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1.
选择云南石林喀斯特景区地带性植被（原始林）及受人为干扰形成的次生林、灌丛、草地、云南松林5种生境,进行雨季、旱季大型土壤动物群落结构、密度、生物量及多样性研究,结果表明：研究区大型土壤动物种类、生物量、多样性指数与干扰状态具有明显关系。景区内土壤动物优势类群为腹足纲、倍足纲、膜翅目和正蚓目,而正蚓目仅在原始林和次生林中出现,且数量较多,为生态环境优劣的重要指示物种;无论旱季或雨季,大型土壤动物的类群数、密度、生物量和多样性指数均以原始林最高,而受人为干扰最重的灌丛和草地则最低;该区大型土壤动物的分布有明显的表聚现象;5种生境大型土壤动物群落相似性均较低,而受人为保护的次生林与原始林土壤动物类群的相似性最高。 相似文献
2.
为研究四川盆地西缘山地土壤动物群落对桢楠(Phoebe zhennan)人工林边缘效应的响应,选择58年生的桢楠人工林为研究对象,采用手捡法和干湿生漏斗分离法对桢楠人工林林地中心及林地边缘的土壤动物群落进行了调查。调查共捕获土壤动物887只,隶属于3门9纲12目23科。调查结果显示:各样地土壤动物个体数排序为:林地边缘(5.37×10^4)>林地中心(2.69×10^4);类群数排序为:林地边缘(21)>林地中心(17),土壤动物群落具有明显的表聚性;林地边缘的密度类群指数(DG)显著高于林地中心,样地间林地边缘与林地中心的丰富度指数(D)存在极显著差异(P<0.01),各样地间多样性指数(H′)、优势度指数(C)、均匀度指数(J)差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,林地边缘效应导致林缘土壤动物的密度、类群数和多样性特征等方面明显高于林地中心。 相似文献
3.
以黄土高原坡地刺槐林—草地复合系统景观边界为研究对象,按一定的生态梯度调查分析了边界植物种的分布特点。结果表明,草地、林地斑块内都有自身的植物种类分布;草地斑块内有较高的植物多样性。在草地斑块内,距林缘8~16m区域为边界植物多样性边缘效应的显著区;林地斑块内β多样性变化剧烈,林缘处的群落相异系数(CD)、Cody指数都最大,共有度指数(CP)最小,CD、Cody与CP成反比。 相似文献
4.
为了解城市不同绿地系统土壤动物群落结构特征,2015年9月采用野外调查和室内试验相结合的方法,对中温带地区绥化市北林区4种不同绿地系统中型土壤动物群落结构进行调查,共获得土壤动物2 164头,共26类,隶属于2门4纲11目;土壤动物总个体数在学校绿地系统中最多(676头)、公园绿地中最少(422头),类群数表现为公园绿地中最多(21类)、居住区绿地中最少(13类);方差分析结果表明,个体数量在不同绿地系统间无显著差异(F=0.953,P=0.446),类群数在不同绿地系统间差异显著(F=5.192,P=0.016);多样性分析结果表明,不同绿地系统之间群落特征指数差异不明显;相似性分析结果表明,不同绿地系统间以中等相似为主,同一绿地系统内不同样地的相似性指数偏高;对个体数和类群数分层分析结果表明,各样地中型土壤动物均具有明显的表聚性特征。 相似文献
5.
为了揭示土壤动物在紫色土壤改良和发育进程中的地位和作用,对衡阳地区紫色土壤7种生境中的土壤动物进行了调查.探讨了7种生境中土壤动物群落结构特征,并进行了多样性、均匀性及相似性分析.结果表明:共获得土壤动物2994只,隶属于4门8纲30目,其中优势类群2类,常见类群12类. 相似文献
6.
7.
塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林间伐和混交改造对大型土壤动物群落结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《林业科学》2019,(11)
【目的】比较研究塞罕坝地区华北落叶松人工林间伐和混交改造对大型土壤动物群落组成和多样性的影响,为实现华北落叶松人工林质量精准提升和可持续利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以塞罕坝机械林场未经营的华北落叶松人工林(CK)、抚育间伐后的华北落叶松人工林(TH)和引入阔叶树的华北落叶松白桦混交林(M)为对象,于2014年5—9月,利用手拣法调查大型土壤动物群落,研究不同经营措施林分内土壤动物的结构组成、空间分布、多样性和功能群组成的差异及其影响因素。【结果】共获得大型土壤动物55类1 405头,隶属2门4纲12目,优势类群为正蚓目、叶甲科幼虫、象甲科幼虫。总体上,经间伐和混交改造后华北落叶松人工林内大型土壤动物的类群数显著高于未经营的对照林分(P005),TH内土壤动物密度亦显著高于CK(P005)。不同经营措施林分大型土壤动物类群数均表现为沿土壤剖面位置上升逐渐增加的趋势,且M和TH凋落物层土壤动物类群数及0～10 cm土层土壤动物密度显著高于CK(P005)。间伐和混交改造后,土壤动物群落各多样性指数均有提高,其中M的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)显著高于CK(P005)。各功能群中,植食性土壤动物所占比例(4719%)最高,其次为腐食性土壤动物(3331%);捕食性(19类)和植食性(18类)土壤动物的类群数居多;多因素方差分析显示,经营措施、土层和时间均对大型土壤动物功能群组成和结构影响显著(P005),其中间伐和混交改造均可显著提高植食性土壤动物的类群数。冗余度分析(RDA)显示,凋落物全碳含量(P=003)和C/N(P=008)对凋落物层大型土壤动物分布影响显著;而土壤含水量(P=0008)、pH(P=0012)和土壤密度(P=0062)对土壤层大型土壤动物分布影响显著。【结论】塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林经间伐和混交改造后,林分结构和微环境的改善可提高大型土壤动物的种类、数量和多样性水平,尤其是部分功能群种类增加可能更有利于凋落物早期的粉碎和分解。 相似文献
8.
汶川地震次生灾害对土壤动物群落的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了查明地震次生灾害对土壤动物的影响,2008年11月在四川彭州银厂沟内分别选取泥石流、滑坡2个次生灾害区样地和2个柳杉林对照样地,对4个样地的土壤动物群落进行调查.结果表明:2个次生灾害区均未发现大型土壤动物,对照区共有大型土壤动物196只,隶属3门7纲17目36类(科),平均密度为65.34个·m-2;次生灾害区共调查到中小型土壤动物232只,隶属3门4纲6目26类(科),平均密度为3 222.22个·m-2;对照区共有中小型土壤动物2 747只,隶属3门7纲9目64类(科),平均密度38 152.78个·m-2;次生灾害区中小型土壤动的类群数、个体密度、多样性指数H和丰富度指数D均显著低于对照区(P<0.01),均匀度指数E显著高于对照区(P<0.01);群落多样性的变化主要是因部分稀有类群的消失和群落密度的下降;与对照区相比,次生灾害区中小型土壤动物群落的湿生性种类的个体百分比下降,旱生及中生性种类的个体百分比增加;次生灾害区与对照区间的群落相似性低于2组样地内部不同样地间的相似性.地震次生灾害对土壤动物,尤其是大型土壤动物的群落结构及多样性有强烈的干扰作用. 相似文献
9.
利用2002年ETM＋卫星遥感图片解译结果并结合实地调查,对雅砻江上游地区的景观生态系统类型及特点进行了研究。结果表明：结果表明：（1）本区的景观类型主要由自然景观和人工景观两大系统构成。前者稳定性较差而后者稳定性较好,处于相对稳定的状态。（2）该区景观生态系统多样性为：森林群落乔木层树种比较单一;灌丛群落类型多样,多样性较高;草句分布范围广,种类繁多,具有很高的多样性。（3）该区的景观斑块数量特征为：林地、草地、耕地、水域、城乡、村落用地、未利用地分别占总面积的19．B9％、66．50％、0．82％、0．37％、0．03％和12．40％。草地是该区整体景观的基质,对景观的影响最大,林地类型在整个景观中零散、破碎。（4）该区景观类型面积多样性指数为0．9137,类型周长多样性指数为1．0224,类型斑块数多样性指数为1．2556。表明流域景观类型面积分布最不均匀,相反,景观类型斑块数分布相对较均匀。 相似文献
10.
