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1.
Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a fine stemmed annual grass and gluten free small grain that is of interest as a forage, cover, or a rotation crop. Little is known about the susceptibility of teff to many diseases. Teff could be grown in rotation with potato in the northwestern United States provided teff cultivation is economical and does not increase soil populations for pathogens affecting rotation crops such as Verticillium dahliae. Verticillium dahliae infects a wide range of dicotyledonous plants, making it one of the most important fungal pathogens of crop plants in North America, including potato. The objective of this study was to quantify the susceptibility of teff to eight V. dahliae isolates and compare the susceptibility of teff to eggplant. Teff was confirmed as a host for V. dahliae, as indicated by the presence of microsclerotia in teff stems and roots after artificial inoculation in two years of greenhouse studies. The number of microsclerotia produced in teff did not differ between mint and potato pathotypes of V. dahliae. No V. dahliae isolate produced significantly greater numbers of microsclerotia than any of the seven other isolates tested in a two-year study. Microsclerotia production of V. dahliae in teff was consistently less than in susceptible eggplant cv. Night shadow in both greenhouse experiments (P?<?0.02). It is unlikely that teff infected by V. dahliae will proliferate microsclerotia of mint or potato-aggressive pathotypes, especially when compared to susceptible eggplant cultivars. 相似文献
2.
An efficient protocol for hairy root induction in Solanum tuberosum was established using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Transformation of Desiree was more efficient than with Shepody or Purple Majesty. Transformation efficiency of Desiree tuber discs (97% transformation efficiency) was higher in comparison to root (67% transformation efficiency), stem (61% transformation efficiency) and leaf (14% transformation efficiency) explants. Bacterial density, culture parameters, explant type, and genotype influenced the transformation efficiency, as well as the growth of hairy roots. Hairy root transformation efficiency in explants treated with acetosyringone was enhanced from 72 to 89% in Purple Majesty tubers and 56 to 80% in roots during co-cultivation. The growth rate of hairy roots from tuber discs was about 5 times greater than that of hairy roots from leaves. Tuber hairy roots were highly resistant to kanamycin in the absence of NPT II. This study describes the efficient generation of hairy roots in different potato tissues and cultivars that can provide a fast method to generate transformed tissue or be used for production of secondary metabolites. 相似文献
3.
Elisa Boyd Eileen Carpenter Brian T. Ross Nina Zidack Michelle L. Flenniken 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(2):183-190
Potato virus Y (PVY) infection is one of the greatest challenges to seed potato production in the United States. To determine how cultivar and seed type affect the development of systemic PVY infection, Russet Burbank and Russet Norkotah Colorado 3 cultivars were grown from two types of pre-nuclear seed (i.e., plantlets and minitubers) and Generation 3 (G3) tubers and challenged with PVY strain Wilga (PVYN-Wi). Systemic PVY infection was measured by assaying spread of virus from the inoculation site to upper non-inoculated leaves. The Burbank cultivar had a lower incidence of systemic PVY infection compared to the incidence of systemic PVY that developed in the Colorado 3 cultivar. Furthermore, Burbank plants grown from G3 tubers had a lower incidence of systemic PVY infection, as compared to Burbank plants grown from plantlets. Together our results indicate that both cultivar and seed type affect the development of systemic PVYN-Wi infections post-inoculation. 相似文献
4.
Khosrow Chehri 《Potato Research》2016,59(4):393-406
Fusarium semitectum is one of the important causal agents of dry rot of potato tubers in the world. In order to determine genetic variability among 41 isolates of F. semitectum, morphological and molecular studies were carried out. All F. semitectum isolates were recovered from infected potato tubers with dry rot symptoms collected from four provinces in Iran. According to macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, 41 isolates of F. semitectum were classified in two morphotypes (morphotypes I and II). All 41 isolates were evaluated for their pathogenicity on healthy potato tubers. Tuber rot symptoms were observed on the 21st day after inoculation of Fusarium isolates on the tubers tested. The measurement was done by comparing the depth and width of lesion expansion among the isolates. Molecular characterization through PCR-IGS-RFLP analysis by six restriction enzymes (AluI, BsuRI, Eco88I, MspI, TaqI and PstI) divided the 41 isolates of F. semitectum into two separated clusters that were in accordance with the morphological characterization. 相似文献
5.
