增加,径流水和泥沙磷含量均呈线性增加,环境风险增大。径流量和泥沙量均为花岗岩红壤红砂岩红壤红黏土红壤。配施3 500kg/(hm~2·a)猪粪,花岗岩红壤的径流量减少了28.0%、泥沙量减少了6.3%,红砂岩红壤的径流量减少了23.2%、泥沙量减少了37.1%;而配施7 000kg/(hm~2·a)猪粪,红黏土红壤的径流量减少了40.7%,泥沙量减少了12.8%。当花岗岩红壤、红砂岩红壤、红黏土红壤的猪粪用量分别达到14 000,28 000,28 000kg/(hm~2·a)时,径流水总磷平均含量超过地表水环境质量标准V类限值。径流水总磷含量为花岗岩红壤红黏土红壤红砂岩红壤,而泥沙总磷含量则为红黏土红壤花岗岩红壤红砂岩红壤。在减半化肥用量条件下花岗岩红壤和红砂岩红壤配施与常规化肥处理等磷量[P含量40kg/(hm~2·a)]的猪粪、红黏土红壤配施2倍常规化肥处理磷含量[P含量80kg/(hm~2·a)]的猪粪,可有效减少水土流失,且3年内不会增加磷素流失风险。 相似文献
7.
中国三峡库区坡地果园保护性措施减少氮磷的流失 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The increased application of chemical fertilizers in citrus orchards and the non-point source nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) diffusion threaten the fresh water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China. A 10-year field trial on sloping citrus lands was conducted to evaluate five protection methods for reducing N and P losses: 1) intercropping with perennial white clover (CW); 2) straw mulching of the soil surface (CS); 3) intercropping with yellow daylily contour hedgerows (CH); 4) an impermeable membrane buried in the soil along the contour lines (CM); and 5) intercropping with a rotation of wheat and peanut (CWP). An area of conventional citrus management was also maintained as the control (CK). The results showed that CM and CH were the most effective methods for reducing surface runoff. The sediment yield were reduced at the highest rate by CW and CH and was also significantly reduced by CS. Reduced runoff volume and sediment yield were the crucial mechanism for the reductions in N and P losses. Compared with the control, CW, CS, CH, and CM reduced annual runoff by 9%, 13%, 25%, and 30%, sediment yield by 77%, 55%, 71%, and 28%, N loss by 10%, 23% 36%, and 37%, and P loss by 39%, 31%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. CW, CS, CH, and CM were effective in reducing N and P losses from the sloping citrus land. However, over the long-term, surface soil nutrient accumulation in CW, CS, and CH diminished the benefit of those methods in reducing N and P losses. In addition, CWP increased soil erosion and nutrient loss, which showed that citrus intercropping with other crops was an unsuitable method for citrus sloping land in the Three Gorges area. 相似文献
8.
Field investigations between 2002 and 2011 identified soil structural degradation to be widespread in SW England with 38% of the 3243 surveyed sites having sufficiently degraded soil structure to produce observable features of enhanced surface‐water runoff within the landscape. Soil under arable crops often had high or severe levels of structural degradation. Late‐harvested crops such as maize had the most damaged soil where 75% of sites were found to have degraded structure generating enhanced surface‐water runoff. Soil erosion in these crops was found at over one in five sites. A tendency for the establishment of winter cereals in late autumn in the South West also often resulted in damaged soil where degraded structure and enhanced surface‐water runoff were found in three of every five cereal fields. Remedial actions to improve soil structure are either not being undertaken or are being unsuccessfully used. Brown Sands, Brown Earths and loamy Stagnogley Soils were the most frequently damaged soils. The intensive use of well‐drained, high quality sandy and coarse loamy soils has led to soil structural damage resulting in enhanced surface‐water runoff from fields that should naturally absorb winter rain. Surface water pollution, localized flooding and reduced winter recharge rates to aquifers result from this damage. Chalk and limestone landscapes on the other hand show little evidence of serious soil structural degradation and <20% of fields in these landscapes generate enhanced runoff. 相似文献
9.
