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1.
Makoto Mitsumori Hiroki Matsui Kiyoshi Tajima Takumi Shinkai Akio Takenaka Stuart E. Denman Christopher S. McSweeney 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(1):25-31
Effect of the methane inhibitor, bromochloromethane (BCM) and dietary substrate, fumarate, on microbial community structure of acetogen bacteria in the bovine rumen was investigated through analysis of the formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase gene (fhs). The fhs sequences obtained from BCM‐untreated, BCM‐treated, fumarate‐untreated and fumarate‐treated bovine rumen were categorized into homoacetogens and nonhomoacetogenic bacteria by homoacetogen similarity scores. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that most of the fhs sequences categorized into homoacetogens were divided into nine clusters, which were in close agreement with a result shown in a self‐organizing map. The diversity of the fhs sequences from the BCM‐treated rumen was significantly different from those from BCM‐non‐treated rumen. Principal component analysis also showed that addition of BCM to the rumen altered the population structure of acetogenic bacteria significantly but the effect of fumarate was comparatively minor. These results indicate that BCM affects diversity of actogens in the bovine rumen, and changes in acetogenic community structure in response to methane inhibitors may be caused by different mechanisms. 相似文献
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Inclusion of novel bacteria in rumen microbiology: Need for basic and applied science 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yasuo KOBAYASHI 《Animal Science Journal》2006,77(4):375-385
Rumen microbiology has made a significant contribution to the understanding of ruminant nutrition. However, further progress in research has been hindered by the incomplete analysis of the rumen microbiota comprised of bacteria, protozoa and fungi, most of which remain uncharacterized due to the difficulties in their isolation and cultivation. In order to maximize rumen fiber digestion, it is necessary to understand the community structure of rumen microbes, especially bacteria, and the factors that influence their composition. Recent advances in molecular biology techniques allow the analysis of such bacteria without cultivation, thereby identifying many functional, but uncultured, bacteria as new targets for basic and applied research. Specific uncultured bacterial groups are being considered as important members of a fibrolytic consortium in the rumen, judging by their ecologic distribution. The inclusion of such uncharacterized bacteria in analyses is crucial for understanding the rumen microbial community and its manipulation. In addition, these bacteria could potentially be candidates as probiotics and sources of enzymes for animal feed and other industrial uses. 相似文献
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新型脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃酶活性和细菌总数的影响 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
为了研究新型脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃酶活性和细菌总数的影响 ,进行了两个实验。实验一 ,采用反转设计 ,用4头装有瘤胃瘘管的绵羊 ,分别测定了瘤胃液中脲酶、纤维素酶、蛋白水解酶、总脱氢酶的活性和瘤胃细菌总数。结果表明 ,在瘤胃内灌注50mg脲酶抑制剂 (氢醌 ,HQ )可以使脲酶的活性降低65 % (P<0.01) ,使纤维素酶的活性提高28 % (P<0.05) ,对蛋白水解酶、总脱氢酶的活性和瘤胃细菌总数没有影响(P>0.05)。实验二 ,采用滤纸片法观察了氢醌在10、20、40和80mg/L浓度范围内对瘤胃微生物的抑制作用。测定结果表明 ,除了80mg/L氢醌对瘤胃微生物有微弱的抑制作用外 ,其它浓度的氢醌对瘤胃微生物的生长没有影响。上述结果表明 ,HQ是瘤胃微生物脲酶的专一性抑制剂 ,对瘤胃微生物的繁殖和代谢活性无不良影响。HQ在较低浓度范围内使用 ,就可以非常有效地减缓瘤胃中尿素的释放速度 ,对瘤胃微生物和宿主动物安全 ,无毒副作用 ,在反刍动物尿素利用方面具有非常大的开发潜力。 相似文献
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A method of preparing the pure concentrate of epithelium-adherent bacteria in sheep rumen was worked out and it was tested in 24 samples of the rumen wall, obtained from 12 slaughtered sheep. The purity of the bacterial eluate was checked by transmission electron microscopy and negative staining, followed by electron-microscopic evaluation. Besides bacterial cells no residues of feed, epithelium and other undesirable impurities were found out in the eluate. The percent yield of this method was determined by scanning electron microscopy and it made 93.3%. An isolated pure concentrate of the mixture of bacterial cultures, previously adhered to the rumen epithelium, was prepared which can be used for morphological and biochemical studies of this interesting group of rumen bacteria. 相似文献
