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1.
馨香玉兰仅产于云南文山州,是云南特有的极小种群物种。为了了解馨香玉兰的种质资源现状、生境、伴生物种、种群存活数和年龄分级,采用样地调查法,对有分布记载的文山州广南县、马关县、麻栗坡县及西畴县进行野外调查。调查结果表明,馨香玉兰主要分布于文山州石灰岩山地,现存种群数量急剧下降,目前仅发现5个现存种群,其中麻栗坡县大坪镇小箐山的种群最大,西畴县兴街乡伯栗山的种群最小。虽然馨香玉兰的年龄分级较稳定,但馨香玉兰的结实率十分低,依靠种子繁殖进行自我更新相当困难。馨香玉兰是喜阳树种,在各群落中均处于大乔木下层,光照不足,中下层物种密度较大,馨香玉兰生存空间有限,易受到其他树种的排挤而渐遭淘汰,在各群落中的生存前景不容乐观。 相似文献
2.
以广西银杉林不同生境的样地作为不同资源的综合体(资源位),以各物种的重要值作为资源位上的状态指标,定量分析银杉林各主要树种种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠。结果表明:1)银杉、变色杜鹃、华南五针松、五列木、绣球茜草具有较大的重要值和较宽的生态位宽度值,占据群落中的重要资源,在所调查的生境中具有更强适应能力,在银杉林中具有重要的地位。而含笑、大头茶、小花桤叶树等种群数量相对较少,分布范围较窄,生态位宽度较小,对资源的利用能力比较弱。2)银杉林中各种物种之间的相似性比例值多数较大,多数物种间的生态学特性较相似或他们利用资源的相似性程度较大。生态位宽度大的物种和其他物种间的生态位相似性比例值大,生态位宽度小的物种与其他物种间的生态位相似性比例值较小。3)银杉林中各主要树种间的生态位重叠值较低,各主要树种之间的相互竞争不高。生态位宽度大的物种具有较大生态位重叠值,与其他物种利用或占有同一资源的概率大;生态位宽度小的物种具有的生态位重叠值较小,与其他物种的占有或利用同一资源的概率小。4)银杉在各个样方中都占据较大重要值,具有较大的生态位宽度值,是银杉林的优势种和群落的建群种。 相似文献
3.
研究杉木人工林分中杉木与伴生阔叶树种的种间生态关系,探索适宜杉木伴生的阔叶树种,从生态位角度为杉阔混交林改造经营提供依据。采用样线样方相结合的方式对邛崃、洪雅、叙永等地的杉木人工林开展群落学调查,以不同的典型样地为资源位,运用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度指数、生态位重叠指数、生态位相似性比例指数,分别测定并分析杉木与伴生阔叶树种的种间生态位特征。结果表明:以树种重要值大于1为标准,从45个伴生树种中筛选出主要伴生阔叶树种18种;Levins和Shannon生态位宽度指数反映情况一致;木姜子、野梧桐、异叶榕、盐肤木、檫木、灯台树、亮叶桦、山茶、细齿叶柃等9个树种是杉木最重要的伴生阔叶树种,其B(sw)0.6且B(L)0.3,它们具有生态位宽度值和重要值都很大,生态适应能力强等特点;杉木主要伴生阔叶树种间生态位重叠程度不高,杉木与主要伴生阔叶树种的生态位重叠值较高(Lih0.05);杉木与木姜子、亮叶桦、野梧桐、异叶榕、盐肤木、檫木等伴生阔叶树种的生态位相似性比例指数较高(Cih0.4),说明杉木与这些树种在生境需求上有一定相似性,对资源有共享关系;主要伴生阔叶树种中,落叶树种较常绿树种具有较大的生态位宽度、生态位重叠值和生态位相似性比例,说明培育杉阔混交林应多选择落叶树种作为伴生树种。 相似文献
4.
国家级自然保护区小陇山白皮松优势种群生态位研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
将小陇山林区白皮松群落(Pinus bungeana Community)中8个主要种群及海拔梯度900～1 050 m综合为一维资源位,定量计算白皮松群落主要种群生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似比例指数值,分析群落各种群生态位的意义。结果表明,白皮松群落主要种群生态位宽度值大小顺序为白皮松黄栌狼牙刺侧柏秦岭海桐野花椒灰木紫宛栓皮栎;白皮松为优势种群或者建群种,黄栌和狼牙刺为次优势种群;白皮松与生态位宽度值较大的种群有较大的相似性,与生态位窄的种群相似程度小;白皮松与其他树种生态位重叠较高,但互相间并不存在较剧烈的竞争;各树种可利用的资源位较充分,都能各自占据适宜的生态位而和谐共存,整个群落处于相对稳定状态。 相似文献
5.
为探讨赤水河中段清香木在天然群落中的地位、资源的利用状况以及主要树种间的相互关系,揭示天然群落中清香木的生态适应性,通过野外样地调查及定量分析,以海拔450-930 m不同海拔梯度作为一维资源位状态,研究了群落中19个主要树种的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例以及生态位重叠特征。结果表明：清香木、铁仔、华西小石积等树种具有较大的生态位宽度,其B（SW）i、 B（L）i分别为0.8592、0.8421、0.8392、0.9323、0.8805和0.8369;生态位相似性大于0.5的种对有25对,占总种对数的14.6％;生态位重叠值大于0.5的种对有49对,占总种对数的28.7％;生态位宽度越大,其树种间生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠值越高,竞争就会更加激烈,反之则低。 相似文献
6.
