共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 262 毫秒
1.
论作物养分效率及其遗传改良 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
米国华 《植物营养与肥料学报》2017,23(6):1525-1535
作物养分效率遗传改良已成为植物营养学重点研究领域之一,但对于养分效率的概念及其组成因素,以及养分高效性状依然存在很多认识误区,限制了养分高效育种成效。本文论述了养分效率及其相关指标的定义,从作物学、植物营养生理学、分子生物学和遗传学多个角度分析了养分高效吸收、养分高效利用的生理学决定因素及其对养分高效育种的启示。指出除了高通量养分高效表型分析技术的限制,还缺乏对田间水平上养分高效生理学机制的深入理解,不清楚养分高效的次级生理指标,已成为限制养分高效育种的因素之一。未来应该充分利用现代分子生物学研究手段,加强田间条件下的养分高效生理学机制研究,将养分吸收、分配、转运等生理过程与作物生长发育调控密切关联,关注群体种植条件下的最优植株性状,在田间实际生长条件下进行鉴定,才有可能获得实用的养分高效品种。 相似文献
2.
【目的】鉴定影响水稻氮、磷、钾利用相关性状的QTL,为开展水稻养分高效利用分子标记辅助选择育种和肥高效基因的图位克隆提供依据。【方法】以云南强耐冷(2级)粳稻地方品种丽江新团黑谷与十和田杂交、回交获包含105个株系的孕穗期耐冷性近等基因系BC4F8及双亲为材料,在云南白邑(冷水胁迫)、寻甸(自然低温胁迫)和玉溪(正常生长环境)3种生长环境下进行水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收相关性状的鉴定,并利用构建的含有180个SSR标记,全长为1820.6 c M,标记间平均距离为15.67 c M的遗传图谱,用基于完备区间作图法的QTL Ici Mapping V3.2软件对16个性状进行QTL定位分析。【结果】3种环境下共检测到56个QTL,分布在第1、2、3、4、5、6、7、9和10染色体上,单个性状QTL数为1~10个,单个QTL可解释的各自性状表型贡献率为8.88%~35.30%。其中,氮、磷、钾利用效率QTLs数分别为12个、27个和17个。而q TNA-1a、q TPA-1、q PHI-1、q PHI-6、q PHI-7b和q KHI-6共6个QTL在冷害和正常环境下均能检测到,稳定性较高,其贡献率变幅为10.63%~31.57%。在第1、3、4、5、6、7和10染色体上有13个标记区域存在QTL成族分布,单个QTL位点控制的性状数为2~5个,其中共同控制磷总吸收量、磷素干物质生产效率、磷素收获指数、每100 kg籽粒需钾量和钾素收获指数等性状的位点数最多。【结论】获得56个影响氮、磷、钾利用相关性状的QTL,且发现的13个QTL富集区可作为水稻氮、磷、钾高效利用分子育种的重要候选区域。 相似文献
3.
不同磷、钾处理小麦苗期氮营养性状的QTL分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
4.
作物次级群体的研究进展 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
用于作物数量性状基因座(QTL)定位研究的次级群体有近等基因系、导入系、染色体片段代换系等。次级群体是用于QTL鉴定、精细定位、互作分析、图位克隆、品种改良等的良好材料。相对于初级群体而言,次级群体是在相似的遗传背景下进行QTL分析,消除了大部分遗传背景的干扰和QTL之间的互作,提高了QTL分析的灵敏度和准确性。概述了作物次级群体库的构建及利用的研究进展,讨论了基于次级群体理论发展起来的染色体单片段代换系在作物遗传育种中的利用价值。 相似文献
5.
应用生物信息学手段,从公开发表的文献中收集和整理了439个油菜开花期性状QTL相关标记信息,利用电子定位作图技术,将不同试验中的开花期QTL进行了电子整合,构建了含147个开花期QTL的综合图谱。结果表明,在整合图谱上,开花期QTL在芸薹属A、B和C基因组上呈非均衡分布,主要分布在A1,A2,A3,A10和C2染色体上,同时发现34个可重复检测的开花期QTL位点。将收集到的拟南芥中控制开花的基因通过同源比对分析,挖掘出66个芸薹属开花相关候选基因,并成功将这些基因定位到整合图谱上。本文结果为确定有关油菜开花期性状QTL及芸薹属作物候选基因提供了信息。 相似文献
6.