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《畜牧与生物技术杂志(英文版)》2017,(3)
Background: Original rumen digesta, rumen liquid and solid fractions have been frequently used to assess the rumen bacterial community. However, bacterial profiles in rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions vary from each other and need to be better established.Methods: To compare bacterial profiles in each fraction, samples of rumen digesta from six cows fed either a high fiber diet(HFD) or a high energy diet(HED) were collected via rumen fistulas. Rumen digesta was then squeezed through four layers of cheesecloth to separate liquid and solid fractions. The bacterial profiles of rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions were analyzed with High-throughput sequencing technique.Results: Rumen bacterial diversity was mainly affected by diet and individual cow(P 0.05) rather than rumen fraction. Bias distributed bacteria were observed in solid and liquid fractions of rumen content using Venn diagram and LEf Se analysis. Fifteen out of 16 detected biomarkers(using LEf Se analysis) were found in liquid fraction, and these 15 biomarkers contributed the most to the bacterial differences among rumen content fractions.Conclusions: Similar results were found when using samples of original rumen digesta, rumen liquid or solid fractions to assess diversity of rumen bacteria; however, more attention should be draw onto bias distributed bacteria in different ruminal fractions, especially when liquid fraction has been used as a representative sample for rumen bacterial study. 相似文献
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本文旨在研究不同剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵及菌体蛋白(BCP)含量的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,体况相近的荷斯坦奶牛,取其瘤胃液混匀,添加不同剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物进行体外培养,分别为:对照组(0 CUF/g),试验Ⅰ组(添加量为3%,4.4×108CUF/g),试验Ⅱ组(添加量为5%,7.8×108CUF/g),试验Ⅲ组(添加量为10%,1.2×109CUF/g),每组分别设2、4、8、12、24、36、48 h 7个指标测定时间点,每个时间点3个重复。结果表明:(1)添加瘤胃细菌培养物使瘤胃液pH有所降低,但始终在6.5～7.0,对瘤胃内环境无不良影响;(2)添加3%的瘤胃细菌培养物显著降低氨态氮(NH3-N)的含量(P<0.05),显著增加了培养液BCP的浓度(P<0.05);(3)添加3%的瘤胃细菌培养物可一定程度增加总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)和乙酸浓度,但对其他各挥发性脂肪酸及乙酸/丙酸比值无显著影响。由此可见,添加3%剂量的瘤胃细菌培养物可改变瘤胃的发酵环境,提高BCP浓度。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The number and diversity of uncultured ruminal bacterial and archaeal species revealed by 16S rRNA gene (rrs) sequences greatly exceeds that of cultured bacteria and archaea. However, the significance of uncultured microbes remains undetermined. The objective of this study was to assess the numeric importance of select uncultured bacteria and cultured bacteria and the impact of diets and microenvironments within cow rumen in a comparative manner. RESULTS: Liquid and adherent fractions were obtained from the rumen of Jersey cattle fed hay alone and Holstein cattle fed hay plus grain. The populations of cultured and uncultured bacteria present in each fraction were quantified using specific real-time PCR assays. The population of total bacteria was similar between fractions or diets, while total archaea was numerically higher in the hay-fed Jersey cattle than in the hay-grain-fed Holstein cattle. The population of the genus Prevotella was about one log smaller than that of total bacteria. The populations of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, the genus Butyrivibrio, and R. albus was at least one log smaller than that of genus Prevotella. Four of the six uncultured bacteria quantified were as abundant as F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and the genus Butyrivibrio. In addition, the populations of several uncultured bacteria were significantly higher in the adherent fractions than in the liquid fractions. These uncultured bacteria may be associated with fiber degradation. CONCLUSIONS: Some uncultured bacteria are as abundant as those of major cultured bacteria in the rumen. Uncultured bacteria may have important contribution to ruminal fermentation. Population dynamic studies of uncultured bacteria in a comparative manner can help reveal their ecological features and importance to rumen functions. 相似文献
