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1.
水质对层状土壤入渗过程的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
供水水质的异同可能会影响层状土壤积水的入渗过程。将去离子水、天然降水、天然积水、自来水4种水质的水作用于3种土壤构型(均质塿土、塿夹砂、砂夹塿),讨论了4种水质的积水入渗对层状土壤结构入渗特征的影响。结果表明,不同水质和土壤构型的入渗时间由长到短分别为:去离子水、天然降水、自来水、天然积水(不同水质)和均质塿土、塿夹砂、砂夹塿(不同土壤构型)。4种水质累积入渗量的变化趋势基本相同,其累积入渗量由大到小分别为:天然降水、自来水、去离子水、天然积水(不同水质)和砂夹塿、塿夹砂、均质塿土(不同土壤构型)。相同时间内不同土壤构型的湿润锋推进距离由小到大为:均质塿土、塿夹砂、砂夹塿;水质对层状土壤湿润锋推进距离的影响程度由土壤分层组合方式决定。 相似文献
2.
基于HYDRUS—2D的负压灌溉土壤水分入渗数值模拟 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
依据土壤水动力学理论,结合负压灌溉条件下土壤水分运动特征,建立了土壤水分入渗模型。利用HYDRUS-2D对所建模型求解,并模拟在负压地下灌溉下,水分在土壤垂直剖面随时间的入渗变化规律。将模拟结果与试验测量结果进行对比验证,结果表明,两者相对误差为2%~4%,所建模型可以有效描述负压地下灌溉条件下土壤水分入渗规律。利用该模型模拟研究了不同灌水器半径(8、10、12 cm)和不同土质(北京地区土壤和基质)下土壤水分的入渗情况。结果表明:灌水器半径是影响土壤水分入渗的显著性因素。灌水器半径越大,水分入渗速率越快。灌水器尺寸对入渗起始时的入渗延迟有较大影响,灌水器半径越大,延迟越小。土壤水分入渗速率与灌水器半径呈正相关。 相似文献
3.
无压地下灌溉条件下土壤水分入渗特性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过室内土箱试验,研究了不同供水压力(-3、0、3cm)和灌水器孔径(4、6、8mm)对无压灌溉下累积入渗量、湿润峰动态变化以及土壤含水率分布的影响。结果表明,不同供水压力和灌水器孔径下累积入渗量、土壤湿润体水平向和垂直向最大湿润距离均随入渗时间的增加以幂函数形式增大,湿润体内土壤含水率沿湿润球体半径方向以二次抛物线形式逐渐减小。随着供水压力的增大,相同时段内的土壤入渗量增大,湿润锋的迁移速度也随之变快;在供水压力相同的条件下,大孔径灌水器在相同时段内的土壤入渗量、水平向和垂直向最大湿润距离均比小孔径灌水器情况下的数值要大。在中大灌水器孔径条件下,土壤含水率随供水压力增大而增大,而小孔径情况下差异显著。 相似文献
4.
《灌溉排水学报》2019,(11)
【目的】准确获取阿克苏河下游区灌溉入渗补给系数,对该区灌溉入渗补给系数的影响因素进行分析,为绿洲带高强度人工灌溉模式下地表水地下水转化机理研究,提高研究区地下水数值模拟精度提供基础。【方法】选取阿克苏下游区不同灌溉制度、包气带厚度、土壤结构下代表性点进行野外取样及室内灌溉试验,并结合Hydrus-1d进行包气带水流数值模拟,通过改变灌溉制度、包气带厚度,应用Hydrus-1d模型计算该土壤结构下的灌溉入渗补给系数变化。在模型计算结果的基础上,首先分析灌溉制度、包气带厚度与灌溉入渗补给系数的关系;其后重点利用模型计算结合数理统计的方法分析土壤结构中影响灌溉入渗补给系数的主要因素。【结果】研究区内滴灌条件下灌溉入渗补给系数的范围为0.320～0.474;畦灌条件下灌溉入渗补给系数的范围为0.408～0.561,即不同灌溉制度下灌溉入渗补给系数不同;而伴随包气带厚度增大,灌溉入渗补给系数也随之减小;土壤结构对灌溉入渗补给的主要影响因素为土壤渗透系数、土壤体积质量、土壤初始含水率。【结论】根据室内试验结合数值模型计算出不同灌溉制度下的灌溉入渗补给系数变化范围,得出灌溉入渗补给系数的影响因素为灌溉制度、包气带厚度和反映土壤结构的土壤渗透系数、土壤体积质量及土壤初始含水率,为干旱区下游区灌溉入渗补给系数选取及后续研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
5.