水稻的许多重要农艺性状均属于数量性状,研究水稻数量性状遗传对水稻育种具有十分重要的意义。近年来大量的研究揭示了水稻QTL的基本特征,剖析了重要农艺性状的遗传基础,给水稻遗传改良带来了新策略,不断深入的研究已经完成了水稻特定数量基因的精细定位和克隆,到目前为止已经有一万多个水稻QTL进行了定位,其中有19个进行了克隆,这对水稻育种具有十分重要的意义。本文主要综述了QTL定位的理论基础,水稻QTL定位的研究进展,并对水稻QTL研究的趋势进行了展望。 相似文献
7.
常用的分子标记技术主要包括 RFL P、AFL P、RAPD等。利用分子标记技术已经构建了许多作物的分子遗传图谱。植物营养性状一般是多基因控制的数量性状 ,其遗传机制采用传统的方式很难研究 ,而应用分子标记技术并利用有关的分子图谱则可以对这些复杂的数量性状进行比较方便的研究。由于起步较晚 ,分子标记技术在植物营养性状中的应用还不太普遍 ,主要集中在植物耐低养分胁迫和耐矿质元素毒害等几方面。本文介绍了主要分子标记技术的基本原理 ,利用分子标记进行数量性状基因定位的一般方法 ,分子标记在植物营养学研究中的应用和展望。 相似文献
8.
总结阐述了作物株高与产量高度相关、玉米株高主效QTL定位研究进展及与株高相关基因的功能与响应途径,并对玉米株高主效QTL定位研究进行了展望。 相似文献
9.
作物数量性状位点研究进展及其育种应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农作物中产量、品质、抗性等重要性状大多属于数量性状,因此对于数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)的探索一直是植物分子生物学领域的研究重点。近年来,越来越多农作物重要性状的QTL被定位乃至克隆。同时,随着高通量测序技术的不断成熟,一些超高密度遗传图谱的构建和全基因组关联分析(genome wide association study,GWAS)的应用使得植物功能基因组学进入了一个飞速发展的时期。这为作物QTL的大规模挖掘、克隆以及复杂数量性状的遗传改良提供了良好的契机。本文从QTL的定位、克隆以及在育种中的应用几个方面,对近年来农作物QTL的研究策略和研究进展进行了较为详细的综述和探讨。 相似文献
10.
分子标记技术及其在植物营养性状基因研究中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
常用的分子标记技术主要包括RFLP、AFLP、RAPD等。利用分子标记技术已经构建了许多作物的分子遗传图谱。植物营养性状一般是多基因控制的数量性状，其遗传机制采用传统的方式很难研究，而应用分子标记技术并利用有关的分子图谱则可以对这些复杂的数量性状进行比较方便的研究。由于起步较晚，分子标记技术在植物营养性状中的应用还不太普遍，主要集中在植物耐低养分胁迫和耐矿质元素毒害等几方面。本文介绍了主要分子标记技术的基本原理，利用分子标记进行数量性状基因定位的一般方法，分子标记在植物营养研究中的应用和展望。 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(18):2358-2375
Economic and political challenges impact agricultural practices, production efficiency, and crop yields. We hypothesize that increased conversion efficiency of fertilizer to crop yield resulted from changes in fertilizer management in Central and Eastern European countries. Efficient nutrient management depends on fertilizer applied, management practices, and weather, which impact uptake, utilization efficiency, and crop yield. Trends in fertilizer consumption and wheat yields from 1986 to 2005 were studied for five countries. There were significant differences in yield gap, defined as the difference between potential and actual yields. Partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen fertilizer (N) is calculated from real and modified indices. A predictive metric is introduced based on the quantity of unworked, or nonproductive, N (Nuw). Sustainable cropping practices reduce Nuw and yield gap. Improved knowledge of crop responses to balanced plant nutrition at the country level contribute to improved agricultural and environmental policies and enhance production sustainability. 相似文献
12.
黄土高原旱地小麦产量差异与产量构成及氮磷钾吸收利用的关系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
13.
