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1.
H. D. Mohr 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1980,143(2):129-139
Heavy metal content of roots and shoots of vines (Vitis vinifera L.) after fertilization with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni and Cr from garbage-sewage-sludge-compost in vineyard soils, vines and must was studied in field-and pot-experiments. The following results were obtained: 1. In a field experiment, in which garbage-sewage-sludge-compost was applied, a marked soil enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr was found. It was most evident at the 0–20 cm depth but also obvious at the 40–60 cm depth thus indicating downward migration. The soil was not enriched with Co and Ni. The heavy metal content of leaves, berries and must of riesling vines did not increase on the plots treated with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost. 2. In a pot trial, using an acid and an alkaline soil each mixed with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost, it was observed that only the uptake of Zn and Cu increased into the leaves, tendrils and wood of the riesling cuttings. In relation to the content of the substrate, the heavy metals were detected in the roots percentually in the following order: Cu, Cd > Zn > > Pb, Co, Ni, Cr The root contents were mostly substantially higher than those of the shoot. The migration from root to shoot decreased in the following percentual order: Zn > Cu > Cd, Pb 3. The heavy metal content decreased considerably from the roots to the upper plant organs. This was reflected in low concentrations of heavy metals in the vine must. 相似文献
2.
Heavy Metal Pollution in Air-Water-Soil-Plant System of Zhuzhou City,Hunan Province,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The sources, distribution and mobility of heavy metals in Zhuzhou City, Hunan Province, China were systematically studied based on environmental monitoring data and random sampling from fields and markets. The significant positive correlations between some pairs of heavy metals (total Cd–Hg, total Cu–Pb) within the Zhuzhou section of the Xiang River may indicate that they are coming from the same pollution sources with similar pollution channels and removal patterns in the water bodies. Heavy metals from wastewater partly settled in the sediment after entering the Xiang River, which caused an inconsistent change in heavy metal concentrations over time in the middle and lower parts of the Xiang River. There was no significant difference in total Pb and Zn in topsoil between years in the period 1990–1997, which showed the balance between input and output. Heavy metals accumulated mainly in the topsoil with little downward movement. Heavy metals in the vegetables and rice were higher than the edible standard and background value to some degree with minor exceptions. The maximum heavy metal level observed divided by the acceptable level was in the order of Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn. Significant positive correlations were only found between cabbage uptake and total soil content for Hg, Pb and Cd, with no significant correlationfor the other elements. The plant uptake of a heavy metal was somewhat influenced by the co-existence of other elements. 相似文献
3.
Time-course of heavy metal uptake in maize and clover as affected by root density and different mycorrhizal inoculation regimes 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
A pot experiment was conducted to test the effect of three microbial regimes on the time course of heavy metal uptake in clover and maize from an industrially polluted soil. The three treatments included: (1) an intact flora of bacteria and fungi, including indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi together with soil microfauna; (2) the indigenous bacterial/fungal flora except AM fungi, reintroduced into sterilized soil; or (3) the same bacterial/fungal flora plus an AM fungus. For the final harvest, two pot sizes were included to assess the effect of root density. Plant uptake of P and heavy metals varied according to plant species, harvest time and soil treatment. For both plant species, shoot concentration of Zn, Cd and Cu decreased and Ni increased with plant age. Plants growing in sterilized soil with reintroduced AM fungi generally grew better, but contained higher concentrations of heavy metals than those colonized by indigenous AM fungi. Plants with mycorrhiza frequently contained more P, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in roots and shoots compared to nonmycorrhizal plants. Elevated root/shoot concentration ratios of P and metals indicate a sequestration of metal phosphates in mycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhizal performance was influenced by root density. At low root densities, metal concentrations in mycorrhizal plants were reduced, whereas it had no effect at high root densities when the entire soil volume was efficiently exploited by roots. We conclude that root density data are essential for interpretations of the influence of AM on metal uptake in plants. 相似文献
4.
