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脂肪酸是反刍动物重要的营养物质。一方面,脂肪酸对于反刍动物瘤胃微生物生长具有抑制作用,尤其是不饱和脂肪酸的抑制作用更明显;另一方面,瘤胃微生物群落能够通过生物氢化作用将不饱和脂肪酸氢化为饱和脂肪酸。本文针对饲粮脂肪酸与瘤胃微生物之间的相互作用进行了综述,涉及的研究方法包括体外培养法以及动物试验研究,结合分子生物学技术方法,为通过饲粮脂肪调控瘤胃微生物群落或结构提供新思路。 相似文献
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脂肪营养及在饲料中添加（下） 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
遗传因素对脂肪利用率的影响 在自然情况下,不同动物产品的脂肪酸模型(fatty acids profile)差别很大。单胃动物的脂肪酸模型与其食物中脂肪酸模型类似,所以单胃动物饲料中脂肪酸模型可在产品中如猪肉、鸡蛋中反应出来。而反刍动物的产品如牛油或奶油则不能反应其食物中脂肪酸模型,这是由于瘤胃微生物对不饱和脂肪酸具有加氢作用。奶油中的脂肪可以部分反应瘤胃发酵的结果。 相似文献
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反刍动物乳肉产品是人类摄取共轭亚油酸(CLA)的主要来源,但反刍动物乳肉产品中CLA的含量较低,CLA及CLA在乳腺和脂肪组织中的合成前体十八碳单烯酸是不饱和脂肪酸瘤胃生物氢化的中间产物,深入了解不饱和脂肪酸的瘤胃生物氢化过程和代谢途径有助于通过瘤胃调控有针对性地提高反刍动物肉奶产品中CLA的含量.综述不同瘤胃微生物对脂肪酸的生物氢化作用及主要的不饱和脂肪酸在生物氢化过程中的中间代谢产物,为进一步调控反刍动物乳肉脂肪酸组成提供依据. 相似文献
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试验研究了绵羊日粮中4种不同结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例(1.84、1.51、0.92、0.71)对乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响,为改变乳脂脂肪酸组成,提高乳品质寻找合适的途径.试验选取4只产仔数相同、体况相近的泌乳母羊,采用4×4拉丁方设计.试验期8 d,乳样于第6、7和8 d采集,利用气相色谱仪分析样品脂肪酸组成.结果表明,C10:0、C12:0(月桂酸)、C14:1含量D组高于前三组,分别为5.286 2、3.257 2、0.578 7μg/μl,各组间差异显著(P<0.05);D组日粮条件下,总不饱和脂肪酸(T-UFA)含量为7.23μg/μl,高于其它三组,差异显著(P<0.05);随着SC:NSC的降低,不饱和脂肪酸比饱和脂肪酸(UFA/SFA)值、C12:O(月桂酸)和C14:1(豆蔻烯酸)含量逐渐上升;SC:NSC=0.92时,长链不饱和脂肪酸(C18:2)含量显著高于其它三组(P<0.05),从而有利于提高乳品质. 相似文献
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瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的作用及影响因素 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸与反刍动物瘤胃营养以及瘤胃微生物有着密切的关系。反刍动物瘤胃对养分的消化吸收以及微生物动力学可产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸,其主要作用为供能和维持瘤胃环境。本文综述了瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的作用、影响其产生和组成的因素以及其对反刍动物的影响。 相似文献
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<正> 许多年来,人们就已经了解:在植物油脂中,多不饱和脂肪酸占有优势,而动物脂肪中这种酸的含量却低得多。对于反刍动物来说,这是由于寄生在其瘤胃中的微生物,有效地把天然饲料中的不饱和植物油变成了饱和的脂肪酸。防止瘤胃微生物对反刍动物饲料中的油脂引起反应的方法,已为斯科特等加以开发。他们将不饱和红花油与酪蛋白一起加以乳化,经过喷雾干燥后再用甲醛微囊包敷。当用这种护层类脂物喂饲反刍动物时,发现这种乳胶状不饱和油脂在瘤胃中保护得完好无损,并通过肠末端被小肠吸收,接着,脂肪酸被输入血液,并渗透到动物体内的脂肪层和乳液之中。采用这项技木,动物脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量,可以由通常的1％～2％提高到30％。 相似文献
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选择中国大陆最早分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94(H9N2)(缩写为SS株)和1998年大流行时期分离的H9N2亚型AIVA/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98(H9N2)(缩写为F株)为研究对象,对其在SPF鸡体内的复制能力和传播途径特性比较后发现,F株在4周龄SPF鸡气管中的复制能力高于SS株,F株可以经气溶胶传播途径传播,SS株不能经气溶胶传播途径传播;利用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法获取F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的cDNA,序列分析得知,F株和SS株的HA和NA基因的同源性分别是96.6%和98.1%;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸序列都是PARSSR↓GL,但有5个氨基酸的差异,即166位N(F)→D(SS)、198位A(F)→V(SS)、217位V(F)→I(SS)、335位G(F)→R(SS)、504位L(F)→S(SS);2株病毒的NA基因在63~65位都存在氨基酸缺失,但在NA基因红细胞吸附位点的氨基酸序列不同,分别是IKKDSRSG(F)和IKEDLRSG(SS)。F株和SS株的传播特性差异是否与其表面基因序列有关,有待进一步研究。 相似文献
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禽类的起源、演化及我国主要家禽品种类型与分布 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
家禽是重要经济价值动物.本文从禽类种群进化学说出发,简介了禽类的起源、演化、动物学分类和家禽的驯化(养)与品种的形成,并对我国主要家禽(鸡、鸭、鹅)地方品种和培育品种(配套系)的分布与类型作了描述,以期为研究我国家禽起源系统,保护与利用我国家禽品种,促进家禽生产可持续发展提供参考. 相似文献
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近年以来,由于市场因素的刺激,生猪的存养量大幅上升,再加上由于流通环节较多,流通非常频繁,流通距离越来越远。这对繁荣经济,增加养殖效益起了重要的推动作用,但也同时给疾病的感染和传播创造了有利条件,给猪病的防治带来了困难。有的猪场感染了传染病后,由于治疗不及时不得法,而造成了惨重的经济损失。2008年7月中旬,我街道一养猪户因盲目从外地购进中猪,发生猪病疫情,引起猪只连续死亡,造成一定的经济损失。根据流行病学、临床症状、剖检变化和实验室诊断,诊断该病为猪链球菌病和猪伪狂犬病混合感染,现报告如下。 相似文献
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１前言１．１鸡白冠病鸡白冠病是由卡氏住白细胞原虫寄生于鸡的红细胞和单核细胞而引起的鸡的贫血性疾病。吸血昆虫蚋和库蠓叮咬鸡引起传播，是主要的传播媒介，一般在夏末和秋季多发，由于夏季降雨量较大，部分沟渠积水，库蠓和蚋多孳生，因此在多雨水涝的年份发病率明显增高。１９９８年中国从南到北发生洪涝灾害，吸血昆虫的孳生格外严重，出现了一个白冠病多发年，而后两年发病稍轻，并有地区性，今年８月中旬以来白冠病的发病呈抬头趋势，有一定的死亡率，对蛋鸡产蛋率也会引起一定程度的降低，应引起养鸡户的重视。１．２鸡痘鸡痘也是… 相似文献