考虑土壤结构变形的Kostiakov入渗模型参数非线性预报模型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《节水灌溉》2015,(12)
以山西黄土高原区头水地及以后各次灌水的土地为研究对象,通过实施大量大田耕作土壤水分入渗试验,获取了Kostiakov三参数累积入渗量模型的实测大样本,考虑每个生产周期第一次灌水过程中表层土壤结构的变形特性,建立了Kostiakov三参数累积入渗量模型的参数与土壤理化参数间的非线性关系函数。研究表明,常规土壤理化参数土壤含水率、密度、黏粒含量、粉粒含量和有机质作为土壤入渗参数非线性预报模型的输入变量是合理的,所建立的非线性关系模型高度相关,土壤入渗参数的实测值与预测值的相对误差可控制在9%以下;考虑到第一次灌水过程中表层土壤结构的变形特性,对表层土壤结构进行修正,更加真实地反映土壤结构对入渗参数的影响,并为各灌水时期提供科学合理的节水依据。 相似文献
6.
泥沙级配对浑水灌溉下土壤水分增长过程的影响分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过在测坑中开展灌溉条件下2种含沙量4种泥沙级配组合下的浑水灌溉入渗试验,发现泥沙级配对土壤水分增长过程的影响显著:泥沙级配越细,相同灌溉入渗历时的累积入渗量和土壤含水量的增加量越小,与清水灌溉试验结果的差异性越大。同一含沙量浑水灌溉,泥沙级配越细,不同深度土壤含水量始变历时和增长拐点历时更长;同一泥沙级配浑水灌溉,含沙量越大,不同深度土壤含水量始变历时和增长拐点历时更长。相同入渗历时,浑水灌溉下的累积入渗量和土壤含水量变化量均较清水灌溉的小,土壤水分增长较清水缓慢;由于浑水中泥沙的阻渗和减渗作用,同一含沙量条件下,泥沙级配越细,灌水后相同入渗历时的土壤含水量变化量和累积入渗量越小;同一泥沙级配浑水,含沙量越大,灌水后相同入渗历时的土壤含水量变化量和累积入渗量越小。 相似文献
7.
《灌溉排水学报》2021,(7)
【目的】探究不同地下水埋深和灌水量对土壤水与地下水交换的影响,提高灌溉水利用效率。【方法】在河套灌区开展了不同地下水埋深与灌水量对土壤含水率、地下水埋深及土壤水与地下水交换影响的田间试验,分析变化地下水埋深与灌水量对土壤水与地下水交换的影响。【结果】不同灌水量下,灌水前后0～60 cm土壤含水率变化明显,灌水主要补充耕作层,生育期第3次灌水入渗量约占灌水总量25%,灌水量越大,土壤水对地下水入渗补给量越大。地下水埋深随灌水量增加而显著减小(P0.05),地下水补给量与灌溉量的比值依次为L1处理L2处理L3处理L4处理L5处理L6处理L7处理L8处理L9处理。【结论】在河套灌区年均地下水埋深为1.8 m的区域,生育期单次灌水量110 mm,秋浇300 mm,可显著减少灌溉水下渗,以达到充分利用潜水蒸发,提高水资源利用效率,实现节水增产的目的。 相似文献
8.
丁秋生 《中国农村水利水电》2006,(9):15-17
依据耕作土壤入渗试验和大田灌水试验，采用试验研究与计算机模拟相结合的方法，分析讨论了土壤水分入渗过程的类型以及土壤入渗能力的变化对农田灌溉的灌水效率、储水效率和灌水均匀度的影响。本研究成果将为节水灌溉技术参数的确定提供依据，为农田灌溉用水管理提供指导。 相似文献
9.