The effect of excess concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) on water relations in young sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants was studied in water culture under greenhouse conditions. The accumulation of the heavy metals was more intensive in the root than in the shoot. The rates of heavy metal accumulation in root were arranged in the following decreasing order: Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb. Their transport into the above‐ground parts followed the order: Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. Transpiration and relative water content were significantly decreased by excess concentrations of the heavy metals. The number of stomata per unit leaf area was increased while the size of the stomata was decreased. The concentration of free proline significantly increased in the leaves of intact plants as well as in leaf discs incubated in the presence of heavy metals. The concentration of soluble proteins decreased as well, particularly when plants were exposed to high concentrations of the heavy metals. It was concluded that excess concentrations of the heavy metals significantly affected plant water status, causing water deficit and subsequent changes in the plants. The most intensive effect on the plants was exerted by Cd, less intensive by Cu and Zn and the least intensive by Pb. 相似文献
5.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on heavy metal tolerance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) on a sewage-sludge treated soil In pot experiments with a sewage sludge treated soil, the influence of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates of Glomus sp. (T6 and D13) on plant growth and on the uptake of heavy metals by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) was investigated. Alfalfa showed an increase of biomass with mycorrhizal infection only to a small extent. In oat AMF inoculation increased the growth of both root and shoot by up to 70% and 55% respectively. Mycorrhization raised the P-content and -uptake in alfalfa, but not in oat, in both roots and shoots. Mycorrhizal alfalfa showed lower Zn-, Cd- and Ni-contents and uptake in roots and shoots. The root length was significantly decreased in mycorrhizal alfalfa plants (up to 38%). The translocation of heavy metals into the shoot of mycorrhizal alfalfa was slightly increased. Mycorrhizal infection of oat led to higher concentrations of Zn, Cd and Ni in the root but to less Zn in the shoot. The translocation of heavy metals to the oat shoot was clearely decreased by mycorrhizal colonisation. This may be based on the ability of fungal tissues to complex heavy metals at the cell walls, thus excluding metals from the shoot. This conclusion is supported by the enhanced root length (up to 78%) of mycorrhizal oat plants in this experiment. The mycorrhizal infection seemed to protect plants against heavy metal pollution in soils. It was obvious that different host plants reacted in different ways. 相似文献
6.
植物体内重金属能与树脂内功能基团发生络合作用,所形成的络合物具有拉曼光谱信息,因此可借助该类有机分子基团对植物体内重金属含量作间接检测分析。提出了一种应用拉曼光谱技术快速检测香根草根内重金属铜含量的方法,采用不同光谱预处理方法,结合偏最小二乘法建立了最优香根草根内重金属铜含量定量分析模型。试验结果为,经过一阶微分处理的光谱建模效果较理想,其建立的预测相关系数为0.78,预测均方根误差为23.46%。研究结果表明,基于拉曼光谱技术,并结合D113树脂吸附技术应用于快速定量检测香根草根内重金属铜含量的具有可行性。 相似文献
7.
8.
复合污染土壤中水稻根际元素特性及效应研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
【目的】以广东大宝山重金属复合污染农田为生长介质,通过研究水稻不同部位生长量、 金属含量、 对金属的富集系数,及其与根际、 非根际土金属含量、 形态变化的相关关系,探讨根际效应可能对水稻体内金属积累转运以及生物量的影响。【方法】选取了广东大宝山稻田重金属复合污染(As、 Pb、 Fe、 Cu、 Zn)土壤及当地常见的20个水稻品种进行根际袋试验,即将根际袋内的土视为根际土,根际袋外的土视为非根际土,将供试水稻品种种植于根际袋土壤中60天后收获,测定水稻各部位的生长量、 不同金属的含量,根际土和非根际土中各金属有效态的含量。【结果】Fe、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 As在根部的富集系数均大于其在茎叶的富集系数,各金属在茎叶和根部的富集能力排序分别为Zn Cu As ≈ Pb ≈ Fe和Fe Zn As Cu Pb。根际土和非根际土中各种金属有效态含量均为Fe Cu Pb Zn As。研究还发现,有效态Fe、 Cu和Zn浓度对整株干重的影响显著,作用强弱顺序为Cu Zn Fe,对水稻生长影响作用显著的三种有效态金属Fe、 Cu和Zn均为植物生长所必需的元素。供试土壤中有效态Cu浓度对水稻的生长所起的作用最强。根际土有效态Fe浓度对根系Fe的积累作用效果显著,有效态As浓度显著抑制了根系Fe的积累,且有效态As浓度的作用强于有效态Fe。【结论】根际土中有效态Fe对株高、 根干重、 茎叶干重和整株干重均起着抑制作用,有效态Cu对水稻生长起到了促进作用。根际土有效态As和非根际土有效态Zn对根部Fe的积累起到了抑制作用,根际土有效态Fe和非根际土有效态Cu则起到了促进作用。非根际土有效态Fe和有效态Zn对水稻根长的增加均起到了促进作用。 相似文献
9.