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Pinard CL Weiss ML Brightman AH Fenwick BW Davidson HJ 《American journal of veterinary research》2003,64(1):104-108
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle. 相似文献
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Harvey CE 《Journal of veterinary dentistry》2002,19(4):186-195
Crown width, height and buccal surface areas were measured on heads or skulls of four dogs and four cats, and were compared with similar measurements on models of human dentition. Buccal surface area variability was greater in dogs and cats than in humans, and teeth of cats were smaller. Horizontal (gingival and occlusal halves) and vertical (mesial, middle, and distal thirds) buccal surface area variability was also greater in canine and feline teeth compared with human teeth. This increased variability suggests the need for testing of reliability and repeatability of scoring when using plaque and calculus indices based on horizontal or vertical segmentation. Buccal surface area variability between teeth also prompts questioning the validity of equal weighting of smaller, irregularly-shaped teeth when calculating a mean mouth score. Whether equal or more reliable results would be obtained from scores of whole teeth in comparison with segmentation indices used currently has yet to be determined. 相似文献
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Over a period of about 12 years, 30 abnormal Schistosoma mattheei cercariae were found among a total of approximately 2.8 million examined. Initially seven were recovered from about 1.02 million (0.0007%), which were examined individually while being counted with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Subsequently, on the strength of relatively high percentages of abnormal individuals recovered when counting cercariae that failed to penetrate into oxen, it appeared that the morphologically abnormal cercariae were unable to swim and would mostly sediment out of a suspension while most of the normal cercariae would remain swimming. This surmise is supported by recovery of 23 morphologically abnormal cercariae (0.001%) from about 1.8 million, by examining the sediment after the cercarial suspension had been left standing undisturbed in glass measuring cylinders. The abnormalities ranged from aberrant tails only (e.g. an underdeveloped tail, or different degrees of schism) or aberrant heads only, to abnormalities of both the heads and tails. A suggested schematic classification of abnormal cercariae is presented. A young, adult hamster was exposed to eight S. mattheei cercariae with complete schism of the shaft of the tail, by pipetting the cercariae onto the shaved abdominal skin of the anaesthetised animal. Two underdeveloped females were subsequently encountered in squash preparations of the liver when the hamster was killed for worm recovery 10 weeks after infection, thus showing that some of the abnormal cercariae were viable. A method is also described for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining some of the shining brilliance of live cercariae, without them becoming shrivelled, granular and semi-opaque, as occurs when cercariae die spontaneously or are killed with heat. This is apparently the first report of abnormal cercariae of S. mattheei. In addition, a method of concentrating abnormal cercariae after emergence from a snail, a schematic classification of abnormal cercariae and a method for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining much of the shiny brilliance of live cercariae are also reported for the first time as far as is known. 相似文献