Background
Fungal endophytes are the living symbionts which cause no apparent damage to the host tissue. The distribution pattern of these endophytes within a host plant is mediated by environmental factors. This study was carried out to explore the fungal endophyte community and their distribution pattern in Asparagus racemosus and Hemidesmus indicus growing in the study area.Results
Foliar endophytes were isolated for 2 years from A. racemosus and H. indicus at four different seasons (June–August, September–November, December–February, March–May). A total of 5400 (675/season/year) leaf segments harbored 38 fungal species belonging to 17 genera, 12 miscellaneous mycelia sterile from 968 isolates and 13 had yeast like growth. In A. racemosus, Acremonium strictum and Phomopsis sp.1, were dominant with overall relative colonization densities (RCD) of 7.11% and 5.44% respectively, followed by Colletotrichum sp.3 and Colletotrichum sp.1 of 4.89% and 4.83% respectively. In H. indicus the dominant species was A. strictum having higher overall RCD of 5.06%, followed by Fusarium moniliforme and Colletotrichum sp.2 with RCD of 3.83% and 3%, respectively. Further the overall colonization and isolation rates were higher during the wet periods (September–November) in both A. racemosus (92.22% and 95.11%) and H. indicus (82% and 77.11%).Conclusion
Study samples treated with 0.2% HgCl2 and 75% EtOH for 30 s and 1 min, respectively, confirmed most favorable method of isolation of the endophytes. Owing to high mean isolation and colonization rates, September–November season proved to be the optimal season for endophyte isolation in both the study plants. Assessing the bioactive potential of these endophytes, may lead to the isolation of novel natural products and metabolites.6.
Lin Zhang Yusuke Nakagomi Takashi Endo Mika Teranishi Jun Hidema Shusei Sato Atsushi Higashitani 《Rice》2018,11(1):63
Background
The rice blast resistance gene Pi54 was cloned from Oryza sativa ssp. indica cv. Tetep, which conferred broad-spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae. Pi54 allelic variants have been identified in not only domesticates but also wild rice species, but the majority of japonica and some indica cultivars lost the function.Results
We here found that Pi54 (Os11g0639100) and its homolog Os11g0640600 (named as #11) were closely located on a 25 kbp region in japonica cv. Sasanishiki compared to a 99 kbp region in japonica cv. Nipponbare. Sasanishiki lost at least six genes containing one other R-gene cluster (Os11g0639600, Os11g0640000, and Os11g0640300). Eight AA-genome species including five wild rice species were classified into either Nipponbare or Sasanishiki type. The BB-genome wild rice species O. punctata was Sasanishiki type. The FF-genome wild rice species O. brachyantha (the basal lineage of Oryza) was neither, because Pi54 was absent and the orientation of the R-gene cluster was reversed in comparison with Nipponbare-type species. The phylogenetic analysis showed that #11gene of O. brachyantha was on the root of both Pi54 and #11 alleles. All Nipponbare-type Pi54 alleles were specifically disrupted by 143 and 37/44?bp insertions compared to Tetep and Sasanishiki type. In addition, Pi54 of japonica cv. Sasanishiki lost nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS–LRR) domains owing to additional mutations.Conclusions
These results suggest that Pi54 might be derived from a tandem duplication of the ancestor #11 gene in progenitor FF-genome species. Two divergent structures of Pi54 locus caused by a mobile unit containing the nearby R-gene cluster could be developed before domestication. This study provides a potential genetic resource of rice breeding for blast resistance in modern cultivars sustainability.7.
