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1.
保水剂和灌水对小粒咖啡苗木的节水调控效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探讨热带特色作物小粒咖啡的高效节水模式,研究3个保水剂水平(高保、低保和无保)和3个灌水水平(高水、中水和低水)对小粒咖啡苗木生理、生长、干物质及水分利用的影响。结果表明:与无保相比,低保分别提高叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和根系活力11.8%、13.4%和52.2%,而分别降低可溶性糖、丙二醛和脯氨酸24.9%、24.3%和55.8%,同时提高总干物质和水分利用效率31.0%和35.9%;而高保分别降低叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛和根系活力3.1%、2.4%、13.5%和6.3%,提高叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸3.7%和75.1%,降低总干物质21.3%,提高水分利用效率8.6%。与低水相比,中水分别提高总干物质、耗水量和水分利用效率89.8%、44.5%和33.2%,高水分别提高总干物质、耗水量和水分利用效率172.8%、104.8%和34.0%。和无保低水相比,低保中水的水分利用效率增幅最大为112.7%,同时提高总干物质158.9%,分别提高叶片相对含水率、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和根系活力24.4%、19.5%、25.8%和149.9%,分别降低可溶性糖、丙二醛和脯氨酸38.3%、36.4%和68.7%。从高效节水的角度考虑,低保中水为最适宜的搭配方式。  相似文献   

2.
水氮耦合下小粒咖啡幼树生理特性与水氮利用效率   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
为探明经济热作小粒咖啡幼树的水氮精准管理模式,研究了4个灌水水平(WS,75%~85%田间持水量;WH,65%~75%田间持水量;WM,55%~65%田间持水量;WL,45%~55%田间持水量)和4个施氮水平(NH,0.60 g/kg;NM,0.40 g/kg;NL,0.20 g/kg;NZ,0 g/kg)对小粒咖啡幼树生理特性及水氮吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与WL相比,增加灌水使叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别降低5.8%~15.5%、6.0%~14.4%、14.2%~30.3%、27.6%~60.0%和22.6%~57.5%,使根系活力和水分利用效率分别提高15.8%~63.8%和21.6%~29.6%,降低土壤硝态氮均值21.5%~36.2%。与NZ相比,增加施氮使丙二醛降低23.8%~49.8%,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、根系活力和水分利用效率分别提高49.0%~88.4%、21.9%~60.9%、509%~703%、20.7%~52.3%、23.5%~41.8%和21.6%~53.9%,同时土壤硝态氮均值增加2.73~14.44倍。NZ和NL时氮素吸收总量与灌水量显著正相关;NM和NH时水分利用效率和氮素吸收总量均随灌水量先增后减。不同灌水条件下,水分利用效率、氮素吸收总量均与施氮量呈显著二次曲线关系。NMWH组合的水分利用效率最大,同时NM和NH处理的氮素表观利用效率和氮素吸收效率最大,因此NMWH为水氮高效利用组合。  相似文献   

3.
为研究根系分区交替滴灌周期对番茄的产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响,在河海大学节水园区进行设施栽培番茄的滴灌试验。结果显示:50%ET0和75%ET0灌水量处理节水效果显著,但只有75%ET0灌水量处理减产不明显;在相同的水分亏缺处理下,节水效果、水分利用效率、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量与交替周期成正比。综合分析本试验结果认为:在合理的水分亏缺范围内,适宜地提高交替周期不仅有助于番茄果实品质的提高,而且可以在保证作物产量的同时提高水分利用效率,试验结果对确定设施栽培番茄的交替灌溉制度具有重要意义。  相似文献   