选用砂土和盐碱土并添加斥水剂,采用0、1、3和6g/L的CaCl2溶液进行室内土柱入渗试验,对比灌水水质对土壤水盐及斥水性分布的影响。结果表明:咸水灌溉后,砂土1和亲水盐碱土的累积入渗量、湿润锋和入渗率曲线均较光滑;而砂土2和斥水盐碱土的入渗特征曲线不如砂土1的光滑,入渗过程比前者慢得多。灌水矿化度增加对盐碱土的入渗过程影响更明显。Philip模型与Kostiakov公式拟合亲水土壤入渗率过程都较好。砂土1和砂土2在咸水灌溉后剖面的滴水穿透时间都比初始值有所增加,但最大增加值仅3.6 s。盐碱土灌后剖面的滴水穿透时间增加明显,最大增加值为19 s。灌水矿化度增加对电导率、Ca2+质量浓度和Cl-质量浓度分布均有影响。研究表明咸水灌溉不仅影响水盐分布,而且对斥水性也有不同程度的影响。 相似文献
10.
为研究红壤区域蓄水渗灌关键参数变化对水氮分布的影响,试验设灌水量和灌水器埋深两个因素,每个因素设3个水平,共9个处理.分析影响各因素对土壤入渗率、湿润体内含水率和硝态氮分布影响.结果表明:入渗达到稳定之前灌水量对入渗率的影大于灌水器埋深,垂向湿润锋运移距离随着灌水器埋深增加而减小,随着灌水量的增加而增加;并随着灌水器埋深加大,湿润体范围向右下方移动.土壤含水率随土壤深度增大再逐渐变小,随着灌水量的增加,土壤湿润范围增加;灌水量增加,促进硝态氮的入渗;土壤硝态氮的分布规律为由灌水器周边至湿润体边缘呈现"低-高-低"的分布态势.对土壤水氮的分布显著影响为:灌水量>灌水器埋深.增加一定的灌水量可以促进蓄水渗灌红壤水氮入渗,而增加灌水器埋深则使得湿润体范围向灌水器右下方移动;在红壤地区脐橙等经济作物灌溉中推荐采用高灌水量与深埋灌水器的方式. 相似文献
11.
The quality of irrigation water has the potential to significantly affect soil structural properties, infiltration and irrigation application efficiency. While the effect of electrolyte concentration (as indicated by the electrical conductivity EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) have been studied under laboratory conditions, the effect on soil profile structural properties and irrigation performance have not been widely investigated under field conditions. In this paper, water with three different levels of sodium (SAR = 0.9, 10 and 30) was applied as alternative treatments to a clay loam soil. The application of 238–261 mm of medium- to high-SAR water was found to reduce aggregate stability, increase the bulk density of both the surface crust and underlying soil, and reduce the total depth of infiltration and final infiltration rate. Where low-SAR water was used, there was no significant (P<0.05) difference in final infiltration rate after the first four irrigations. However, where moderate- and high-SAR water was applied after the first four irrigations with the low EC-SAR water, the final infiltration rate was found to decrease on each of the successive irrigation events. For the moderate- and high-SAR treatments, this suggests that a steady-state equilibrium had not been reached within that part of the soil profile impeding infiltration. It is proposed that the initial reduction in infiltration is related to the physical processes of slaking leading to the development of an apedal, hardsetting surface soil layer. Similarly, it is proposed that the subsequent increase in bulk density and decline in infiltration where moderate and high EC-SAR water is applied is due to an increase in clay tactoid swelling reducing the size of the conducting micropores, dispersion blocking pores, and/or an increase in the thickness of the apedal surface layer. The reduction in infiltration associated with the use of high-SAR irrigation water was found to reduce the performance of the irrigations, with the application efficiency of the final irrigation decreasing from 40% where the low-SAR water was used, to 21% where the high-SAR water was applied. The implications for surface irrigating with water containing high sodium levels are discussed.Communicated by A. Kassam 相似文献
12.
通过设置3个灌水梯度（相对田间持水量：70%、50%、不灌水）,研究了不同水分梯度下土壤水文时空动态变化。结果表明：通过灌溉的土壤持续时间内储水量、土壤含水量变化幅度以及高含水区范围都要明显大于自然降雨条件下的土壤水文。试验得出：对植被进行分段灌溉补水使其达到田间持水量的70%,可以有效的改变土壤水文性质,为植物生长创... 相似文献
13.