Jaebum Park Huijun Yang Walter S. De Jong Xiaohong Wang 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(2):170-177
The golden cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) is a serious pest that can dramatically reduce potato crop yield. Pathotype Ro1 of G. rostochiensis was first detected in the United States in 1941 and is still present on several farms in New York State. The H1 gene confers high levels of resistance to pathotype Ro1 but screening for it with a bioassay is time consuming and expensive. In this study two known molecular markers, 57R and TG689, were evaluated for their ability to identify resistant clones among 38 global cultivars and 350 New York breeding clones. The ability of either marker to predict resistance was high – 99.7% and 98.3% for 57R and TG689, respectively – but the ability to predict susceptibility was much lower, 47% and 41%, respectively. As resistance is the trait of interest, either of these markers is sufficient to make selection decisions in a practical breeding program. Cases exhibiting discordance between presence/absence of diagnostic markers and bioassay results were investigated further. Recombination, inflow of other resistance genes, and occasional failure of marker- and/or bio-assays are discussed as potential causes. 相似文献
8.
The objective of the study was to assess the direct and indirect effects of 13 important morphological and biochemical traits on yield enhancement in 28 advanced breeding lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the foothills of north-western Himalayas. Tuber yield was positively correlated with number of tubers per plant (r?=?0.76), number of stems per plant (r?=?0.53), number of leaves per plant (r?=?0.43) and tuber weight (r?=?0.37). Furthermore, tuber yield exhibited a significant negative correlation with days to maturity (r?=???0.39). Days to 50% emergence had a significant negative correlation with protein content (r?=???0.42). Path analysis revealed that the components of yield, number of tubers per plant and tuber weight, had high positive direct effects (0.876 and 0.618, respectively) on tuber yield, whereas the effects of other traits were low (≤?0.128). Furthermore, tuber weight had an indirect negative effect on tuber yield through the number of tubers. Tuber size had a low correlation (0.19) with tuber yield because a positive indirect effect (0.451) through tuber weight was balanced by a negative indirect effect (??0.254) through tuber number. The number of stems and number of leaves had positive indirect effects (0.377 and 0.377, respectively) on tuber yield through tuber numbers, whereas days to maturity had a negative indirect effect (??0.298) through tuber numbers. There were virtually no indirect effects through the biochemical traits. The implications for potato breeding are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Ippei Habe 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(3):311-316
To develop an in vitro assay method for bacterial wilt resistance in potato, resistant and susceptible standard genotypes were grown in vitro, and different conditions of inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I/biovar 4 were examined. The optimal condition was the inoculation of 6–8 leaf stage plants with a bacterial concentration of 102 CFU ml?1 and an incubation temperature of 28 °C. Evaluation of stem wilting was more reliable than that of leaf wilting. Using this method, nine genotypes with different resistance levels in the field were evaluated. Lower disease indices were obtained for genotypes with high resistance levels in the field, suggesting that this assay is useful for evaluating bacterial wilt resistance in a controlled environment. 相似文献
10.