4.
为探讨干旱区农业节水的途径,以棉花为供试作物,采用2种不同的灌水方式,研究了干旱区分根交替膜下滴灌对棉花生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在大田条件下,交替滴灌与常规滴灌的光合速率相比差异未达到显著水平,棉花株高在交替滴灌处理下均大于常规滴灌处理,而交替滴灌处理下蒸腾速率在整个生育期均低于常规滴灌处理。交替滴灌使棉花根系经受一定程度的水分胁迫锻炼,从而刺激根系的生长发育,因此交替滴灌对棉花根系生长有显著促进作用。相比常规滴灌,交替滴灌抑制了棉花蒸腾速率,即交替滴灌通过减少棵间蒸发和作物蒸腾耗水来提高了棉花的水分利用效率。同等产量水平下与常规滴灌相比,干旱区棉花交替滴灌可节省20.3%的灌水量,节水效果明显。  相似文献   

5.
保水剂用量对马铃薯生长和土壤水分的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以马铃薯品种"克新1号"为试材,以不施用保水剂为对照,施用不同用量(40、55、70、85 kg/hm~2)保水剂,分析了保水剂用量对马铃薯不同生育时期土壤含水量、形态特征、生理特性及产量、商品率和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:施用保水剂提高了0~80 cm土层土壤含水量,且随保水剂用量的增加而增加;保水剂用量为55、70 kg/hm~2时可显著降低马铃薯生长期叶片脯氨酸含量的积累且促进叶片叶绿素含量的增加;施用保水剂可促进马铃薯各生育期的株高、株幅、产量、生物量、商品率和水分利用效率,且随着保水剂用量的增加先增增后降低,当保水剂用量为55kg/hm2时,马铃薯产量、商品率、生物量和水分利用效率最高,分别比对照高13.77%、24.63%、13.77%、和18.68%。说明保水剂施用量为55 kg/hm~2时马铃薯生长及节水抗旱效果最佳。  相似文献   

6.
不同土壤水分条件下甘蔗生理动态变化研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究不同土壤水分条件下甘蔗生理动态变化,从生理角度探讨甘蔗各个生育期适宜的土壤水分含量。在甘蔗幼苗期、分蘖期、伸长期、成熟期设置不同程度的土壤相对含水量处理,研究不同水分条件下甘蔗根系活力、自由水、束缚水、叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸等生理指标的变化情况。结果发现,幼苗期土壤相对含水量为55%时根系活力、自由水含量最高;分蘖期土壤相对含水量为70%时自由水、叶绿素含量最高;伸长期土壤相对含水量为80%时根系活力、叶绿素含量最高,低于60%时丙二醛、脯氨酸含量大幅上升;成熟期土壤相对含水量低于50%时蔗叶遭受旱害,丙二醛、脯氨酸含量显著升高。可见,前期适当控水有利于甘蔗生长发育,中后期应注意灌溉,防止干旱胁迫。  相似文献   

7.
为探求小粒咖啡幼树的最佳水氮管理及高效利用模式,通过2种灌水水平（中水（WM,65%～80%FC）和低水（WL,50%～65%FC））、3种施氮水平（高氮（NH,0.40g/kg）,低氮（NL,0.20g/kg）和无氮（Nz,0））和2种保水剂水平（有保（SH,1kg/m^3）和无保（SZ,0））的完全处理组合,研究灌水、氮素营养及保水剂对小粒咖啡幼树根区土壤水氮累积、干物质生产和水氮吸收利用的影响.研究表明：和WL相比,WM提高总干物质量、水分利用率、氮素吸收总量和氮素干物质生产效率分别为86.0%,36.4%,73.1%和5.3%.和NZ相比,NL和NH提高水分利用率和氮素吸收总量的效果基本相同.和SZ相比,SH提高土壤硝态氮质量比、总干物质量、水分利用率和氮素吸收总量分别为21.9%～43.0%,78.3%,68.9%和91.2%,而降低氮素干物质生产效率10.0%.在中等供水（65%～80%FC）和低氮（NL,0.20g/kg）条件下,配施保水剂能有效调控土壤水氮供给状况,促进干物质生产和提高水氮利用效率.因此,在本试验条件下,有利于小粒咖啡水氮高效利用的最优试验组合为WM NL SH.  相似文献   