冀北山地华北落叶松人工林与白桦混交改造模式对土壤动物群落的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《林业科学》2017,(1)
【目的】研究冀北山地华北落叶松人工林与白桦的不同混交经营模式对土壤动物群落结构及功能群的影响,为落叶松人工林混交经营及可持续管理提供理论依据。【方法】以冀北山地落叶松人工纯林(CK)及其与白桦的幼龄同龄株间混交林(M_1)和异龄带状混交林(M_2)为对象,于2013年5,7,9月用手拣法和Tullgren漏斗分离法调查土壤动物群落,并依据食性将其划分为腐食性、肉食性、植食性与杂食性4个功能群;分析2种混交模式对土壤动物群落结构、多样性及功能群组成的影响差异。【结果】共获得土壤动物70类49 106头,其中大型土壤动物50类2 802头,蚁科、象甲科幼虫和长角亚目幼虫为优势类群;中小型土壤动物33类46 304头,蜱螨目与弹尾目占绝对优势。混交经营6年后,M_2对土壤动物群落影响显著,其中大型土壤动物类群数与平均密度均显著高于CK(P0.05),中小型土壤动物类群数显著高于M_1(P0.05);混交改造模式、时间和土层对土壤动物类群数的影响显著(P0.05),对平均密度的影响较小。混交经营后,土壤动物群落的各多样性指数提高,其中M1中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Pielou均匀性指数(J)均显著高于CK(P0.05);密度-类群指数(DG)在不同混交模式间表现出极显著差异(P0.01)。腐食性土壤动物平均密度在4个功能群中所占比例最高;M_2内的腐食性、肉食性与植食性土壤动物类群数均显著高于CK(P0.05)。冗余度分析(RDA)显示,凋落物层土壤动物分布受凋落物有机碳含量影响显著(P=0.048);土壤层土壤动物分布则受土壤有机碳含量(P=0.006)、全氮含量(P=0.02)和土壤密度(P=0.044)影响显著。【结论】冀北山地华北落叶松人工林与白桦混交经营后,通过改变凋落物的组成、数量及土壤理化性质,可改善土壤动物群落的组成、结构及多样性,6年的短期异龄混交改造使林内土壤动物显示出较高的多样性水平。 相似文献
11.
To examine the relationship between forest succession following fire and the composition of bird communities, we investigated the vegetation structure, bird population density, foraging behavior and guild structure in bamboo grasslands (11 years since the last fire), pine savanna (41 years), pine woodland (58 years), old-growth hemlock forest (never burned), and old-growth spruce forest (never burned) in the Tatachia area of central Taiwan. Canopy height, total foliage cover, tree density, total basal area of tree, total basal area of snags, foliage height diversity, and tree species richness all increased with successional age. However, shrub cover peaked in intermediate successional stages. The vertical profile of foliage cover was more diverse in later successional forests, which had more breeding bird species and ecological guilds. All the breeding bird species recorded in early and intermediate stages were also found distributed in the late successional forests. Because Taiwan has high precipitation and humidity, and most forest fires in Taiwan are caused by human activities, forest fires and large areas of early successional vegetation were probably rare in the mountain areas of Taiwan prior to the arrival of humans. Therefore, bird species have not had enough time to adapt to areas with early or intermediate successional vegetation. Moreover, late successional forests host all the major plant species found in the early and intermediate stages and have higher foliage height diversity index, which was positively correlated with the bird species richness and bird species diversity index in this study. As a result, all breeding bird species and guilds in the area can be found in late successional forests. Efforts for conserving avian diversity in Taiwan should focus on protecting the remaining native old-growth forests. 相似文献
12.
对闽江流域建溪支流两岸300m范围内的植被进行了调查,以物种多样性指标测定了森林群落主要类型的数量特征,结果表明:由于受到人为的破坏和影响,建溪流域植物多样性程度较低,阳性、中性偏阳的植物种类偏多。建溪流域植物群落以杉木、马尾松人工群落为主。天然阔叶林乔木层的物种较2种人工林群落乔木层丰富,且均匀程度也高。3种类型群落的灌木层在物种多样性方面相差不大,表现出一定的相似性,但常绿阔叶林群落灌木层的分布较其它2者均匀。草本层的物种丰富度以两个人工林群落为高,但分布不均,且主要以芒萁为主,表明了群落生境的干旱性和瘠薄性。 相似文献
13.