The behavior of six heavy metals in an activated sludge pilot plant under conditions of normal and elevated influent metal concentrations has been studied. Percentage heavy metal removals at sludge ages of 4, 9, and 12 d were more consistent when metals were added to the system, possibly as a result of lesser variations in heavy metal speciation in the settled sewage, and the greatest degree of accumulation of heavy metals by the biomass occurred at the 12 d sludge age. When shock loads of heavy metals were introduced into the system, their concentrations in the effluent did not immediately rise in proportion; however, heavy metal removal efficiencies were similar under steady state conditions of normal and elevated influent metal concentrations. Cadmium, Cu, and Ni were largely soluble in the effluent samples, but Cr, Pb, and Zn were predominantly insoluble, indicating that particulate forms of these metals may escape removal in secondary sedimentation. The high degree of Ni solubility in the settled sewage and final effluent reflected its consistently poor removal in the process. The two most soluble metals, Cu and Ni, appeared to be associated to a large degree with high molecular weight substances in the settled sewage and final effluent, possibly influencing their availability for uptake by the biomass. 相似文献
10.
Influence of VA-mycorrhiza on heavy metal uptake of oat (Avena sativa L.) from soils differing in heavy metal contamination The heavy metal uptake of mycorrhizal oat-plants (Avena sativa L.) was evaluated in pot experiments with two soils differing in heavy metal accumulation. The effect of the fungal isolates on the uptake of the immobile metals Zn and Cu differed between the two soils: In the soil “Kleinlinden” mycorrhizal colonization increased heavy metal uptake by up to 37%. In the highly contaminated soil “München”, mycorrhizal infection lead to a higher uptake (max. 59 %) in roots but to a reduced translocation to the aerial plant fractions. The higher uptake of Zn and Cu into the roots was related to the higher heavy metal concentrations in this soil. The Cd uptake showed no difference between the two soils, but was increased in the roots by VAM together with a lower translocation into the shoots. VAM-formation changed the root architecture by increasing the specific root length (m g?1 root dry matter) and the total root length (km per pot). This increased absorbing surface of the roots was a major, but not the only cause for the differences in heavy metal uptake. 相似文献
11.
4种改良剂对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中光叶紫花苕生长及重金属吸收特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过盆栽试验研究了铅锌尾矿污染土壤中施用有机肥、石灰、蛭石和白云石等4种改良剂对光叶紫花苕生长发育、叶绿素及重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn积累特性的影响,并分析了施用改良剂后土壤pH和有效态重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,不同改良剂及其不同施用水平均能不同程度地提高土壤pH,显著降低土壤各重金属有效态含量,并显著抑制了Cd、Pb向光叶紫花苕地上部转移,降低了重金属在光叶紫花苕植株地上部的积累,改善了光叶紫花苕的生长和发育,光叶紫花苕株高、地上部鲜重和地下部鲜重、叶绿素含量均有不同程度增加,其中株高和地上部鲜重增加达到显著水平。4种改良剂的不同处理水平对光叶紫花苕地下部重金属含量影响均达显著水平。 相似文献
12.
Sedigheh Safarzadeh Abdolmajid Ronaghi Najafali Karimian 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(2):231-245
Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots. 相似文献
13.
Contamination of soils with heavy metals becomes more and more a problem in many countries all over the world. In areas where metal contaminated soils are used for food crop production, metals relatively mobile within the plant, such as cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) can easily come into the food chain with great risks for human health. Since bioavailability of heavy metals in soils varies with soil and plant characteristics, e.g., mineralogical and organic matter properties of the soil and plant metal susceptibility, prediction of heavy metal uptake by plants by the common soil and plant chemical analysis techniques is often unreliable. Recently, the use of biomarkers has been suggested to be a suitable technique complementing chemical soil analysis. Therefore, the usefulness of the biomarker phytochelatin (PC), a non‐protein thiol, specifically induced in plants suffering from heavy metal stress, was tested. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were exposed to excess copper (Cu) or Cd in nutrient solution systems and metal and PC concentrations were monitored in plant shoot and root. Results clearly illustrated that very soon after plant exposure to the metal, PC induction started, especially in plant roots. Phytochelatin seems to be a useful early warning system for heavy metal stress in plants. 相似文献
14.