8.
为促进冬小麦的高效生产,采用大田试验,研究了滴灌水肥耦合和漫灌条件下5个施肥处理(空白对照(CK);配方无N施肥(PK);配方无P施肥(NK);配方无K施肥(NP);配方施肥(NPK))对冬小麦生长及水肥利用率的影响。结果表明:与NPK配施相比,缺氮、缺磷和缺钾的冬小麦株高和叶绿素含量有所降低,但差异不显著,不施肥处理株高和叶绿素含量显著降低;滴灌下不施肥、缺氮、缺磷和缺钾处理的冬小麦产量较NPK配施分别降低了30.71%、3.75%、16.74%和10.66%,漫灌下不施肥、缺氮、缺磷和缺钾处理冬小麦产量较NPK配施分别降低了35.20%、4.99%、10.28%和8.28%;滴灌条件下,相比于NPK配施,缺氮、缺磷、缺钾和不施肥处理水分利用效率分别降低了7.67%、13.44%、21.54%和36.67%,漫灌条件下缺氮、缺磷、缺钾和不施肥处理水分利用效率较NPK配施分别降低了9.59%、12.02%、12.98%和39.97%;氮、磷、钾肥其中一种的缺施都会降低其他两种肥料的表观利用率和偏生产力。研究结果为提高冬小麦水肥利用效率提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
针对极端干旱区水资源匮乏的现状,以大田葡萄为研究对象,采取根系分区交替滴灌方式研究葡萄生理指标和根区土壤水分分布的变化影响.结果表明:葡萄新枝生长量和叶面积指数随时间的变化过程均可用Logistic模型进行描述,且通过单因素方差分析得出,交替滴灌和常规滴灌的叶面积指数差异不具有统计学意义,说明交替滴灌对植物光合作用主要器官--叶片的生长无明显影响;在棵间蒸发、植物根系吸收以及重力势和水势梯度的共同作用下,交替滴灌条件下沟、垄土壤含水率交替上升,且土壤含水率变化范围主要集中在0~60 cm土层,交替滴灌的耗水量和棵间蒸发量均小于常规滴灌,从而可以提高作物的水分利用效率.该研究为极度干旱区作物节水灌溉提供了一定的科学依据.  相似文献   

10.
膜下滴灌对加工番茄水分利用效率与品质的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
在新疆石河子研究了膜下滴灌对加工番茄耗水特征、水分利用效率和品质的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌处理番茄总耗水量较常规沟灌降低8.37%~59.33%,总耗水量也随滴灌量的增加而增加。膜下滴灌加工番茄耗水量以盛果期最高,开花座果期次之,成熟期和苗期最低,其日耗水强度表现出先升后降的变化趋势,总体低于常规沟灌处理。与常规沟灌相比,膜下滴灌能提高番茄果实硬度、可溶性固形物、番茄红素、Vc、可溶性酸和总糖含量以及糖酸比。从节水高产灌溉的角度考虑,当地加工番茄膜下滴灌量以6150 m3/hm2较为适宜。  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to obtain the water-saving and efficient production mode of Arabica coffee. The effects of three drip irrigation modes,conventional drip irrigation( CDI),alternate drip irrigation( ADI) and fixed drip irrigation( FDI) on growth,photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation and irrigation water use efficiency of Arabica coffee were investigated under three nitrogen levels,high nitrogen( NH),middle nitrogen( NM) and low nitrogen( NL). The results show that there was a significant Logistic curve between the plant height,the stem diameter of Arabica coffee and growth days. Compared with CDI,ADI had no significant effects on leaf net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,instantaneous water use efficiency and biomass accumulation above ground of Arabica coffee,while FDI decreased significantly,ADI and FDI increased irrigation water use efficiency by 50. 59% and 32. 85%,respectively. Compared with NH,with the reduction of N application rate,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,biomass accumulation above ground and irrigation water use efficiency decreased by 6. 81%-12. 30%,13. 70%-22. 69%,9. 61%-16. 67% and 9. 78%-15. 64%,respectively. Compared with CDINH,ADINHdecreased net photosynthesis rate and the stomatal conductance not significantly,other treatments decreased by 9. 16%-19. 22%,14. 49%-32. 91%,and decreased biomass accumulation above ground by 8. 26%-27. 34% except ADINH,and increased irrigation water use efficiency by 16. 46%-60. 95% except CDINMand CDINL. Therefore,alternate drip irrigation under high N level( ADINH) is the best water and nitrogen coupling mode of young Arabica coffee tree for water efficiency.  相似文献   

