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1.
Individual polymers at thermal equilibrium were exposed to an elongational flow producing a high strain rate, and their dynamics were recorded with video fluorescence microscopy. The flow was turned on suddenly so that the entire evolution of molecular conformation could be observed without initial perturbations. The rate of stretching of individual molecules is highly variable and depends on the molecular conformation that develops during stretching. This variability is due to a dependence of the dynamics on the initial, random equilibrium conformation of the polymer coil. The increasing appearance at high strain rates of slowly unraveling hairpin folds is an example of nonergodic dynamics, which can occur when a statistical mechanical system is subjected to nonadiabatic, or "sudden," external forces. 相似文献
2.
DNA structure: evidence from electron microscopy 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
J D Griffith 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,201(4355):525-527
The contour lengths of phiX174 DNA duplex and RNA-DNA hybrid molecules were measured by several commonly used electron microscopic techniques. The countour length of the hybrid molecules corresponds to a rise of 2.5 to 2.6 angstroms per base pair, as expected for the A conformation, while the length of phiX174 duplex DNA similarly measured corresponds to a 2.9-angstrom rise, very different from 3.4 angstroms of the classic B form. Thus any chromatin structure parameter based on electron microscopy and a rise of 3.4 angstroms must be reappraised. The possibility that DNA in dilute solution also has a rise of 2.9 angstroms and a screw of 10.5 base pairs per turn is discussed. 相似文献
3.
A molecularly thin film of a two-dimensional polymer network formed by hydrogen bonding was synthesized and investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy. Poly(in-caprolactam) (nylon 6) was epitaxially grown on the basal plane of graphite and an ultrathin film of the polymer was obtained after the bulk materials had been washed away with solvents. The polymer chain has a planar, all-trans conformation and adjacent chains run in the antiparallel direction. This produces complete pairing of hydrogen bonding groups, with each amide group lying on a straight line perpendicular to the polymer backbone. This hydrogen-bonded sheet is oriented so that each polymer backbone lies in the (1010) direction on the graphite hexagonal lattice, as opposed to the (1120) direction taken by other paraffinic molecules studied so far. This experiment shows that hydrogen bonding can be used to control the orientation of macromolecules in two dimensions. 相似文献
4.
Polymer vesicles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vesicles are microscopic sacs that enclose a volume with a molecularly thin membrane. The membranes are generally self-directed assemblies of amphiphilic molecules with a dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic character. Biological amphiphiles form vesicles central to cell function and are principally lipids of molecular weight less than 1 kilodalton. Block copolymers that mimic lipid amphiphilicity can also self-assemble into vesicles in dilute solution, but polymer molecular weights can be orders of magnitude greater than those of lipids. Structural features of vesicles, as well as properties including stability, fluidity, and intermembrane dynamics, are greatly influenced by characteristics of the polymers. Future applications of polymer vesicles will rely on exploiting unique property-performance relations, but results to date already underscore the fact that biologically derived vesicles are but a small subset of what is physically and chemically possible. 相似文献
5.
浓缩生物高分子稀溶液的新材料——浓缩剂的合成及其性能鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以丙烯酸为材料,研制成功了一种浓缩生物高分子稀溶液的新型材料——浓缩剂。在制备的干燥浓缩剂中,含有7％的丙烯酸时,可吸水130—150毫升/克干胶。含有5％的丙烯酸时,吸水量可达160毫升/克干胶。因此,吸水量与浓缩剂的用量成正比。稀溶液经浓缩后生物高分子的回收率达80—93％。具有简单、快速、效率高之优点。 相似文献
6.
Bent J Hutchings LR Richards RW Gough T Spares R Coates PD Grillo I Harlen OG Read DJ Graham RS Likhtman AE Groves DJ Nicholson TM McLeish TC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5640):1691-1695
Flows of complex fluids need to be understood at both macroscopic and molecular scales, because it is the macroscopic response that controls the fluid behavior, but the molecular scale that ultimately gives rise to rheological and solid-state properties. Here the flow field of an entangled polymer melt through an extended contraction, typical of many polymer processes, is imaged optically and by small-angle neutron scattering. The dual-probe technique samples both the macroscopic stress field in the flow and the microscopic configuration of the polymer molecules at selected points. The results are compared with a recent "tube model" molecular theory of entangled melt flow that is able to calculate both the stress and the single-chain structure factor from first principles. The combined action of the three fundamental entangled processes of reptation, contour length fluctuation, and convective constraint release is essential to account quantitatively for the rich rheological behavior. The multiscale approach unearths a new feature: Orientation at the length scale of the entire chain decays considerably more slowly than at the smaller entanglement length. 相似文献
7.