紫色土坡耕地施肥水平对土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以紫色土坡耕地"冬小麦-夏玉米"种植模式为研究对象,设置对照处理、复合施用农家肥和化肥、单施化肥、单施化肥增加施肥量、单施化肥横坡垄作5种施肥水平,采用径流小区定点监测的方法,研究紫色土坡耕地不同施肥水平下土壤侵蚀特征。结果表明:施肥水平和降雨量对径流量影响极为显著,各施肥水平下次降雨泥沙流失量与降雨量呈线性正相关,单位面积泥沙流失量与径流量在增加施肥时为幂函数关系,其他施肥水平下均为对数函数关系。施肥水平和降雨量对径流中氮磷浓度均具有显著影响。各施肥水平下径流中氮磷流失浓度变化趋势与降雨量变化趋势基本一致,随降雨量增加而增大,不同施肥水平下,氮磷浓度波动范围不同;复合施用农家肥和化肥,径流中氮素及可溶性磷浓度较稳定;各施肥水平下径流中氮磷浓度最高值出现与暴雨事件出现基本一致,同时追加施肥等农事活动也对磷素浓度最大值具有一定影响。 相似文献
10.
节水控肥下有机无机肥配施对日光温室黄瓜–番茄轮作体系土壤氮素供应及迁移的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本试验以日光温室秋冬茬番茄-冬春茬黄瓜轮作体系为研究对象,采用田间小区试验,研究了5季节水控肥（冬春茬黄瓜和秋冬茬番茄季N-P2O5-K2O总投入量分别为600-300-525 kg/hm2和450-225-600 kg/hm2）有机无机肥配施对 040 cm（根区）土壤硝态氮供应、 40100 cm（根区以外）硝态氮残留和 0100 cm土体不同形态氮素淋失的影响,探索了设施蔬菜生产中节水节肥潜力,为构建设施蔬菜合理水肥管理下土壤肥力培育和土壤质量提升模式提供技术支持。试验结果表明, 1）农民习惯水肥管理节水节肥潜力较大; 节水控肥后0100 cm土体硝态氮积累量、 矿质氮和有机氮渗漏量均明显下降,种植蔬菜经济效益显著增加。2）商品有机肥猪粪与化肥在土壤无机氮供应方面的效果接近; 节水控肥1/41/2 猪粪氮替代1/41/2 化肥氮后,040 cm土体硝态氮供应和40100 cm土体硝态氮残留均无显著变化,但是随着猪粪氮配施比例的增加,土壤溶液渗漏量及养分淋失量呈增加趋势。3）施用秸秆促进了土壤无机氮固持,降低根区土壤硝态氮供应水平,提高土壤养分保蓄能力; 节水控肥1/2秸秆氮替代1/2化肥氮后,040 cm土壤硝态氮供应量平均下降34.3%~56.2%,40100 cm土体硝态氮残留量下降42.5%~87.8%, 0100 cm土体土壤溶液渗漏量下降65.0%,硝态氮淋失量下降 82.0%,而产量和经济收入无显著差异。根据本试验结果,对于新建温室可采用单施化肥、 化肥与猪粪配施方案,能在短时间内提高土壤无机氮供应强度,满足蔬菜氮素需求; 对于种植了一段时间的温室,可采用冬春茬黄瓜季化肥配施猪粪秋冬茬番茄季化肥配施秸秆方案,能固定积累于土壤中的无机氮,提高土壤养分容量,保证根层土壤氮素的稳定供应,降低环境风险,维护设施农业的可持续发展。 相似文献
11.
滇池流域人工模拟降雨条件下农田施用有机肥对磷素流失的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
应用田间原位人工模拟降雨的方法,在滇池流域不同作物类型农田上研究了有机肥（猪粪）不同用量水平对农田磷素流失的影响。结果显示,随着有机肥（猪粪）施用量的增加,农田流失液中各形态磷素的平均浓度提高,两者间呈显著正相关,相关系数均达到0..9以上。径流方式下,颗粒态磷是主要流失形态;渗漏方式下,有机肥用量水平低时颗粒态磷是主要流失形态,有机肥用量达到中等至较高水平时水溶性是流失的主要形态。同一有机肥用量水平下,不同作物类型农田流失液中各形态磷素的平均浓度均表现为:蔬菜田花卉田粮田。 相似文献
12.