通过盆栽实验和大田实验研究了钢渣施用对多金属复合污染土壤pH、有效硅、有效态重金属含量（镉、铅、铜、锌）以及水稻吸收重金属的影响。盆栽实验设置5个处理,分别是CK（无钢渣）、SS3和SS6（分别加入3g·kg-1和6g·kg-1100目钢渣）、FSS3和FSS6（分别加入3g·kg-1和6g·kg-1180目钢渣）;大田实验设置两个处理：CK（无钢渣）和SS（加入3g·kg-1100目钢渣）。结果表明,盆栽实验土壤pH值及有效硅含量随钢渣施用量的增加和粒径的减小显著上升,土壤有效态重金属含量则出现显著下降。水稻地上部重金属浓度在施加钢渣后均显著降低,并且远低于地下部浓度;大部分钢渣施加处理对降低地下部重金属浓度也有显著效果。大田实验结果显示,钢渣改良的处理,不仅提高了水稻产量,稻米中的重金属浓度也得到了大幅降低,并达到了国家食品安全标准。综合来看,施用钢渣可有效改良多金属复合污染土壤的性质,抑制水稻对重金属的吸收和转运,降低水稻特别是其地上部的重金属浓度。 相似文献
15.
F.-A. Austenfeld 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1979,142(6):786-791
Phytotoxicity of Ni and Co on Phaseolus vulgaris L. Grown in Solution Culture. A six week long water culture experiment was carried out to test the effect of increasing levels of NiSO4 or CoSO4 on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L var. Saxa). It was found that with increasing concentration both heavy metals were absorbed and translocated to the shoot. In contrast to Ni uptake, Co uptake was clearly reduced at higher levels of Co-nutrition. Co was transported to the leaves in smaller amounts than Ni, the reason for this being the lower mobility of Co in the plant. Because of the specific organ distribution of heavy metals, a concentration gradient was found for Co from the root to the stem, and the leaf to the fruit. For Ni the sequence was root, leaf, fruit, stem. The development of the plants was inhibited by both, NiSO4 and CoSO4, but Co was more toxic than Ni. This was demonstrated by relating the dry matter production to the heavy metal content of the tissues. 相似文献
16.
Purpose
Characterization of tannery sludge (TS) for its plausible use in amelioration and phytoremediation of heavy metal rich TS treated soil by growing economically important plants (Ricinus communis, Brassica juncea and Nerium oleander).
Materials and methodsTreatments were prepared by amalgamation of TS (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100 %) with garden soil (GS). All treatments were analysed for chemical properties, total and DTPA (Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) extractable heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cu, and Mn). Seed germination experiment was conducted; unvarying saplings were selected and planted in concerned pots and allowed to grow for 90 days in green house. At harvest, plant samples were washed with distilled water and used for determination of growth parameters (biomass of root, shoot and total biomass on dry weight basis) and metal accumulation in different parts of the plant. Translocation factor (TF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) have been calculated to check the phytostabilization capability of studied plants.
Results and discussionApplication of TS in fixed quantity as an amendment resulted in significant improvements of GS characteristics (alkaline pH with high electrical conductivity, organic carbon, available NPK and heavy metals) and in treatments. DTPA extractable heavy metal concentrations were found very low and total heavy metal concentrations were also found under allowable range in control and treated soil (T-I to T-VI). The maximum seed germination percentage, plant growth, biomass production for all plant species were observed in T-III treatment (20 % TS + 80 % GS) with majority of the metal accumulation in underground part (BCF >1) and meagre translocation in aerial part (TF <1). From T-IV to T-VII treatment, accumulation of heavy metals in plant parts has generally increased; however, biomass has been tremendously decreased.
ConclusionsTS was found rich in NPK content with significant concentration of heavy metals. Pot growth experiment suggested amelioration of GS with specific quantity of 20 % TS can tremendously enhance the plant growth, help in the utilization of TS and can act as a substitute of synthetic fertilizer. Majority of the metals was accumulated in root part (BCF >1) and meagre translocation (TF <1) in aerial part, concludes R. communis and B. juncea could be suitable plant species to be grown in heavy metal rich TS treated soil, vis-à-vis for phytostabilization of heavy metals. In addition, these oil yielding and medicinal plants can also be used for phytoremediation of moderately contaminated tannery soils.
相似文献17.