State-selected rubidium-87 molecules were created at rest in a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium-87 atoms with coherent free-bound stimulated Raman transitions. The transition rate exhibited a resonance line shape with an extremely narrow width as small as 1.5 kilohertz. The precise shape and position of the resonance are sensitive to the mean-field interactions between the molecules and the atomic condensate. As a result, we were able to measure the molecule-condensate interactions. This method allows molecular binding energies to be determined with unprecedented accuracy and is of interest as a mechanism for the generation of a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate. 相似文献
8.
Boyer JS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,163(3872):1219-1220
Free-energy transfer was used to study water transport through the soil-plant system. Resistances to free-energy transfer are proportional to resistances to water transfer. Under certain conditions, the proportionality factor is 1. For a sunflower plant in moist soil, plant resistance to free-energy transfer was 30 times the soil resistance, and root-stem-leaf resistances were in a ratio of about 2 : 1 : 1, respectively. However, root and sidered for a unit pathlength. 相似文献
9.
The photochemistry of poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene-vinylene] (MEH-PPV) has been found to be highly dependent on the presence of O(2), which increases singlet exciton quenching dramatically. Spectroscopy on isolated single molecules of MEH-PPV in polycarbonate films that exclude O(2) reveals two distinct polymer conformations with fluorescence maxima near 555 and 580 nanometers wavelength, respectively. Time-resolved single-molecule data demonstrate that the 580-nanometer conformation exhibits a "landscape" for intramolecular electronic energy relaxation with a "funnel" that contains a 580-nanometer singlet exciton trap at the bottom. The exciton traps can be converted to exciton quenchers by reaction with O(2). Conformationally induced, directed-energy transfer is arguably a critical dynamical process that is responsible for many of the distinctive photophysical properties of conjugated polymers. 相似文献
10.
以中南地区几种主要地带性土壤为材料，探讨了高梯度磁场（ＨＧＭＳ）分离土壤氧化铁的技术。结果表明：土壤胶体经ＨＧＭＳ处理，氧化铁的浓缩倍数与提取率呈负相关。以２％的ＮａＯＨ溶液为分散剂，在较低磁场强度下（０．９Ｔ），以４００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ的流速将胶体悬液通过双面塑料载丝盒，氧化铁的浓缩倍数较大；以２％Ｎａ２ＣＯ３溶液为分散剂，或以２％ＮａＯＨ溶液为分散剂，在较强的磁场强度下（１．２Ｔ），以１００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ流速将胶体悬液通过双面铁片载丝盒，磁性部分的提取率较大。氧化铁含量低的土壤胶体，用ＨＧＭＳ处理，其浓缩倍数更高 相似文献
11.
Nizak C Monier S del Nery E Moutel S Goud B Perez F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5621):984-987
Here we report an approach, based on antibody phage display, to generate molecular conformation sensors. Recombinant antibodies specific to the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound conformation of the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rab6, a regulator of membrane traffic, were generated and used to locate Rab6.GTP in fixed cells, and, after green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging and intracellular expression, to follow Rab6.GTP in vivo. Rab6 was in its GTP-bound conformation on the Golgi apparatus and transport intermediates, and the geometry of transport intermediates was modulated by Rab6 activity. More generally, the same approach could be applied to other molecules that can be locked in a particular conformation in vitro. 相似文献
12.
Data on the melting point depression in small indium or gold particles and in liquid water held between lipid bilayers indicate that these systems obey Raoult's law, with the surface atoms or molecules acting like solute particles in a dilute solution. 相似文献
13.