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Scharrer E Grenacher B 《Journal of veterinary medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine》2000,47(10):617-626
To detect whether pentoses and hexoses occurring in rumen bacteria or in hemicellulose ingested with feed and partly released in the small intestine have an affinity for the Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter of the bovine intestinal brush border membrane (BBM), we investigated whether these monosaccharides inhibit Na(+)-dependent transport of 14C-labelled D-xylose across the BBM using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from the mid-jejunum of cows. We used D-xylose as the transport substrate, because it has a low affinity for the Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter and thus its uptake into BBMV is more efficiently competitively inhibited by other sugars than that of D-glucose. D-Ribose, D-mannose and L-rhamnose occurring in rumen bacteria significantly inhibited Na(+)-dependent uptake of D-xylose into BBMV, but their inhibitory effect was less than that of D-glucose, D-xylose and phlorizin. This also applied to L-arabinose (and D-arabinose), which is, like D-xylose and D-galactose, a constituent of hemicellulose, and to 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Of all monosaccharides tested, only D-fructose did not affect Na(+)-dependent D-xylose transport. It is concluded that some pentoses and hexoses occurring in rumen bacteria (D-ribose, D-mannose and L-rhamnose) or hemicellulose (L-arabinose and D-xylose) have a low affinity for the Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter of the bovine BBM and may therefore be absorbed from the jejunum when released in the small intestine. 相似文献
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In two experiments the influence of the treatment of samples, the sampling time and the composition of the rations on the RNA: N ratio in the rumen microbes was checked. Experiment I proved that freezing (-21 degrees C), thawing and freeze-drying of isolated bacteria and protozoa from the rumen fluid and from the duodenal content did not result in a change of the RNA content and the RNA-N: total N relation. If, however, the rumen fluid is stored deep-frozen before the isolation of the bacteria the N content in the DM of the bacteria decreases by 17% and that of RNA by 30%. This results in a change of the RNA: N relation of 16%. In conclusion, the bacteria are to be isolated immediately after rumen fluid sampling. Isolated bacteria can be stored deep-frozen before RNA determination and then freeze-dried. Experiment II showed that the RNA content of the rumen protozoa varies according to the period after feeding. The RNA: N relation was 0.50, 0.92, 0.70 and 0.58 on average 0, 3, 6 and 8 h after feeding, in which the 3rd hour after feeding can obviously be considered the time of increased microbial activity. The conclusion from this variation is that more than one isolation of microbes must be carried out in the course of the day in order to achieve representative samples. These statements apply to easily and not easily fermentable protein as N source in the feed. It could also be proved that no essential variation is to be expected in the RNA: N relation in the microbes isolated from the rumen fluid in the range of 8-21% crude protein in the DM of the ration (roughage: concentrate = 55: 45). On average the rumen microbes contained 1.7 g RNA-N/16 g N, essential differences between bacteria and protozoa could not be ascertained. From the slight variation of the RNA-N: N relation in the isolated bacteria from various cows one can conclude that there is no need to isolate the microbes of each individual animal. 相似文献