Biologically mediated soil processes rely on soil biota to provide vital ecosystem services in natural and managed ecosystems. However, land use changes continue to impact on assemblages of soil biota and the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of land use intensification on the distribution and abundance of soil invertebrate communities in the Nilgiri, a human-dominated biosphere reserve of international importance. Soil invertebrates were sampled in 15 land use practices ranging from simple and intensively managed annual crop fields and monoculture tree plantations through less intensively managed agroforestry and pristine forest ecosystems. The lowest taxonomic richness was found in annual crops and coconut monoculture plantations, while the highest was in moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. With 21 ant species, agroforestry systems had the highest diversity of ants followed by forest ecosystems (12 species). Earthworms and millipedes were significantly more abundant in agroforestry systems, plantations and forest ecosystems than in annual crop fields. Ants, termites, beetles, centipedes, crickets and spiders were more abundant in forest ecosystems than in other ecosystems. It is concluded that annual cropping systems have lower diversity and abundance of soil invertebrates than agroforestry and natural forest ecosystems. These results and the literature from other regions highlight the potential role that agroforestry practices can play in biodiversity conservation in an era of ever-increasing land use intensification and habitat loss. 相似文献
14.
Jaanus Paal Margit Turb Tiina Köster Elle Rajandu Jaan Liira 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(3):244-252
Decisions regarding forest typology, management and protection are often based on the structures of present-day forests, ignoring
their successional history. Forests growing on kames, eskers and various moraine hillocks common in regions with Holocene
glaciation are good examples of this approach. In Estonia, these forests locally persist as fragments of continuous primary
forest, but usually they are situated on former slash-and-burn areas (bushlands) or reforested agricultural land. Our aim
was to elucidate the strength of the effect of long-term land-use history on the present-day vegetation compositions of mature
hillock forests and their soil chemistry. It appeared that even the mature secondary hillock forests are still distinct from
historically continuous stands in terms of species composition. We discovered connections between stand history and species
content in hillock forests as well as transformed soil properties. The carbon and nitrogen contents in the humus horizons
of secondary forests are lower while their carbon–nitrogen ratios are higher than in continuous forests. The relationship
between vegetation and stand history is demonstrated by the higher proportions of anthropophytic and apophytic species in
the herb layer of the secondary forests. The presence of species that are tolerant of anthropogenic impact on the secondary
hillock forests floor can also be partly explained by the effect of different species in the tree and shrub layers, gaps in
the tree canopy, and the boundary effect caused by the small areas of forest patches, neighboring grasslands or fields. The
extinction debt in secondary communities should also be considered. 相似文献
15.
冰砬山天然次生林群落结构与物种多样性特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据在辽宁冰砬山16块天然次生林样地的调查数据,对天然次生林的植物群落结构和物种多样性特征进行了研究,测定了各层次植物物种的重要值,采用多种方法计算各层次物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数。结果表明:冰砬山天然次生林群落成层现象和各层次优势种比较明显,依重要值排序乔木层优势种为蒙古栎和紫椴,亚优势种为花曲柳、色木槭和怀槐;灌木层优势种为斑枝卫矛、金银忍冬、胡枝子和金刚鼠李,亚优势种为刺五加和胡榛子;草本层优势种为羊胡苔草。该地区天然次生林群落植物物种比较丰富,丰富度指数草本层最高,乔木层和灌木层较接近;均匀度指数和多样性指数灌木层最高,草本层最低,乔木层居中。 相似文献
16.
D. J. Snelder 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,52(3):207-217
Frequent burning and grazing and cultivation of cash crops increasingly threaten forest patches in hilly grassland in Northeast Luzon, yet their importance as a resource with multiple environmental functions and forest products persists. The aim of this study is to identify different types of forest patches, and their condition under present land-use intensification, and discuss prospects for their integration into sustainable local farming systems. Five types of forest patches are distinguished, both natural and planted ones, including rows of trees, woody patches, gallery forests, hill-slope forests and homegarden conglomerations. Natural woody patches and gallery forests in Imperata grassland are subject to degradation and land-use conversion under conditions of agricultural intensification. Woody patches in grassland affected by frequent burning and grazing cover small areas (66% below 50 m2 as opposed to 28% in protected grassland) and contain relatively few woody plant species (25 woody species in total as opposed to 82 where protected). Yet where well managed, they may provide a variety of products for sale and subsistence, covering emergency needs and giving off-season cash income to rural communities. Moreover they serve like the gallery forest various ecological functions, carrying valuable indigenous tree species, retaining soil base nutrients, providing a continuous supply of organic matter and intercepting fine earth soil particles removed from bare surfaces. It is suggested that forest-patch management systems may be developed, taking into account both patch diversity and the diverse needs of rural communities, and to strengthen existing and undervalued functions of forest patches as permanent elements in an agricultural landscape.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Kari HELIVAARA 《中国林学(英文版)》2009,11(1):55-60
Taking the communities of the sample sites in Aershan of Inner Mongolia as an investigation object, the indices affecting plant diversity were studied. The investigation was carried out in three different forest types (natural forests, plantations and regenerated forests after fire). Results show that 95 plant species belonging to 19 families and 50 genera were identified in total. Of these species, nine were arbors, six were shrubs and the other 80 were herbs. We found some differences in the dominant species of different layers in three forest types. Natural forests had the largest importance value for the total number of species, followed by plantations and regenerated forests after fire. Plantations and natural forests had a similar change in richness indices. The largest value of richness indices was obtained in natural forests, while the lowest value was in regenerated forests after fire. Three diversity indices (Simpson’s, Shannon-Wiener and Pielou’s indices) indicate a similar trend in all sample plots. With an increase in elevation, values of diversity indices first increased and then decreased. In different forest types, similarity between natural forests was largest, while similarity between the regenerated forests and plantations was lowest. 相似文献
18.