Silva GA Czeisler C Niece KL Beniash E Harrington DA Kessler JA Stupp SI 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5662):1352-1355
Neural progenitor cells were encapsulated in vitro within a three-dimensional network of nanofibers formed by self-assembly of peptide amphiphile molecules. The self-assembly is triggered by mixing cell suspensions in media with dilute aqueous solutions of the molecules, and cells survive the growth of the nanofibers around them. These nanofibers were designed to present to cells the neurite-promoting laminin epitope IKVAV at nearly van der Waals density. Relative to laminin or soluble peptide, the artificial nanofiber scaffold induced very rapid differentiation of cells into neurons, while discouraging the development of astrocytes. This rapid selective differentiation is linked to the amplification of bioactive epitope presentation to cells by the nanofibers. 相似文献
14.
The conformation of linear polymer chains trapped in a matrix of cross-linked polymer has been measured by neutron scattering. Three regimes were found depending on the length of the linear chain, Nl, with respect to the mesh size of the network, N(c). When N(c) > Nl, the radius of gyration, R(g), of the linear chain is the same as that observed in the uncrosslinked melt. When N(c) < Nl, R(g) shrinks according to the scaling relation R(g)(-1) approximately N(c)(-1) that has been predicted for isolated polymer chains trapped in a field of random obstacles. When N(c) < Nl the linear chains are observed to segregate. 相似文献
15.
Morawetz H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4849):172-176
Nonradiative energy transfer between fluorescent labels attached to polymers has been used to characterize polymer miscibility, the interpenetration of chain molecules in solution, micelle formation in graft copolymers, the unfolding of collapsed chain molecules in polymer melts, and the transfer of energy absorbed by a large number of donor labels to a small number of acceptors by an "antenna effect." The change in the emission spectrum after ionomer solutions with different fluorescent counterions were mixed provided rate constants for counterion interchange. The fluorescence behavior of dispersions of donor-labeled polymers stabilized by a graft copolymer with acceptor fluorophores in the solution phase led to inferences about the morphology of the dispersed particles. 相似文献
16.
V. B. Khabarov A. Ya. Pronin A. Ya. Samuilenko A. K. Buryak A. V. Grin’ 《Russian Agricultural Sciences》2009,35(4):281-283
A change in the physicochemical characteristics of chitosan preparations as a consequence of the occurrence of chemical reactions
of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of chitosan polymer molecules with amino groups of chitosan-chitin polymer molecules and chitosan-protein
complex during long storage of chitosan preparations was established by high performance liquid chromatography. 相似文献
17.
The conformational dynamics of individual, flexible polymers in steady shear flow were directly observed by the use of video fluorescence microscopy. The probability distribution for the molecular extension was determined as a function of shear rate, gamma;, for two different polymer relaxation times, tau. In contrast to the behavior in pure elongational flow, the average polymer extension in shear flow does not display a sharp coil-stretch transition. Large, aperiodic temporal fluctuations were observed, consistent with end-over-end tumbling of the molecule. The rate of these fluctuations (relative to the relaxation rate) increased as the Weissenberg number, gamma;tau, was increased. 相似文献
18.
以木构件端面为研究对象,通过物理增强试验法对其端面增强工艺进行研究.结果表明:在木构件端面复合粉状碳纤维可有效提高木构件端部的力学性能;采用非刚性施压方法可促使碳纤维与木构件端面的工艺复合;对木构件端面进行高温热处理可使木材端面获得200条·dm-2以上的分布较均匀的可见裂纹;内层0.5 mm、外层2 mm的碳纤维涂层的增强效果最好;水曲柳、落叶松、桦木木构件端部横向抗拉强度分别提高55%、46%和59%. 相似文献
19.
The squeezing of polymers in narrow gaps is important for the dynamics of nanostructure fabrication by nanoimprint embossing and the operation of polymer boundary lubricants. We measured stress versus strain behavior while squeezing entangled polystyrene films to large strains. In confined conditions where films were prepared to a thickness less than the size of the bulk macromolecule, resistance to deformation was markedly reduced for both solid-glass forging and liquid-melt molding. For melt flow, we further observed a complete inversion of conventional polymer viscosity scaling with molecular weight. Our results show that squeeze flow is accelerated at small scales by an unexpected influence of film thickness in polymer materials. 相似文献