Dagang Tian Liu Yang Zaijie Chen Ziqiang Chen Feng Wang Yuanchang Zhou Yuming Luo Liming Yang Songbiao Chen 《Rice》2018,11(1):47
Background
Rice blast (caused by Magnaporthe oryzae) is one of the most destructive diseases of rice. While many blast resistance (R) genes have been identified and deployed in rice cultivars, little is known about the R gene-mediated defense mechanism. We used a rice transgenic line harboring the resistance gene Piz-t to investigate the R gene-mediated resistance response to infection.Results
We conducted comparative proteome profiling of the Piz-t transgenic Nipponbare line (NPB-Piz-t) and wild-type Nipponbare (NPB) inoculated with M. oryzae at 24, 48, 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) analysis. Comparative analysis of the response of NPB-Piz-t to the avirulent isolate KJ201 and the virulent isolate RB22 identified 114 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between KJ201-inoculated NPB-Piz-t (KJ201-Piz-t) and mock-treated NPB-Piz-t (Mock-Piz-t), and 118 DEPs between RB22-inoculated NPB-Piz-t (RB22-Piz-t) and Mock-Piz-t. Among the DEPs, 56 occurred commonly in comparisons KJ201-Piz-t/Mock-Piz-t and RB22-Piz-t/Mock-Piz-t. In a comparison of the responses of NPB and NPB-Piz-t to isolate KJ201, 93 DEPs between KJ201-Piz-t and KJ201-NPB were identified. DEPs in comparisons KJ201-Piz-t/Mock-Piz-t, RB22-Piz-t/Mock-Piz-t and KJ201-Piz-t/KJ201-NPB contained a number of proteins that may be involved in rice response to pathogens, including pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, hormonal regulation-related proteins, defense and stress response-related proteins, receptor-like kinase, and cytochrome P450. Comparative analysis further identified 7 common DEPs between the comparisons KJ201-Piz-t/KJ201-NPB and KJ201-Piz-t/RB22-Piz-t, including alcohol dehydrogenase I, receptor-like protein kinase, endochitinase, similar to rubisco large subunit, NADP-dependent malic enzyme, and two hypothetical proteins.Conclusions
Our results provide a valuable resource for discovery of complex protein networks involved in the resistance response of rice to blast fungus.11.
Nadia Majeed Bushra Javaid Farah Deeba Syed Muhammad Saqlan Naqvi David S. Douches 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(4):383-394
Germin like proteins (GLPs) are a large group of related and ubiquitous plant proteins which are considered to be involved in different processes important for plant development and defense. Multiple functional copies of this gene family have been reported in a number of species (wheat, barley, rice, soybean mosses and liverwort), and their role is being evaluated by gene regulation studies and transgenic approaches. To analyze the role of a rice (Oryza sativa) root expressed germin like protein1 OsRGLP1, for its antifungal activity, transgenic potato plants were developed. These transgenic potato plants were molecularly characterized and biologically assessed after inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi. Functional analysis showed high accumulation of H2O2, increased Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity and no oxalate oxidase activity (OxO) in transgenics in comparison to nontransformed control. This increased SOD activity, resistance to heat and sensitivity to H2O2 suggest it is a Fe-like SOD. OsRGLP1 expression in potato plants exhibited enhanced resistance in comparison to nontransformed wild type plants suggesting its role in providing protection against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi through elevated SOD level. Overall, results suggest that OsRGLP1 is a candidate for the engineering of potato plants with increased fungal tolerance however, the greater height and tuber number was observed. This phenotype associated with the resistance needs to be evaluated to determine if this is a positive or negative feature. 相似文献
12.
Ezequiel?Grondona Gerardo?Gatti Abel?G.?López Leonardo?Rodolfo?Sánchez Virginia?Rivero Oscar?Pessah María?P.?Zunino Andrés?A.?Ponce
The aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of the essential oil isolated from Origanum vulgare L. (EOv). We analyzed the in vivo anti-inflammatory properties in a mouse-airway inflammation model and the in vitro antimicrobial activity, genotoxicity over the anaphase-telophase with the Allium cepa strain and its cytotoxicity/viability in A549 culture cells. In vivo, EOv modified the levels of tumor necrosis factor -α and viable activated macrophages and was capable to mitigate the effects of degradation of conjugated dienes. In vitro, EOv reduced the viability of cultured A549 cells as well as the mitotic index and a number of chromosomal aberrations; however, it did not change the number of phases. We found that EOv presents antimicrobial activity against different Gram (?) and (+) strains, measured by disc-diffusion test and confirmed with a more accurate method, the AutoCad software. We postulate that EOv presents antibacterial, antioxidant and chemopreventive properties and could be play an important role as bioprotector agent. 相似文献
13.