G. A. Lehrsch B. Brown R. D. Lentz J. L. Johnson-Maynard A. B. Leytem 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(1):124-138
To efficiently use nitrogen (N) while protecting water quality, one must know how a second-year crop, without further N fertilization, responds in years following a manure application. In an Idaho field study of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following organically fertilized sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), we determined the residual (second-year) effects of fall-applied solid dairy manure, either stockpiled or composted, on wheat yield, biomass N, protein, and grain N removal. Along with a no-N control and urea (202 kg N ha?1), first-year treatments included compost (218 and 435 kg estimated available N ha?1) and manure (140 and 280 kg available N ha?1). All materials were incorporated into a Greenleaf silt loam (Xeric Calciargid) at Parma in fall 2002 and 2003 prior to planting first-year sugarbeet. Second-year wheat grain yield was similar among urea and organic N sources that applied optimal amounts of plant-available N to the preceding year’s sugarbeet, thus revealing no measurable second-year advantage for organic over conventional N sources. Both organic amendments applied at high rates to the preceding year’s sugarbeet produced greater wheat yields (compost in 2004 and manure in 2005) than urea applied at optimal N rates. On average, second-year wheat biomass took up 49% of the inorganic N remaining in organically fertilized soil after sugarbeet harvest. Applying compost or manure at greater than optimum rates for sugarbeet may increase second-year wheat yield but increase N losses as well.Abbreviations CNS, carbon–nitrogen–sulfur 相似文献
13.
Yu. P. Sukhanovskii 《Eurasian Soil Science》2007,40(2):195-202
A modification of a rainfall simulation procedure at runoff plots for the study of erosion is suggested. It is based on the (1) physically substantiated erosion parameter of simulated rainfall A, (2) the new erosion index for natural rains AI derived from the erosion parameter A, and (3) USLE and RUSLE equations. To simplify the testing procedure and interpretation of the measured data, we use rainfall of permanent intensity I, drop size, and rainfall velocity V. To study the influence of any factor (or their combination) on the soil loss, the experiment was performed at several runoff plots, one of which was a control (fallow soil, and soil tillage performed along the slope). According to the measurement results, a graph of the dependence between the cumulative soil loss and the AI index was compiled that fits the linear regression equation. Thus, the derived equations are also valid for natural rains. The critical values of AI cr upon which the runoff and soil loss start are determined from these equations. The soil erodibility factor is calculated from the equation obtained for the control plot using the relief factor of the RUSLE equation. The influence of the studied factors on soil erosion is assessed from the comparison of equations obtained for the appropriate sites and the control. Upon the infiltration study, the water discharge is measured until its stabilization, when the steady infiltration velocity is reached. The following investigation results are cited as examples: (1) the influence of the initial soil moisture, the soil mulching with straw, and the plant cover on the soil loss; (2) application of the obtained experimental data for assessing the average annual soil loss from natural rains; and (3) the relationship between the infiltration and the rainfall erosivity index AI. 相似文献
14.
Concentrations of Free and Conjugated Estrogens at Different Landscape Positions in an Agricultural Watershed Receiving Poultry Litter 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sudarshan K. Dutta Shreeram P. Inamdar Jerry Tso Diana S. Aga 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(5):2821-2836
