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1.
采用田间小区试验研究了莲藕氮肥合理用量与运筹方式,结果表明:在理论产量处于29 000～32 000 kg/hm2范围且基本相等的条件下,采用线性+平台模型得到的莲藕临界施氮量(350～417 kg/hm2),低于用二次型模型得到的莲藕最佳经济施氮量(469～604 kg/hm2),根据湖北莲藕生产和施肥现状,以及藕田土壤氮素肥力水平,提出湖北莲藕氮肥(N)合理用量为300～375 kg/hm2。氮肥运筹可采用"40%基肥+20%立叶肥+40%坐藕肥"和"60%出叶肥+20%立叶肥+20%坐藕肥"2种分配方式,前者适用于在4月上、中旬莲藕移栽之前施基肥的藕田,后者适用于在莲藕抽出2～3片立叶后才施第一次肥的藕田。 相似文献
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钾肥用量和施用时期对棉花产量品质和棉田钾素平衡的影响 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
【目的】研究钾肥用量和施用时期对棉花产量、 纤维品质、 钾肥利用率和棉田钾素平衡的影响,确定钾肥正确的用量和合适的施用时期,可为棉花主产区科学施肥提供依据。【方法】连续2年在山东平原县、 河北威县、 新疆昌吉市进行田间试验。钾肥用量试验山东设K2O 0、 30、 60、 120、 180、 240 kg/hm2,河北设K2O 0、 37.5、 75、 150、 225、 300 kg/hm2,新疆设K2O 0、 18.75、 37.5、 75、 112.5、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥施用时期试验3地点均设不施钾 (CK)、 钾肥100%基施、 钾肥50%基施+50%花期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施、 钾肥50%蕾期+50%吐絮期追施、 钾肥50%花期+50%吐絮期追施。【结果】山东、 河北、 新疆试验点上棉花开花期后累积的钾占整个生育期钾素累积量的54%~62%、 70%~73%、 49%~67%。施用钾肥增加皮棉产量和收益,钾肥用量对棉花产量的影响2013年比2012年明显,三个地点钾肥用量对产量的影响新疆山东河北,其最高产量施钾量分别为142、 240、 174 kg/hm2,经济最佳施钾量分别为136、 212、 150 kg/hm2。钾肥不同用量除影响某些纤维指标外,对品质的影响没有显著差异。秸秆不还田时,山东和河北试验点钾肥用量180 kg/hm2 和150 kg/hm2时可以维持棉田钾素平衡,而在新疆所有钾肥用量下棉田钾素都是负平衡。河北和新疆50%钾肥蕾期+50%钾肥铃期追施、 山东50%钾肥基施+50%钾肥开花期追施的皮棉产量、 钾肥的农学效率和施钾经济效益高于其他施用时期。钾肥施用时期影响纤维长度、 断裂比强度或纤维伸长率,但因地点和试验年份而不同。施钾时期对纤维整齐度和马克隆值没有显著影响。【结论】钾肥用量对棉花纤维品质没有显著影响,主要影响棉花产量和经济效益。山东试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 180~240 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%基施+50%开花期追施; 河北试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 150~180 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施; 新疆试验点钾肥的适宜用量为K2O 112.5~150 kg/hm2,最佳施用时期为钾肥50%蕾期+50%铃期追施。 相似文献
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秦岭北麓猕猴桃果园施肥现状与评价—以周至县俞家河流域为例 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
【目的】秦岭北麓是陕西省优质猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa)适栽区和分布最为集中的区域之一。摸清该地区猕猴桃果园的施肥现状、 养分输入特征和养分管理中存在的问题,对于提高果品质量、 增加果农经济收益和规范猕猴桃产业良好发展具有重要意义。【方法】秦岭北麓猕猴桃主产区俞家河流域是一个典型的闭合流域。采用实地走访结合问卷记录的方式,于2012~2013年连续两年调查了该流域内240余个果园的生产和养分管理现状。调查内容主要包括: 建园基本情况、 果园面积、 主栽品种、 树龄、 栽种密度、 施肥量、 肥料品种、 施肥时期、 施肥方法、 果实产量和灌溉等。根据调查果园的实际肥料投入量和各肥料产品中标注的有效养分含量,计算化肥中各养分的投入量; 根据《中国有机肥养分志》提供的标准值,计算有机肥提供的养分量。结合该区域文献资料推荐的果园肥料用量最终确定了果园的合理施肥量,并以此为标准对该流域果园养分投入现状进行了初步评价。