It is essential to produce optimal crop yields while reducing adverse environmental impacts of overfertilization. Therefore, nutrient‐efficient plants may play a major role in improving the efficiency of fertilizer use whilst increasing crop yields. This field trial was conducted to study the differences on absorption and utilization of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) of K‐efficient cotton genotype 103 and K‐inefficient cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotype 122 and their environmental and economic effects. The results show that seed cotton yield was significantly different between K‐efficient cotton genotype 103 and K‐inefficient cotton genotype 122; the yields of genotype 103 were 39.2%, 33.8%, and 25.0% higher than those of genotype 122 with no K fertilizer (K0), 112 kg K ha–1 K (K1), and 224 kg K ha–1 (K2), respectively. Even when no K fertilizer was applied, the yield of genotype 103 was still 7.9% higher than the yield of genotype 122 at the highest K level (K2). Further economic benefit analysis revealed that the value cost ratio (VCR) of genotype 103 was significantly higher than 122 at K0 and K1, and harvest index (HI) of genotype 103 was significantly higher than that of genotype 122 at all three K levels. In addition, when fertilized with K, partial factor productivity of applied K (PFPK) of genotype 103 was dramatically higher than that of genotype 122, demonstrating that genotype 103 had stronger ability to utilize K. Besides, the N‐ and P‐use efficiencies of genotype 103 were also higher than those of genotype 122. It is concluded that: (1) genotype 103 gives better profit than genotype 122 and (2) genotype 103 uses fertilizer more efficiently and reduced fertilizer inputs will alleviate environmental risks. 相似文献
14.
不同施肥模式对作物-土壤系统养分收支的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以1 组20 年长期定位试验为基础, 针对不同施肥模式下作物-土壤系统养分收支状况进行研究。本试验共8 个处理, 分别由化肥氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和循环有机肥(M)组合而成。结果表明, 养分循环再利用有利于作物产量的提高, 对大豆和玉米籽实平均增产率分别为22.9%和16.4%; 但随化肥的均衡施用, 有机肥增产作用明显降低。仅施用循环有机肥可缓解土壤养分收支赤字, 但无法实现作物高产和土壤养分收支平衡; 施用氮肥加剧土壤磷收支赤字, 同时施用氮、磷肥加剧土壤钾赤字。本研究中同时施用氮、磷、钾肥和循环肥模式可满足作物高产的养分需求, 同时能够平衡土壤养分收支, 是较为理想的施肥模式。 相似文献
15.
施氮量对杂交棉氮、磷、钾吸收利用和产量及品质的影响 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
在高产条件下,研究了不同施氮量对杂交棉氮、磷、钾的吸收利用和产量及品质的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥显著提高了杂交棉氮、磷、钾的积累量,特别是显著提高了杂交棉后期氮、磷、钾的积累量和积累比例。施氮量N300 kg/hm2的子棉产量最高,比施氮量N 225 kg/hm2处理增产0.9%,但差异不显著。氮、磷、钾养分利用效率随施氮量增加而提高;但氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而下降。施氮可以显著提高纤维长度和纤维比强度,而不同施氮量处理间纤维长度和比强度差别不大。 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):537-555
Abstract Fertilization and harvest frequency affect yield and quality of forages. The purposes of this experiment were to determine (i) the effects of fertilization and frequent harvesting on yield and quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and (ii) the efficiency of N in animal waste as compared with inorganic N fertilizer for forage production of these cool season grasses. ‘Fawn’ tall fescue and ‘Southland’ smooth bromegrass were grown in the greenhouse on Pullman clay loam topsoil (fine, mixed thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) under eleven fertilizer treatments and two harvest regimes. Nitrogen fertilizer increased yields, N and K concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios and decreased P, Ca, and Mg concentrations. Phosphorus and K fertilizers did not affect yields but applied P increased P and tended to decrease N and Ca concentrations. Applied K tended to increase Ca concentrations. Recovery of N from feedlot manure ranged from 0.8 to 14%, whereas, recovery from NH4NO3 averaged 64%. Harvesting at 3‐week rather than at 6‐week intervals reduced yields 25%; however, N and P removal were higher under the 3‐week harvest regime. Even though forage production was reduced under heavy utilization, the grasses required more N fertilizer under heavy than under lighter utilization. The two grasses produced similar yields under the 3‐week cutting regime and at N rates through 340 kg/ha under the 6‐week cutting regime. Tall fescue yields were higher with the higher N rates under the 6‐week cutting regime. Smooth bromegrass forage was higher than tall fescue forage in N, K, and Ca, whereas tall fescue forage was higher in P and Mg. 相似文献
17.