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J Smutny P Javorsky Z Dicáková K Horsky S Ivanko I Strapác E Sulík 《Veterinární medicína》1984,29(2):101-105
The method of the use of the HD 1200-E automatic amino acid analyzer for the separation of amino acids was modified for the determination of 2-6-diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) as a bacterial marker, besides the other amino acids in the acid hydrolyzates of samples of bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep. The reproducibility of the determination of DAPA in a standard amino acid mixture found in the tests corresponded with the reproducibility of the determination of the other amino acids as indicated by the manufacturer of the apparatus. The lower limit of DAPA determination sensitivity is between 2 and 5 nmol. In samples of bacteria isolated from rumen wall, from feed particles of rumen contents and from rumen fluid, different contents of nitrogen and DAPA were obtained; this is ascribed to the different proportions of bacterial species in the bacterial populations having different functions. 相似文献
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反刍动物瘤胃是消化过程中的重要器官,它可以分解植物的纤维供宿主利用,而牦牛相较于其他反刍动物而言,有更高的纤维利用率。到目前为止,人们利用分子生物技术对瘤胃微生物进行鉴别分析,已经有大量微生物的功能被发现,但绝大部分微生物的功能还未被确定。瘤胃微生物作为巨大的潜在资源,如果可以在牦牛瘤胃内调节甚至在不同家畜瘤胃内移植,将会推动我国畜牧行业的进步。为此,文章介绍了牦牛瘤胃微生物的种类及功能,并对瘤胃微生物的影响因素进行了详细阐述,以期为相关研究提供一定参考。 相似文献
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本实验旨在分离筛选瘤胃源酵母,研究其对不同饲料底物的发酵特性。实验以山羊及奶牛瘤胃液为菌源,利用酵母选择性培养基,通过分离筛选、生长曲线测定和26S rDNA鉴定,获得1株生长速度较快的Meyerozyma属酵母菌株。在此基础上,采用体外发酵技术,分别以羊草与精料混合物、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉为底物,以奶牛瘤胃液为接种物,研究该酵母菌株对瘤胃微生物体外发酵参数的影响。结果表明,在以羊草和精料混合物为底物时,添加瘤胃源酵母显著降低了发酵液pH和乳酸浓度(P<0.001),显著提高了丙酸浓度和干物质消失率(P<0.05);以玉米淀粉为底物时,添加该酵母菌显著降低了发酵液pH和乳酸浓度(P<0.001);以马铃薯淀粉为底物时,显著降低了pH(P<0.05),提高了丙酸浓度(P<0.05);但在上述3种底物条件下,添加酵母菌对发酵液中总产气量、氨态氮、乙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。采用Real-time PCR测定结果表明,添加该酵母菌可显著提高以羊草和马铃薯淀粉为底物时发酵液中总菌16S rDNA的挎贝数(P<0.05)。结果说明,本研究分离获取的瘤胃源酵母可提高瘤胃微生物对羊草精料混合物的降解能力,降低羊草精料混合物组和玉米淀粉组发酵液中乳酸浓度,提示该菌株可能具有提高日粮消化利用效率、促进丙酸生成和瘤胃细菌生长的作用。 相似文献
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不同来源肽对培养液中瘤胃细菌蛋白产量的影响 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
试验研究了大豆肽、玉米肽和瘤胃液肽对培养液中瘤胃细菌蛋白产量的影响。结果表明:培养液中氨基氮含量越高,细菌生长速度越快,菌体蛋白氮产量显著增加(P<0 01或P<0 05)。培养初期(0～6h),细菌生长快,菌体蛋白氮产量也显著增加(P<0 01或P<0 05);培养后期(6～24h),细菌生长缓慢,菌体蛋白氮产量处于平稳期(P>0 05)。对于不同来源肽来说,瘤胃液肽和大豆肽对细菌生长的促进作用要明显好于玉米肽(P<0 05)。结果表明:瘤胃细菌生长需要肽营养,肽可能是细菌生长的限制性因素之一。 相似文献
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R J Lysons T J Alexander P D Wellstead I W Jennings 《Research in veterinary science》1976,20(1):70-76
Seventeen gnotobiotic lambs were reared up to 21 weeks of age on cows' milk followed by sterile solid diets similar to diets fed to conventional lambs. Seven were inoculated with limited defined populations of rumen bacteria, seven were left uninoculated and three were dosed with rumen contents from conventional sheep ('conventionalised'). Seven naturally-born lambs were reared for purposes of comparison. As with other species of gnotobiotic animals, both the inoculated and the uninoculated gnotobiotic lambs had small, poorly developed lymph nodes, soft colon contents and thin intestinal walls. Unlike other species the caeca of gnotobiotic lambs were of normal size. The overall size of the reticulo-rumen including contents relative to body weight was similar in gnotobiotic and conventional lambs. However, macroscopically, the musculature of the rumen seemed to be poorly developed and histological studies showed hypoplasia of the muscle tissue of both the rumen and reticulum. Rumination was noted only infrequently in gnotobiotic lambs. The epithelium of the rumen and reticulum of the uninoculated gnotobiotic lambs was similar to that of neonatal lambs, but there was normal development of papillae in gnotobiotic lambs inoculated with limited defined populations of rumen bacteria and in conventionalised lambs. Degenerative changes were observed histologically in some of the organs of gnotobiotic lambs which were consistent with nutritional deficiencies. 相似文献
17.