Background
Host-plant resistance is the most desirable and economic way to overcome BPH damage to rice. As single-gene resistance is easily lost due to the evolution of new BPH biotypes, it is urgent to explore and identify new BPH resistance genes.Results
In this study, using F2:3 populations and near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from crosses between two BPH-resistant Sri Lankan rice cultivars (KOLAYAL and POLIYAL) and a BPH-susceptible cultivar 9311, a new resistance gene Bph33 was fine mapped to a 60-kb region ranging 0.91–0.97 Mb on the short arm of chromosome 4 (4S), which was at least 4 Mb distant from those genes/QTLs (Bph12, Bph15, Bph3, Bph20, QBph4 and QBph4.2) reported before. Seven genes were predicted in this region. Based on sequence and expression analyses, a Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) family gene (LOC_Os04g02520) was identified as the most possible candidate of Bph33. The gene exhibited continuous and stable resistance from seedling stage to tillering stage, showing both antixenosis and antibiosis effects on BPH.Conclusion
The results of this study will facilitate map-based cloning and marker-assisted selection of the gene.14.
15.
This paper explores the potential uses of the aqueous extract of Vitis vinifera L. leaves in dyeing linen and silk fabrics without a metal mordant. The focus will be on investigating the tinctorial potential of Vitis vinifera L. leaves and its dyeing properties. The anthocyanins amounts of leaves from different Vitis vinifera L. varieties were determined by the spectrophotometry method. The effect of the main dyeing parameters (pH of the dye bath, temperature, and dyeing duration) on the dyeing quality results has been studied. Tannic acid and pomegranate peel extract have been used as a natural mordant. Experimental results have shown that fastness properties of dyed fabrics ranged from average to very good. 相似文献
16.
Ryan C. Graebner Charles R. Brown Russell E. Ingham Christina H. Hagerty Hassan Mojtahedi Richard A. Quick Launa L. Hamlin Nadine Wade John B. Bamberg Vidyasagar Sathuvalli 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(6):679-686
Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Columbia root-knot nematode, CRKN) can cause serious damage in potato production systems, decreasing tuber value in the fresh market and processing industries. Genetic resistance to CRKN was first identified from the wild diploid potato species Solanum bulbocastanum accession SB22 and was successfully introgressed into tetraploid potato breeding material. To expand the base of genetic resistance, 40 plant accessions representing nine wild potato species were screened for their resistance to M. chitwoodi. Greenhouse screening identified fifteen clones from S. hougasii, one clone from S. bulbocastanum, and one clone from S. stenophyllidium with moderate to high levels of resistance against three isolates of M. chitwoodi. Geographical mapping showed that the resistance sources identified in this and previous studies primarily originated in the states of Jalisco and Michoacán in west-central Mexico. These new sources of resistance will be introgressed into elite potato populations to facilitate the development of potato cultivars with durable resistance to M. chitwoodi. 相似文献
17.
Powdery scab caused by Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss) causes extensive losses in potato production systems globally. Two pot experiments were established in the greenhouse in summer 2013 and winter 2014 to evaluate the effectiveness of different soil chemicals, fumigant, amendments and biological control agents (BCAs) against Sss in the rhizospheric soil, potato roots and tubers. The study used visual assessment methods to assess the effect of treatments on root galling and zoosporangia production, and qPCR to measure Sss concentration in the soil and in the potato roots and tubers. All six soil treatments, namely metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide, Biocult and a combination of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower numbers of zoosporangia in the roots compared to the untreated control. The same effect was observed on the concentration of Sss DNA in the roots at tuber initiation. A more diverse picture was obtained when root gall scores at tuber initiation and Sss DNA in the rhizospheric soil at tuber initiation and harvesting were compared. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also noted in disease severity, disease incidence, and tuber yield between metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax, calcium cyanamide and the untreated control. Calcium cyanamide gave the highest tuber yield. The study demonstrated the potential of soil treatments such as metam sodium, fluazinam, ZincMax and calcium cyanamide in managing Sss in potatoes by reducing the pathogen both in the rhizospheric soil and the roots of the potato plant. 相似文献
18.