12.
Two-year field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation on fruit yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of table grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv Rizamat) in the arid region of northwest China. Three irrigation treatments were included, i.e. CDI (conventional drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated), ADI (alternate drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half the water) and FDI (fixed drip irrigation, only one side of the root system irrigated with half the water). Results indicated that compared to CDI, ADI kept the same photosynthetic rate (Pn) but reduced transpiration rate, thus increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) of table grape. And diurnal variation of leaf water potential showed no significant differences during 7.00 a.m. to 14.00 p.m. in both years. ADI also produced similar yield and improved WUEET by 26.7–46.4% and increased the percentage of edible grape by 3.88–5.78%, vitamin C content in the fruit by 15.3–42.2% and ratio of total soluble solid concentration/titrated acid in both years as compared to CDI. Thus ADI saved irrigation water, improved the water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape without detrimental effect on the fruit yield in arid region.  相似文献   

13.
A field experiment was carried out over 2 years to investigate the effect of partial root-zone irrigation applied using drip irrigation on the water use and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in oasis fields of arid north-west China. Two irrigation treatments, i.e., conventional drip irrigation (CDI, both sides of plant row watered) or alternate drip irrigation (ADI, both sides of plant row alternatively watered) were applied under plastic mulch. Three irrigation levels (i.e., 15, 22.5, 30 mm during 2004 and 12, 18, 24 mm during 2005) were applied at each irrigation. Monitoring of soil water contents in the ADI treatment indicated a change in root-zone uptake in response to the irrigation method, although there existed some lateral soil water movement from the wetted side to the dry side after each watering. Stomatal conductance in ADI was lower than that of CDI when compared at the same irrigation level. Reduced stomatal conductance and water loss resulted in higher water use efficiency (WUE) in the ADI treatment. About 31-33% less total irrigation water was applied using the ADI method when compared to that of the CDI treatment with a similar seed cotton yield. ADI also yielded 11% more pre-frost seed cotton than CDI in 2005, indicating a better lint quality and higher price. These results suggest that ADI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method in arid oasis fields where cotton production is heavily dependent on irrigation and water resources are scarce.  相似文献   

14.
为探明小桐子幼树水分高效利用管理模式,通过盆栽试验,研究了3种灌水周期(5,10,15 d)和3种保水剂用法(环施、半环施、穴施)对小桐子幼树生长和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:灌水周期相同时,保水剂环施的水分利用效率最大,半环施的次之,穴施的最小;保水剂用法相同时,灌水周期为10 d的水分利用效率最大,5 d的次之,15 d的最小.保水剂环施时,与灌溉周期为5 d和15 d相比,灌溉周期为10 d能明显降低蒸散量,增加根区土壤含水量,同时显著促进植株生长,增加总干物质累积量分别为12.89%和51.83%,同时提高总水分利用效率分别为51.81%和58.28%.因此,在本试验条件下保水剂环施和灌水周期为10 d组合具有促进小桐子幼树生长和提高水分利用的作用.  相似文献   