在对雾灵山自然保护区9个代表林分物种多样性详细调查的基础上,运用多种群落多样性指数对其群落的物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:各群落在乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性指数均呈现出一定的差异。乔木层物种多样性、P ielou均匀度指数和丰富度指数变化趋势呈一致性。灌木层和草本层均出现不一致性,主要是因为各林分起源不同,天然林群落是由处于不同发育阶段、具有不同组成结构、大小不同的众多斑块镶嵌而成的,是一个健康的生态系统。人工林群落的生物多样性很低,使人工林群落无论在活力、组织结构和恢复能力等诸方面,均表现出系统的不健康特点。 相似文献
19.
Nutrient and hydrologic cycles in harvested native forests in southern Australia are largely balanced. For example, we have
little or no evidence of any decline in nutrient capital or availability in harvested forests. Short-term and small-scale
reductions in evapotranspiration due to loss of leaf area after harvesting are adequately balanced at the landscape scale
by large areas of regenerating or older-age forest. In contrast, agricultural systems on similar soils are a) dependent on
large inputs of fertilisers to maintain growth and b) frequently subject to increasing salinity and waterlogging or other
forms of degradation. The large-scale replacement of long-lived communities of perennial and often deep- rooting native species
with annual crops or other communities of shallow-rooting species might be better managed within the framework of knowledge
developed from studies of native plant communities. However, application of such a mimic concept to systems of low natural
productivity is limited when agricultural systems require continued high productivity. Nonetheless, the mimic concept may
help in developing sustainable management of agriculture on marginal lands, and contribute to the nutritional resilience of
agroecosystems. Relevant characteristics for mimic agroecosystems in south western Australia include: high species diversity,
diversity of rooting attributes, utilisation of different forms of nutrients (especially of N and P) in space and time, and
the promotion of practices which increase soil organic matter content.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
【目的】分析凉水国家级自然保护区内的3种原始红松林(云冷杉红松林、椴树红松林和枫桦红松林)、红松人工林和红松天然次生林5种林型的土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物的群落组成和多样性特征,为全面了解不同林型红松林土壤的反硝化潜势和氮循环过程提供数据支持。【方法】以选取的5种林型红松林林下土壤为研究对象,以反硝化过程中的关键酶——氧化亚氮还原酶的编码基因nosZ为标记基因,采用高通量测序和生物信息学分析技术进行研究。【结果】从5种林型红松林15个土壤样品中一共得到nosZ基因631 878条有效序列,579 871条优质序列,长度分布在178~383 bp之间,主要分布在260 bp。5种林型红松林土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物主要门类为变形菌门和拟杆菌门,核心属为伯霍尔德杆菌属、黄杆菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、假单胞菌属、Dechloromonas属、芽单胞菌属、无色杆菌属和中华根瘤菌属。nosZ型反硝化微生物α多样性分析显示:除枫桦红松林的Shannon和Simpson指数显著高于红松天然次生林外,5种林型红松林之间土壤nosZ型反硝化菌群的4种α多样性指数(Shannon、Chao1、ACE和Simpson指数)差异不显著。β多样性分析显示:5种林型土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物群落组成差异显著(R=0.387,P=0.006),但3种原始红松林之间差异不显著。土壤铵氮和全氮含量是显著影响nosZ型反硝化微生物群落的主要因子(P﹤0.05)。【结论】5种林型红松林土壤nosZ型反硝化微生物多数α多样性指数无显著差异,但β多样性差异显著,引起不同林型之间nosZ型反硝化微生物组成和丰度的主要环境因子是土壤铵氮和全氮含量。 相似文献