Nesrine Sakji Mahjoub Jabli Foued Khoffi Najeh Tka Romdhani Zouhaier Wiem Ibala Hamdaoui Mohamed Bernard Durand 《Fibers and Polymers》2016,17(12):2095-2104
In the present paper, we analyze a seed fiber arising from Pergularia tomentosa L. (PTL). It was, primarily, characterized using different techniques. The morphology of the fibers was observed via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). They are also checked in term of decomposition behavior through TGA/DTG instrument. The cristallinity index was determined using XRD and it was about 52 %. The chemical composition in terms of moisture percent, ash, waxes and fats, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were, respectively 8.5 %, 2.74 %, 1.88 %, 8.6 %, 16 % and 43.8 %. The contact angle value was measured and the evolution of drop profile was captured with video-camera using GBX Tensiometer Surfaces Sciences Studies. Further, fibers were dyed with Methylene Blue, Direct Red 79, Sumifix supra yellow 3RF and Reactive Blue 198. Color coordinates (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, ΔC* and ΔH*) of the samples were so measured. All obtained data were compared to cotton fibers and some other cellulosic fibers. The Results revealed that, based on such properties, PTLF could be a competitive fiber in many applications field (textile weaving, composites, etc). 相似文献
19.
G. A. Camelo-Méndez P. E. Vanegas-Espinoza M. L. Escudero-Gilete F. J. Heredia O. Paredes-López A. A. Del Villar-Martínez 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2018,73(3):247-252
In food industry, roselle beverages and their subproducts could be functional ingredients since they are an excellent source of bioactive compounds with improved performance due to their important anthocyanins content. The aim of this study was to analyze anthocyanin content and antioxidant properties of aqueous infusions elaborated with color contrasting Hibiscus materials and design a mathematical model in order to predict color-composition relationship. Color measurements of beverages from roselle (Negra, Sudan and Rosa) were made by transmission spectrophotometry, anthocyanins quantification was determined by HPLC, and antioxidant potential was evaluated by in vitro methods (ABTS and FRAP assays). Beverages prepared with particle size minor of 250 μm presented until 4- and 2- times more anthocyanins content and antioxidant capacity respectively, in comparison to beverages prepared with powders with particle size major of 750 μm. Positive correlations among pigments composition and color parameters were found (p?<?0.05), showing that anthocyanins content, antioxidant capacity, C*ab and hab values increased in relation with the smallest particle size of flours. Also, mathematical models were stablished to predict anthocyanin content (r?≥?0.97) and antioxidant capacity (r?≥?0.89) from color data; we propose equations for quick estimation of the antioxidant capacity in the Hibiscus beverages with high anthocyanin content. The obtained models could be an important tool to be used in food industry for pigment characterization or functional compounds with potential health benefits. 相似文献
20.
The plasmodiophorid pathogen Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea causes powdery scab disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), which severely affects tuber quality. Adequate chemical control of the disease is lacking, so breeding resistant potato
cultivars is important. Little is known about the mechanisms or genetics of host resistance, as the epidemiology of the pathogen
makes research on the disease difficult. An environmentally controlled disease screen that allows the accurate and repeatable
assessment of diseased tubers (rather than a ranking system) is required to study host resistance in more detail. A high-throughput
greenhouse disease assay is described that has been used to assess varying levels of tuber disease resistance of potato genotypes
for three consecutive Southern Hemisphere growing seasons (2001–2002, 2002–2003, 2003–2004). This assay allows the evaluation
of symptoms on tubers to verify resistance, rather than inferring the tuber infection on the basis of root galling or zoosporangial
root infection. The assay was used to determine the level of resistance of genotypes of both known and unknown resistance
status. The assay clearly distinguished the susceptible and resistant standards, and the results were highly correlated over
the three seasons. The most efficient ways of assessing tuber disease susceptibility of genotypes are discussed. The consistency
of the results and the ability to screen many genotypes confirms the value of the assay as a tool for early-generation selection
in a plant breeding programme. 相似文献