Ying Hang Hengbo Yin Aili Wang Lingqin Shen Yonghai Feng Ruijiang Liu 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2014,225(9):1-14
The accumulation of metals and nutrients in biosolid-amended soils and the risk of their excess uptake by plants is a topic of great concern. This study examines the elemental uptake and accumulation in five vegetable plants grown on biosolid-applied soils and the use of spectral reflectance to monitor the resulting plant stress. Soil, shoot, root, and fruit samples were collected and analyzed for several elemental concentrations. The chemical concentrations in soils and all the plant parts increased with increase in applied biosolid concentrations. The Cu and Zn concentrations in the plant shoots increased in the order of collard?<?radish?<?lettuce?<?tomato?<?pepper. The Cu and Zn concentrations accumulated significantly in the fruits of the tomato plants compared to other plants. Among all the plants, the shoot concentration factor (SCF) of Zn was significantly higher for pepper plants, indicating increase in uptake of Zn. The shoot relative uptake index (SRUI) of Cu and Zn increased in the order of collard?<?radish?<?lettuce?<?tomato?<?pepper. The shoot dry weight and spectral reflectance of the radish plants in the near-infrared (NIR) region (800–1,300 nm) decreased significantly with increase in biosolid concentration compared to other plants. Increase in plant stress with increase in biosolid dose was evident in radish plants through significant reduction in Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI). This study indicates the potential use of spectral reflectance as a tool for the screening and monitoring of stress-sensitive plant species and their physiology and as a result, indirectly assesses the chemical concentrations in soils and plants. 相似文献
18.
Amanda Black Ronald George McLaren Thomas Wilson Speir Lynne Clucas Leo Murtagh Condron 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2014,50(4):685-694
The aim of this research was to identify and quantify gaps in currents methods and models for predicting the plant availability of selected nutrient and contaminant metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd) in soil. This study investigated relationships between the relative solubility of Cu, Ni, Zn, and Cd determined by six extraction methods with short-term uptake by shoots and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum). For Cu, Ni, and Cd, relationships between solubility and plant uptake were found to be different for shoots and roots, with Cu and Ni solubility being more closely correlated with root uptake compared with shoot uptake. Correlation coefficients for Cd concentrations in shoot and root tissue for all six solubility methods were poor (r 2?<?0.5), while corresponding results for Zn explained more than 50 % of shoot variation but less than 50 % of root variation. Soil Cu solubility explained up to 85 % of variation in root uptake compared with 42–55 % for shoot uptake. These results clearly demonstrated that purely chemical and passive diffusion mechanisms were inadequate predictors of Cd uptake by shoots and roots, together with Cu uptake by shoots. Thus further attempts at refining soil metal bioavailability assays based solely on chemical extraction without consideration of plant responses are unlikely to improve prediction of plant uptake. 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1511-1522
The effects of heavy metals [chromoium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni)] on the yield, khusimol content in the essential oil, accumulation of metals, and rhizosphere microflora of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides) were studied in a pot experiment. The shoot yield and khusimol content in oil of vetiver were enhanced by the application of moderate amount of metals to soils. The application of Cr, Pb, and Ni had deleterious effects on the root and essential oil yield. The application of high levels of metals to soil had harmful effects on the bacterial and fungal counts in the rhizosphere. The concentrations of metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni in shoot and root tissues were significantly enhanced by the application of those metals to soils. It can be concluded that the vetiver could be used as a promising crop for revegetation, soil remediation, and production of better quality essential oil in metal-contaminated soils. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(21):2577-2594
The effect of addition of roadside pond sediments on heavy metal contents of flooded rice paddies was studied to investigate the yield of rice and uptake of heavy metal by rice straw and grain. Sequential extraction of heavy metals on sediments shows that the percentage contribution of metals in the labile fraction follows the order lead (Pb, 48%) > copper (Cu, 42%) > zinc (Zn, 31%) > cadmium (Cd, 16%) > chromium (Cr, 9%) > nickel (Ni, 6%). The risk assessment code (RAC) for pond sediment revealed that Cr and Ni were found in the low-risk zone, Zn and Cd in the medium-risk zone, and Cu and Pb in the high-risk zone. However, though the heavy metal concentration in rice grain does not exceed the range acceptable for human consumption, it still represents a significant additional source of heavy metals in the diet. The addition of pond sediment significantly increased the rice yield over control. Therefore, pond sediment would be a valuable resource for agriculture if it is properly used. 相似文献