调亏灌溉条件下秦王川灌区苜蓿种植效益初步分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从高产、优质和高效的三重目标出发,在甘肃秦王川灌区通过大田试验初步分析了调亏灌溉条件下苜蓿的种植效益。结果表明:在轻度水分亏缺下,即土壤含水率为60%~65%田间持水量时苜蓿的产量和经济效益较充分灌溉(土壤含水率为65%~70%田间持水量)没有显著差异(P>0.05),而苜蓿的水分利用效率、粗蛋白含量与其余各处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),且值均达到了最大,分别达2.10 kg/m3和13406.7 ug/g。 相似文献
14.
A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation
in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each
and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method
of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality
canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations
with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with
quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and
tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the
three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water
improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only
in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared
to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water
in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use
of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher
water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2,
2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield,
thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal
water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils. 相似文献
15.
调亏灌溉对日光温室青茄品质和耗水规律的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在日光温室滴灌条件下采用小区试验方法,研究了不同生育期不同程度调亏灌溉对青茄耗水规律、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,温室青茄耗水高峰出现在成熟采摘期,该阶段耗水模系数在49.96%～64.11%之间;苗期的耗水量最小,其阶段耗水模系数在8.64%～16.68%之间。苗期和成熟采摘期适度调亏灌溉(灌水定额为适宜供水的80%)可提高青茄产量和水分利用效率,开花坐果期水分过度亏缺(灌水定额为适宜供水的60%)对青茄品质有所改善,但显著降低青茄产量和灌溉水利用效率。综合考虑产量和品质,拟定日光温室青茄滴灌条件下适宜的灌溉制度为,灌水周期10d,苗期和成熟采摘期适度亏水,灌水定额分别为12mm和20mm;开花坐果期宜充分灌溉,灌水定额为25mm。 相似文献
16.
土壤水分含量对加工番茄产量和品质影响的研究 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19
试验从加工番茄开花期开始，设4个水分处理（分别以0～60cm土层灌前土壤田间持水量的40％～45％、55％～60％、70％～75％和85％～90％作为各处理的灌溉下限含水量临界值，灌溉上限为田间持水量的90％），分析不同水分状况下加工番茄的产量和果实品质。试验结果表明，加工番茄的产量、品质与土壤含水量密切相关，灌前过高或过低的土壤含水量会影响产量及茄红素、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性酸等品质指标，灌前土壤相对田间持水量为70％～75％处理的加工番茄产量最高，品质较好，水分利用效率最高，既能实现高产高效，又可达到节水灌溉的目的。 相似文献
17.
High levels of soil sodicity, resulting from intensive irrigation with saline-sodic waters, lead to an increased soil susceptibility to seal formation and to severe problems of runoff and soil erosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the addition of small amounts of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to the irrigation water in controlling seal formation, runoff and soil erosion. Two predominantly montmorillonitic soils were studied, a grumusol (Typic Haploxerert) and a loess (Calcic Haploxeralf), having naturally occurring exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)>12. The soils were exposed to 60 mm of simulated irrigation with commonly used tap water (TW, electrical conductivity=0.8 dS m–1; sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)=2), or saline water (SW, electrical conductivity=5.0 dS m–1; SAR>12). PAM effectiveness in controlling runoff and erosion from the sodic soils was compared with runoff and erosion levels obtained from untreated soils having low ESPs (<4). For both soils and for both water qualities and polymer concentrations in the irrigation water, PAM was efficient in controlling runoff at low ESP levels and inefficient at high ESP levels. At moderate ESP levels, PAM's efficacy in controlling runoff was inconsistent and varied with water quality and polymer concentration. Conversely, in general, soil loss originating from rill erosion, was significantly and effectively reduced in moderate and high ESP soils by addition of PAM to the irrigation water, irrespective of water quality and polymer concentration. PAM was more effective in reducing rill erosion than in reducing runoff in the moderate and high ESP samples, because the energy involved in generating runoff is much higher than that involved in rill erosion. PAM treated surface aggregates were not stable against the distructive forces leading to seal formation and runoff production; but they were stable enough to resist the hydraulic shear exerted by the runoff flow. 相似文献
18.