Animal hormones can enter the aquatic environment along with runoff as a result of manure or litter application on agricultural landscapes. Our understanding of the transport of these hormones and their concentrations at various points along the watershed drainage is however limited. We investigated the transport of naturally produced poultry hormones in an agricultural watershed located on coastal plain soils of Delaware receiving land application of raw poultry manure. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of free and conjugated forms of estrogens in agricultural runoff at selected landscape positions in the agricultural watershed. Estrogen concentrations were determined for surface water, soil water, and runoff sediment. Estrogen forms that were analyzed were: Estrone (E1), Estradiol (E2?? and E2??), Estriol (E3), and their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Poultry litter application occurred at a rate of 9 Mg ha?1 in early spring (April 2010). Sampling was performed for surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and sediment for nine storm events extending over 187 days before and after manure application (March?COctober 2010). Runoff was collected from the field edge, upland and lowland riparian positions and from the stream. Samples were analyzed by for liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Concentrations of estrogens were low (<20 ng l?1) for most of the samples and decreased from the field edge into the riparian zone. Estrogens were not detected in soil water and runoff sediments. Overall, this study suggests that manure application practices at our sites in Delaware such as incorporation of litter into the soil likely reduced the concentrations of estrogens in runoff and reduced the threat posed to aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
采用田间小区定位试验研究自然降雨条件下稻麦两熟农田"稻季-麦季-稻季"茬口衔接期养分径流流失规律。结果表明:麦季常规施肥条件下麦稻茬口衔接期径流水量达77.59m3/hm2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达48.30kg/hm2,麦季少免耕处理较常规施肥处理增加径流水量达41.41%;径流水氮磷浓度分别达2.22,0.46mg/L,径流侵蚀泥沙氮磷浓度分别达1.15,1.65g/kg;麦稻茬口衔接期氮素径流流失量达227.84g/hm2,以径流水流失为主,占氮素总径流流失量的75%以上;磷素径流流失量达115.57g/hm2,以径流侵蚀泥沙流失为主,占磷素径流流失总量59%以上;麦季秸秆还田、秸秆还田减肥处理减少麦稻茬口衔接期氮素和磷素径流流失量分别达6.04%～9.74%和5.73%～11.54%,而麦季少免耕处理则增加21.75%和13.42%。 相似文献
16.
有机无机肥配施对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质生产的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为探讨黄淮海地区冬小麦水肥高效利用的合理施肥方式,于2013—2015年冬小麦生长季进行田间试验,以石麦15(SM15)为试验材料,以长期定位试验的大型水肥渗漏研究设施为平台,设计单施尿素(U)、单施有机肥(M)、尿素和有机肥(腐熟的牛粪)1∶1配施(U+M)3个施肥处理,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照,研究了有机无机肥配施对冬小麦耗水特性和干物质生产的影响。结果表明:U+M处理下冬小麦总耗水量最高,达548.46~556.72 mm,各生育阶段中,开花至成熟期的耗水量最高,该阶段耗水模系数达33.55%~42.38%,有利于满足小麦灌浆期对水分的需求;U+M处理能够增强土壤的持水能力,增加冬小麦对土壤贮水特别是深层贮水的消耗,降低了淋洗损失,整个生育期内U+M处理的水分淋洗体积最低,比CK、U和M处理分别降低66.79%,52.45%和37.61%,土壤贮水向灌浆阶段分配较多,增加了土壤贮水对籽粒产量的贡献率。U+M处理在两个生长季均获得最高干物质积累量,较U和M处理分别提高11.93%和23.33%,并且其籽粒干物质积累量和籽粒在植株干物质中的分配比例均显著高于其他处理。籽粒产量以U+M处理最高,U+M、U和M处理的籽粒产量分别较CK处理增产65.96%,49.44%和46.59%,U+M处理的产量水分利用效率和干物质水分利用效率均显著高于其他施肥处理。综上所述,在本试验条件下,化肥和有机肥(牛粪)1∶1配施能显著提高冬小麦籽粒产量和干物质积累量,改善冬小麦耗水特性,增加作物耗水量,且显著降低水分淋洗损失,增加灌浆阶段的水分供应,提高冬小麦的水分利用效率,是黄淮海地区小麦/玉米轮作体系下较为合理的施肥方式。 相似文献
17.
To test whether manure amendment in soil reduces plant uptake of persistent organic pollutants, carrot (Daucus carota L.) was used as a model plant and 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) was selected as a model persistent organic pollutant to conduct a pot experiment with contaminated soil amended by composted pig manure. The results showed that the concentration and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of BDE-47 in the edible part of carrot significantly decreased from 229.7?±?28.2 to 43.4?±?20.4 ng g?1 and from 1.86?±?0.5 to 0.15?±?0.03, respectively, with increasing composted pig manure dose from 0 to 4%. Organic matter (OM) derived from composted pig manure played a dominant role in reducing persistent organic pollutant bioavailability in soil. Composted pig manure amendment and carrot cultivation jointly altered the bacterial community composition in soil, especially the rhizosphere. Rhizodegradation of BDE-47 was enhanced from 8.6 to 28.5% with increasing composted pig manure dose from 0 to 4%, corresponding to increased soil microbe diversity and polybrominated diphenyl ether-degrading bacteria (Sphingomonas, etc.) abundance in the rhizosphere. This study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to provide an effective agronomic strategy of manure amendment to reduce plant uptake and simultaneously enhance rhizodegradation of persistent organic pollutants in soil, and thus potentially reduce human health risks through dietary intake. 相似文献
18.