15.
Agricultural production has forced researchers to focus on increasing water use efficiency by improving either new drought-tolerant plant varieties or water management for arid and semi-arid areas under water shortage conditions. A field study was conducted to determine effects of seasonal deficit irrigation on plant root yield, quality and water use efficiency (WUE) of sugar beet for a 2-year period in the semi-arid region. Irrigations were applied when approximately 50–55% of the usable soil moisture was consumed in the effective rooting depth at the full irrigation (FI) treatment. In deficit irrigation treatments, irrigations were applied at the rates of 75, 50 and 25% of full irrigation treatment on the same day. Irrigation water was applied by a drip irrigation system. Increasing water deficits resulted in a relatively lower root and white sugar yields. The linear relationship between evapotranspiration and root yield was obtained. Similarly, WUE was the highest in DI25 irrigation conditions and the lowest in full irrigation conditions. According to the averaged values of 2 years, yield response factor (k y ) was 0.93 for sugar beet. Sugar beet root quality parameters were influenced by drip irrigation levels in both years. The results revealed that irrigation of sugar beet with drip irrigation method at 75% level (DI25) had significant benefits in terms of saved irrigation water and large WUE, indicating a definitive advantage of deficit irrigation under limited water supply conditions. In an economic viewpoint, 25% saving of irrigation water (DI25) caused 6.1% reduction in the net income.  相似文献   

16.
刘戈  王凯  刘延  汪强 《节水灌溉》2021,(4):48-54
为了探明黄淮海平原区不同灌溉模式对夏玉米生产性状和水分利用效率的影响,2018-2019连续2年设置覆膜浅埋滴灌(T4)、浅埋滴灌(T3)、覆膜滴灌(T2)、地表滴灌(T1)和传统畦灌(CK)等5种灌溉方式实施大田对比试验,测定了玉米株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部干物质累积量、产量及产量构成因素以及水分利用效率(WUE)等指标。结果表明,各滴灌处理玉米株高、LAI、地上部干物质累积量、籽粒产量、穗粒数以及WUE均显著高于CK(p<0.05),但各灌溉处理间有效穗数和千粒重无显著差异(p>0.05)。各滴灌处理玉米性状和WUE整体表现为T4>T3>T2>T1,但T4和T3处理差异不显著(p>0.05),说明浅埋滴灌下玉米覆膜对其生长指标及WUE提升效果不明显。覆膜浅埋滴灌和浅埋滴灌均可显著提高玉米产量和WUE(p<0.05),2018年T4(T3)产量分别较CK、T1、T2高17.2%(15.9%)、9.5%(8.2%)、6.0%(4.9%),水分利用效率高33.3%(31.3%)、12.1%(10.3%)、7.0%(5.3%)。2019年T4(T3)产量分别较CK、T1、T2高10.2%(7.9%)、7.0%(4.8%)、5.2%(3.0%),水分利用效率高30.5%(25.2%)、17.5%(12.7%)、14.8%(10.1%)。覆膜浅埋滴灌和浅埋滴灌均具有节水、增产作用,且二者产量和水分利用效率差异不明显,浅埋滴灌由于地表无覆膜,不仅节约成本且能有效避免残膜污染,因此是黄淮海平原区玉米节本增产的最佳灌溉方式。  相似文献   

17.
针对宁夏扬黄灌区严重缺水、土壤瘠薄、肥力低下等问题,在玉米苗期穴施不同用量(0,30,60,90和120 kg/hm2)的沃特保水剂,并以不施保水剂为对照,研究保水剂不同施用量对土壤水肥状况及作物生长的影响,以探寻玉米滴灌条件下砂质土壤田的保水剂最佳施用量.结果表明,在玉米整个生育期,0~100 cm土壤层贮水量随保水剂施用量增加而增加,施用保水剂90和120 kg/hm2处理使土壤贮水量,分别较对照显著提高14.0%和17.1%;施用保水剂60 kg/hm2处理下,土壤养分含量较对照显著增加,其保肥和供肥效果最佳;施用保水剂不同量可促进玉米生长,施用保水剂90 kg/hm2处理对玉米吐丝期的促进效果显著.与对照处理相比,施用保水剂60 kg/hm2处理对提高玉米水分利用效率、增产和增收效果最佳,分别较对照处理显著增加41.8%,22.2%和33.9%.因此,适量穴施沃特保水剂可有效改善土壤水肥状况,实现玉米增产增收,以施用保水剂60~90 kg/hm2为最优,适宜于在宁夏扬黄灌区进行推广应用.  相似文献   

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