7.
井冈山国家自然保护区栲树林优势种群生态位特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在对井冈山国家自然保护区常绿阔叶林林分调查的基础上,选择有栲树分布的不同环境类型设置8个典型样地,以不同生境的样地作为资源位,以物种重要值作为资源位上的状态指标,对栲树林优势种群的生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性比例进行分析。结果表明:栲树、罗浮栲、红楠具有较大的重要值和较宽的生态位宽度值,Ba为0.853、0.787、0.720,对群落结构和功能起着决定作用。杜英仅在两个资源位中出现,分布范围小,Ba为0.026,对资源利用能力弱;15个优势树种间的生态位高度重叠占4.8%,中度重叠占35.2%,低度重叠占60%,生态位重叠值不大,各树种因对共同资源的利用而产生的竞争不强,群落中优势树种间生态学习性相似,多数树种间生态位相似性比例大。综合分析表明,栲树林群落组成树种对研究区的环境适应性强,对资源利用充分,种间的竞争小,处在相对稳定的阶段。 相似文献
8.
浙江六十田常绿阔叶林主要乔木种生态位研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数、生态位相似性比例系数及生态位重叠指数,对浙江省六十田省级自然保护小区常绿阔叶林群落中主要乔木树种的生态位特征进行了研究.结果表明:红楠Machilus thunbergii、华东楠Machilus leptophylla、青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca、紫楠Phoebe sheareri、木荷Schima superba、东南石栎Lithocarpus harlandii具有较大的生态位宽度,分别为0.969、0.951、0.898、0.867、0.819和0.773,而香槐Cladrastis wilsonii、树参Dendropanax dentiger、枫香Liquidambar formosana的生态位较小,仅为0.345、0.245和0.245;生态位宽度大的树种间一般有较高的生态位相似性比例;香槐、树参和枫香的生态位宽度较小,但与其它树种的相似性却很高,表明这些树种对资源有较明显的共享趋势;从生态位重叠值来看,整体上表现为生态位宽度较大的树种间都有较高的生态位重叠,生态位宽度较小的树种与其它树种的生态位重叠较小. 相似文献
9.
为了解群落内物种的生态位宽度和重叠以及群落结构,利用固定样地调查数据,以20 m×20 m为基本测树单元,用物种重要值等作为基础指标,对东白山省级自然保护区1 hm2木荷Schima superba-马尾松Pinus massoniana林样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行统计,应用Levins生态位宽度和生态位重叠公式对群落内15个优势物种进行生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算。结果表明：(1)根据树种的重要值信息,木荷和马尾松在群落中占有显著优势,为该群落的主要建群种。(2)群落中木荷的生态位宽度明显大于其它物种,在维护群落结构和功能、创造群落内部环境等生态功能方面起到了决定作用,在资源轴上占据主要的生态位置,同时,马尾松、柯Lithocarpus glaber等主要优势乔木种群的生态宽度也较大,而檵木Loropetalum chinense、山槐Albizia kalkora等种群的生态位宽度较小,反映出它们在资源位中的生态适应范围较窄,对环境资源的利用能力较弱。(3)从生态位相似性比例来看,群落中各优势种对资源的利用相似程度较大,生态位相似性比例在0.6以上的有5... 相似文献
10.
不同更新方式对常绿落叶阔叶混交林迹地主要树种生态位的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用Shannow-wiener生态位宽度指数和Pianka生态位重叠指数,对常绿落叶阔叶混交林迹地不同更新方式群落主要树种的生态位特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同更新方式对常绿落叶阔叶混交林迹地群落主要树种生态位有重要影响。人工更新群落中乔木檫木(Sassafras tsumu)虽有最高的生态位,为1.748,但已受林下常绿灌木的挤压,将会变窄。人工促进天然更新群落中檫木生态位为1.671,因受微毛柃(Eurya hebeclados)、短柱柃(Eurya brevistyla)等树种挤压居第三位,群落已向良性方向演替。天然更新群落中乔木层落叶树种大穗鹅耳枥(Carpinus fargesii)最高,为1.667,常绿树种青冈(Cycloblanopsis glauca)的生态位已从人工更新群落中的0.601和人工促进天然更新群落中的1.081上升到1.584,群落中的落叶树种与常绿树种均较大,群落主要树种的生态位结构趋于合理。落叶阔叶树种檫木、光皮桦(Betula luminifera)在天然更新群落中的生态位重叠值较低,分别为0.387和0.292,而常绿阔叶树种青冈则相反,在天然更新群落中的生态位重叠值较高,为0.537。不同更新方式群落中树种生态位宽度及树种间生态位重叠的差异源于人为干扰过程中对非目的树种生态位的压缩与释放程度以及树种间对资源竞争的结果。通过树种间生态位调控可以优化群落结构。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
15.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
18.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
19.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献