Productivity and nutrient use efficiency of maize,sorghum, and cotton in the West African Dry Savanna 
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下载免费PDF全文 Kokou Adambounou Amouzou Jesse B. Naab John P.A. Lamers Mathias Becker 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2018,181(2):261-274
Sustainable agricultural practices are needed to improve food security and support livelihoods in West Africa, where soil nutrient deficiencies and rainfed production systems prevail. The objective of this study was to assess the productivity and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use efficiencies of three dominant crops (maize, sorghum, and cotton) under different soil management strategies in the dry savanna of northern Benin. Data were collected for each crop in experiments with (1) an un‐amended soil as control, (2) a low use of external inputs, (3) an integrated soil–crop management practice, and (4) a high mineral fertilizer use, as treatments. Data were collected through researcher‐managed and farmer‐managed on‐farm trials in 2014 and 2015, and analyzed using linear robust mixed effects model and Pearson's correlation. Above‐ground biomass accumulation did not differ significantly among the control, integrated soil–crop management practice, and high mineral fertilizer use up to 30, 50, and 60 d after planting for maize, cotton, and sorghum, respectively. Thereafter, the differences in growth were substantial for each crop with highest biomass monitored with high mineral fertilizer use and lowest with the control. Biomass and economic yields at harvest were highest under high mineral fertilizer use and integrated soil–crop management practice, although the magnitude was crop‐specific. With the integrated soil–crop management practice and high mineral fertilizer use, N and P uptake by all crops was higher than for the un‐amended soil conditions. Inter‐seasonal changes in N uptake were higher for sorghum and cotton, but lower for maize. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of N and P as well as positive N and P partial balances were obtained with the integrated soil–crop management practice for all three crops tested. The integrated soil–crop management strategy gave the highest yields and significantly improved N and P use efficiencies. The findings can contribute to formulating site and crop‐specific recommendations for sustainable agricultural practices in the Dry Savanna zone of West Africa. 相似文献
18.
为探究冬小麦科学施肥技术,明确养分专家系统推荐施肥对冬小麦产量、养分积累转运与利用的影响,于2018—2019年分别在河南省鹤壁市和新乡市以冬小麦(鹤壁、新乡试验品种分别为‘郑麦7698’和‘郑麦366’)为试验材料,设置7个处理[农民习惯施肥(FP)、当地推荐施肥(ST)、养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE)、在NE基础上配施缓控释氮肥(RNE)、在NE基础上不施氮肥(NE-N)、在NE基础上不施磷肥(NE-P)、在NE基础上不施钾肥(NE-K)],探究不同施肥处理对冬小麦氮、磷、钾养分转运分配规律和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦氮、磷、钾施肥量NE较FP处理分别降低16.2%、43.3%、-13.2%(鹤壁)和19.5%、48.0%、-57.9%(新乡);冬小麦产量NE与FP处理无显著性差异,RNE与FP处理存在显著性差异;NE、RNE较FP处理分别增产4.7%～6.6%、5.5%～9.6%(P0.05)。进一步研究表明,NE、RNE处理可显著增加地上部植株养分含量和积累量(P0.05),其花后干物质积累量较FP处理增加9.2%～14.0%、11.9%～18.6%;花前氮、磷素转运量和钾素转运对籽粒钾素积累贡献率均有提高,基于养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥平均利用效率分别为42.1%、19.2%、46.6%,平均农学效率分别为11.5kg·kg~(-1)、13.2 kg·kg~(-1)、13.3 kg·kg~(-1)。综上可知,小麦养分专家系统指导优化了氮、磷、钾肥的施用量和施用方法,促进了小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用,提高了肥料利用率,具有良好的增产效果,可以在河南地区推广应用。 相似文献
19.
适量有机肥与氮肥配施方可提高河西绿洲土壤肥力及作物生产效益 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8