模拟降雨条件下聚丙烯酰胺应用对径流、侵蚀和土壤养分流失的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Soil erosion affects soil productivity and environmental quality.A laboratory research experiment under simulated heavy rainfall with tap water was conducted to investigate the effects of anionic polyacrylamide(PAM) application rates(0,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 g m-2) and molecular weights(12 and 18 Mg mol-1) on runoff,soil erosion,and soil nutrient loss at a slope of 5°.The results showed the two lower rates of PAM application decreased runoff while the highest rate increased runoff as compared with the control.Sediment concentration and soil mass loss increased significantly with the increasing PAM application rate.Compared with the control,PAM application decreased K+,NH4+,and NO3-concentrations in sediment and K+ and NH+4 concentrations in runoff,but significantly increased the mass losses of K+,NH4+,and NO-3 over soil surface except for the NH4+ at PAM application rate lower than 1.0 g m-2.PAM application decreased the proportion of K+ loss with runoff to its total mass loss over soil surface from 60.1% to 16.4%.However,it did not affect the NH4+ and NO3-losses with runoff,and more than 86% of them were lost with runoff.A higher PAM molecular weight resulted in less soil erosion and K+ mass loss but had little effect on runoff and NH+4 and NO3-losses.PAM application did not prevent soil erosion and the mass losses of K+ and NO3-under experimental conditions. 相似文献
19.
Subsurface-banding manure and winter cover cropping are farming techniques designed to reduce N loss. Little is known, however, about the effects of these management tools on denitrifying microbial communities and the greenhouse gases they produce. Abundances of bacterial (16S), fungal (ITS), and denitrification genes (nirK, nirS, nosZ-I, and nosZ-II) were measured in soil samples collected from a field experiment testing the combination of cereal rye and hairy vetch cover cropping with either surface-broadcasted or subsurface-banded poultry litter. The spatial distribution of genes was mapped to identify potential denitrifier hotspots. Spatial distribution maps showed increased 16S rRNA genes around the manure band, but no denitrifier hotspots. Soil depth and nitrate concentration were the strongest drivers of gene abundance, but bacterial gene abundance also differed by gene, soil characteristics, and management methods. Gene copy number of nirK was higher under cereal rye than hairy vetch and positively associated with soil moisture, while nirS gene copies did not differ between cover crop species. The nirS gene copies increased when manure was surface broadcasted compared to subsurface banded and was positively associated with pH. Soil moisture and pH were positively correlated to nosZ-II but not to nosZ-I gene copy numbers. We observed stronger correlations between nosZ-I and nirS, and nosZ-II and nirK gene copies compared to the reverse pairings. Agricultural management practices differentially affect spatial distributions of genes coding for denitrification enzymes, leading to changes in the composition of the denitrifying community. 相似文献
20.
大型蒸渗仪和径流小区中红壤的水量平衡 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The daily soil water budgets in the red soil areas of central Jiangxi Province, southern China, were investigated with a large-scale weighing lysimeter and runoff plots. From 1998 to 2000, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and rape (Brassica napus L.) were planted in the lysimeter and in 1999, peanuts were planted in the runoff plots. The soil water budget components including rainfall, runoff, percolation and evapotranspiration were measured directly or calculated by Richards' equation and water balance equation. The results showed that most rainfall, including rainstorms, occurred from March to July, and induced the greatest soil water percolation during the year. The evapotranspiration was still large from July to September when rainfall was minimal. Thus, the lack of synchronization in soil water inputs and losses was disadvantageous to crops growing in this region. Among the soil water losses, percolation was the largest, followed by evapotranspiration, and then soil runoff. Runoff was very small on farmland with crops. It was significantly different from the uncultivated uplands where large-scale runoff was usually reported. The soil water storage fluctuated sinusoidally, with a large amplitude in the rainy season and a small amplitude in the dry season. 相似文献