【结果】通过实际调查和文献资料汇总,当猕猴桃产量在24~42 t/hm2时,建议化肥用量分别为: N 375~500 kg/hm2,P2O5 186~266 kg/hm2,K2O 286~350 kg/hm2,有机肥用量为30000~65000 kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O养分比例约为1∶0.5∶0.73。果园养分投入评价结果显示,流域内果园有机肥投入比例及用量严重不足。其中,完全不施有机肥的果园占36.4%,即使在施用有机肥的果园中,亦有94.3%的果园有机肥投入不足,其提供养分的比例不足总养分的30%。化学氮肥投入量普遍偏高,平均为N 891 kg/hm2。氮肥投入合理(N 375~500 kg/hm2)的比例仅为5.0%,过量(N 500~750 kg/hm2)的比例22.7%,过高(N 750 kg/hm2)的比例高达59.1%。磷肥投入合理(P2O5 186~266 kg/hm2)的比例为19.4%,不足(P2O5186 kg/hm2)和过量(P2O5266 kg/hm2)的比例分别为28.9%和51.7%。钾肥投入合理(K2O 286~350 kg/hm2)的比例仅为10.7%,不足(K2O 286 kg/hm2)的比例为30.6%,过量(K2O 350 kg/hm2)的比例为58.7%。【结论】秦岭北麓俞家河流域猕猴桃果园有机肥投入严重不足。氮肥过量投入问题严重,过量比例高达81.8%。磷、 钾肥过量和不足现象并存。因此,在今后该区域果树养分管理中,应大力增加有机肥投入量和施用比例,大幅度降低氮肥用量,同时合理引导磷、 钾肥的科学施用。另外,因研究区耕地多以坡地为主,优化养分管理和减少养分损失带来的农业面源污染问题也是今后重点研究的方向。 相似文献
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氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收转运及产量的影响 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：15
应用15N示踪技术研究了大田条件下氮肥用量与运筹对水稻氮素吸收、转运及籽粒产量的影响。试验分别设置3个氮肥水平(0、150和240 kg/hm2N)和两种基追比例(即基肥:蘖肥穗粒肥分别为40%︰30%︰30%(A)和30%︰20%︰50%(B)),共5个处理,依次记作N0、N150A、N150B、N240A、N240B。结果表明,在0~240 kg/hm2范围内,提高氮肥水平,显著增加水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素数量以及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量。成熟期高氮处理(240 kg/hm2)水稻吸收的肥料氮素、土壤氮素及肥料氮在土壤中的残留量较多,分别为110.25、65.91、32.69 kg/hm2,而氮素的吸收利用率和土壤残留率下降,氮素损失率增加。在相同的氮肥水平下,采用基肥蘖肥穗粒肥比例为30%︰20%︰50%时,水稻吸收的肥料氮数量显著增加,氮素吸收利用率和土壤残留率提高,氮素损失率降低。适量施氮并增加穗粒肥的施氮比例,可以显著增加水稻产量。在本实验条件下,施氮量为240 kg/hm2及基肥蘖肥穗粒肥为30%︰20%︰50%的施氮处理是兼顾产量和环境的最佳氮肥运筹方式。 相似文献
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应用“311—A”最优混合设计进行田间试验,研究氮肥、磷肥、钾肥用量不同配比对甘蔗产量和产糖量的效应,通过运用统计分析软件对试验结果进行回归分析,建立多项式回归模型,寻求出甘蔗蔗茎产量及其产糖量的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥最佳组合范围及其最佳配比用量方案。在供试条件下,对于甘蔗产量的氮、磷、钾肥料用量最佳组合范围方案为:N=268.6~312.2kg/hm2,P2O5=130.7~141.3kg/hm2,K2O=322.4~344.8kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.45~0.49∶1.10~1.20,最高产量预测值为112.7t/hm2;对于产糖量的最佳组合范围方案为:N=257.9~290.8kg/hm2,P2O5=139.0~158.0kg/hm2,K2O=325.3~350.6kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.54∶1.20~1.26,最高产糖量预测值为16.3t/hm2。对于产量的经济最佳施肥量方案为:N=311.7kg/hm2,P2O5=140.8kg/hm2,K2O=344.4kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.45∶1.10;对于产糖量的经济最佳施肥量方案为:N=290.6kg/hm2,P2O5=157.8kg/hm2,K2O=350.4kg/hm2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.54∶1.21。 相似文献
6.
钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾施肥效应研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了钙质紫泥田水稻氮磷钾的施肥效应,分析了肥料的因素效应及合理施用量。结果表明:(1)在试验施肥量范围内,水稻产量与肥料用量呈二次多项式函数关系;(2)磷和氮的效应高,钾肥效应低;(3)棕紫泥夹砂田水稻合理施肥量为每公顷N 125~130 kg、P2O570 kg、K2O 0~30 kg,下湿紫泥田为N 85~90 kg、P2O555 kg、K2O 0~20 kg;(4)地下水位高、湿害严重,是下湿紫泥田生产水平低、施肥效果差的根本原因,改造途径是深沟排水、脱潜治理。 相似文献
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在青州市东夏镇薛庙村进行了追肥运筹对面包强筋小麦济南17产量和品质的影响研究。结果表明,在试验各处理的基肥种类和用量均相同的情况下,追施不同种类肥料对优质小麦产量和品质的影响各不相同。追施N90kg/hm2与不追氮比较,小麦产量增加579.0kg/hm2,增产11.1%;蛋白质和湿面筋含量分别增加1.3和2.3个百分点,稳定时间提高10.0min。在追施N90kg/hm2或N90kg/hm2、K2O60kg/hm2的基础上,追施P2O530kg/hm2与不追磷比较,小麦产量增加334.5～409.5kg/hm2,增产5.9%～7.1%,但对小麦品质影响不明显。在追施N90kg/hm2和P2O530kg/hm2的基础上,追施K2O60kg/hm2与不追钾比较,小麦产量基本无差异,但追施钾尤其是硫酸钾更能提高面团稳定时间,可提高面团稳定时间1.5～2.5min。 相似文献
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不同水肥组合对红壤地区早稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
在田间条件下,研究不同水分、施N量和N肥运筹方式对红壤地区早稻产量、产量构成因素及N肥利用率的影响.试验结果表明:水稻间歇灌溉比淹水灌溉显著提高早稻单位面积有效穗数、千粒重和产量,早稻的植株吸N量可以提高1.7%～6.2%,而N肥表观利用率低于淹水灌溉;随施N量的增加,早稻千粒重和结实率降低,但单位面积有效分穗数、产量、植株吸N量和N肥利用率增加;不同N肥运筹方式对水稻产量构成因素的影响因灌溉方式和施肥量差异而表现出不同规律,分次施肥显著提高了早稻产量、植株吸N量和N肥利用率,但分3次施肥和分4次施肥时上述3个指标并无差异.结果显示:在采用间歇灌溉、施N肥量为210 kg/hm2、N肥运筹方式为基肥50%十分蘖肥30% 拔节肥20%的水肥管理措施更具有合理性,该种措施比农民习惯采用的淹水灌溉、施N肥量为140 kg/hm2、N肥运筹方式为基肥50% 分蘖肥30% 拔节肥20%的水肥管理措施植株吸N量提高50.9 kg/hm2(34.3%),产量提高631 kg/hm2(11.1%),其N肥利用率为36.7%,是红壤地区兼顾生产、生态和经济效益的理想稻田种植措施. 相似文献
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氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素. 相似文献
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低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。 相似文献