Belanche A Abecia L Holtrop G Guada JA Castrillo C de la Fuente G Balcells J 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(12):4163-4174
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of presence or absence of protozoa on rumen fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis under different diets. Of 20 twin paired lambs, 1 lamb of each pair was isolated from the ewe within 24 h after birth and reared in a protozoa-free environment (n = 10), whereas their respective twin-siblings remained with the ewe (faunated, n = 10). When lambs reached 6 mo of age, 5 animals of each group were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 experimental diets consisting of either alfalfa hay as the sole diet, or 50:50 mixed with ground barley grain according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. After 15 d of adaptation to the diet, the animals were euthanized and total rumen and abomasal contents were sampled to estimate rumen microbial synthesis using C(31) alkane as flow marker. Different ((15)N and purine bases) and a novel (recombinant DNA sequences) microbial markers, combined with several microbial reference extracts (rumen protozoa, liquid and solid associated bacteria) were evaluated. Absence of rumen protozoa modified the rumen fermentation pattern and decreased total tract OM and NDF digestibility in 2.0 and 5.1 percentage points, respectively. The effect of defaunation on microbial N flow was weak, however, and was dependent on the microbial marker and microbial reference extract considered. Faunated lambs fed with mixed diet showed the greatest rumen protozoal concentration and the least efficient microbial protein synthesis (29% less than the other treatments), whereas protozoa-free lambs fed with mixed diet presented the smallest ammonia concentration and 34% greater efficiency of N utilization than the other treatments. Although (15)N gave the most precise estimates of microbial synthesis, the use of recombinant DNA sequences represents an alternative that allows separate quantification of the bacteria and protozoa contributions. This marker showed that presence of protozoa decrease the bacterial-N flow through the abomasum by 33%, whereas the protozoa-N contribution to the microbial N flow increased from 1.9 to 14.1% when barley grain was added to the alfalfa hay. Absolute data related to intestinal flow must be treated with caution because the limitations of the sampling and maker system employed. 相似文献
18.
纪金春 《青海畜牧兽医杂志》1993,(2)
由两头绵羊的瘤胃液中分离到三株具有固氮能力的细菌,可于无氮培养基中生长繁殖,其中一株为需氧固氮,固氮能力较强,另两株为厌氧固氮,固氮能力较弱,鉴于它们在瘤胃液中存在数量较多,认为是绵羊瘤胃中一个正常的菌群,从而为瘤胃菌群增加了一个新的类群,并进行了生化鉴定及生长特性的研究。 相似文献
19.
Hazizul HUSSAIN‐YUSUF Ryoji ONODERA Mohamed Emad A. NASSER Halima SULTANA Hiroyuki SATO 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(6):485-495
An in vitro study was conducted to quantitatively investigate the metabolism of pipecolic acid (Pip), a neuromodulator, by mixed rumen bacteria (B), mixed rumen protozoa (P), a combination of B and P (BP), species‐enriched rumen protozoal suspension (Polyplastron sp., Diploplastron sp., entodinia and Entodinium caudatum) and pure cultures of several isolates of rumen bacteria (Prevetolla bryantii, Prevetolla albensis, Streptococcus bovis, Veillonella parvula, Megasphaera elsdenii and Ruminococcus albus). Only P produced Pip from L‐lysine (1.0 mmol/L L‐Lys) at a rate of 83.5 ± 1.6 µmol/L/h and even in BP, Pip was produced from L‐Lys by P and increased at a rate of 31.2 ± 3.8 µmol/L/h. Pip production by P was highest when the substrate (L‐Lys) concentration was 6 mmol/L and then the rate was 580 ± 36 µmol/L/h. Pipecolic acid production by P suspension enriched with different species of protozoa showed that Polyplastron sp. had the highest Pip production rate of 0.907 ± 0.092 µmol/L/mg protozoal protein per h, and Diploplastron sp. had the lowest rate of 0.55 ± 0.13 µmol/L/mg protozoal protein per h. The addition of D‐Lys (1.0 mmol/L) as a substrate to the P suspension revealed that P were also able to produce Pip from D‐Lys, though at a lower rate (1/3) compared with L‐Lys (1.0 mmol/L), suggesting the presence of epimerases in P. It was confirmed that B were unable to produce Pip from L‐ or D‐Lys. Only B degraded Pip (1.0 mmol/L) after a lag phase at a rate of 56.0 ± 1.5 µmol/L/h. The B suspension was able to degrade D‐Lys, though the products were not identified. Pip degradation by pure culture of some species of rumen bacteria showed that P. bryantii and R. albus had the highest rate followed by P. albensis, S. bovis and M. elsdenii with a low rate of Pip degradation. Veillonella parvula showed no ability to degrade Pip. The results suggest that a fairly large proportion of rumen‐produced Pip is likely to be absorbed by the host animal before degradation by rumen bacteria. 相似文献