水肥耦合对棉花产量和氮累积利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究膜下滴灌施肥条件下,不同滴灌水量和滴灌施肥用量对棉花产量、氮素动态累积和氮素利用效率的影响。通过设置5个滴灌施肥水平和3个水分水平的完全组合处理以及一个不施肥对照处理,研究了水肥耦合对棉花干物质动态累积量、籽棉产量、氮动态累积量和氮素利用效率的影响。在收获后棉花地上部分器官质量从高到低依次为棉铃,茎秆和叶,而氮素主要集中在棉铃内部,其次是叶片,茎秆最少。灌溉水量显著增加了棉花叶片,茎秆和棉铃质量,从而增加了干物质量和籽棉产量,同时灌溉水量显著增加氮累积量和氮肥利用率。水肥对氮肥偏生产力,氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理利用率影响显著。灌溉水量降低至60%ETc会抑制棉花对氮素的吸收,使干物质量和籽棉产量下降,但可以显著提高氮肥利用率,氮肥偏生产力,氮肥农学效率。在本试验条件下,灌水量在380 mm,施肥量(N-P2O5-K2O)为(250-100-50)kg/hm2时,可以获得低于最高产量6%的籽棉产量,并节省15%的灌水量和16.7%施肥量。 相似文献
19.
【目的】提高华北地区紫花苜蓿水分利用效率,兼顾产量与品质。【方法】于2018年4―9月,在河北涿州中国农业大学教学实验场,以紫花苜蓿品种WL363HQ为试验材料,开展紫花苜蓿田间灌溉试验。试验设置3个灌水处理:W1处理,灌水下限45%FC(田间持水率),灌水上限90%FC;W2处理,灌水下限60%FC,灌水上限90%FC;W3处理,根据当地生产经验定额灌溉为39 mm,研究了不同灌水下限对紫花苜蓿生长、产量和品质的影响。【结果】建植第5年的紫花苜蓿,全生长季需水量511.9 mm。苜蓿细根根系主要分布在0~40 cm土层,0~20 cm土层根系密度最高。灌水对第1、第2茬及全年产量没有显著影响(P>0.05),对第3茬产量有显著影响(P<0.05)。第1、第2、第3茬内采用W1处理苜蓿水分利用效率最高。不同灌水处理对苜蓿粗蛋白量没有显著影响(P>0.05),减少灌水量能增加苜蓿相对饲喂价值。【结论】建议华北地区紫花苜蓿第1、第2、第3茬采用45%FC灌水下限,第4茬采用60%FC灌水下限。 相似文献
20.
Assessment of irrigation and environmental quality at the hydrological basin level: I. Irrigation quality 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Irrigated agriculture notably increases crop productivity, but consumes high volumes of water and may induce off-site pollution of receiving water bodies. The objectives of this paper were to diagnose the quality of irrigation and to prescribe recommendations aimed at improving irrigation management and reducing the off-site pollution from a 15,500 ha irrigation district located in the Ebro River Basin (Spain). Three hydrological basins were selected within the district where the main inputs (irrigation, precipitation, and groundwater inflows) and outputs (actual crop's evapotranspiration, surface drainage outflows, and groundwater outflows) of water were measured or estimated during a hydrological year. The highest volume of water (I = 1400 mm/year) was applied in the basin with highly permeable, low water retention, flood irrigated soils where 81% of the total surface was planted with alfalfa and corn. This basin had the lowest consumptive water use efficiency (CWUE = 45%), the highest water deficit (WD = 5%) and the highest drainage fraction (DF = 57%). In contrast, the lowest I (950 mm/year), the highest CWUE (62%), and the lowest WD (2%) and DF (37%) were obtained in the basin with 60% of the surface covered with deep, high water retention, alluvial valley soils, where 39% of the cultivated surface is sprinkler irrigated and with only 48% of the surface planted with alfalfa and corn. We concluded that the three most important variables determining the quality of irrigation and the volume of irrigation return flows in the studied basins were (i) soil characteristics, (ii) irrigation management and irrigation system, and (iii) crop water requirements. Therefore, the critical recommendations for improving the quality of irrigation are to (i) increase the efficiency of flood-irrigation, (ii) change to pressurized systems in the shallow and highly permeable soils, and (iii) reuse of drainage water for irrigation within the district. These management strategies will conserve water of high quality in the main reservoir and will decrease the crop water deficits and the volume of irrigation return flows, therefore, minimizing the off-site pollution from this irrigation district. 相似文献