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1.
L Green 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,156(781):1448-1450
In this article I have presented, for discussion, a proposed system for energy generation by which the principal sources of environmental pollution by power plants could be eliminated. For stationary power plants the concept appears feasible technically and, according to my " horseback estimates," perhaps economically as well, depending upon the economic value of the by-products of sulfur, CO(2), water, and possibly nitrogen, and upon the price we are willing to pay for a clean environment .Thus, a more thorough engineering and economic analysis to explore these and other factors in greater depth seems warranted. In the case of turbine-driven vehicles, the technical and economic feasibility of widespread distribution and handling of the fuel constitutes a serious question, but one which deserves equally serious consideration before the possibility is discounted. The reports of the cited study panels notwithstanding, the technology required for the proposed system exists today, with one exception. This exception (which is not essential for trial of the system but will be required for its complete fruition) is the development of a nuclear reactor for the prime purpose of delivering process heat for the steam reforming of natural gas and, ultimately, for gas production from coal in a continuous process, such as those discussed by Pieroni et al. (16). Today's intermittent processes of coking and gas production are both archaic and themselves large sources of atmospheric pollution, and a development program aimed at advancing the technology of the coal industry in this regard would seem long overdue. The report of the PSAC Environmental Pollution Panel recommended "demonstration of the feasibility and economy of new developments for abating or controlling pollution through their use at Federal installations" and suggested the coalburning TVA power plants as a likely place for such demonstration. This suggestion is doubly appropriate since the TVA is in a region of subnormal " atmospheric ventilation" (8). By design these plants are adjacent to the AEC's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and such a location would seem ideal for an experiment on the wedding of nuclear and fossil sources of energy. In comments on a preliminary draft of this article, proponents of "conventional " nuclear power pointed out that such power is hard to beat on the basis of cost, and that dissipation of heat to the air by way of cooling towers can also be accomplished in conventional plants (17). These observations are individually correct but not compatible: the low power costs cited are for very large plants [of the order of 1000 mega-watts lectrical) and larger], and the costs of cooling towers and associated equipment needed to dissipate such large amounts of heat [of the order of 2000 megawatts (thermal)] to air from a closed cycle would offset the power cost advantage of the large plant. In regard to the proposed use of nuclear process heat, Weinberg (20) has expressed doubt that much advantage can be derived from this approach because the temperatures involved are too high for low-cost reactors, and heat transfer from surfaces could involve materials problems. In the case of gas production, this is indeed an anticipated problem-not a technologically insuperable one, but a problem of reducing the cost of the materials required (16). Indeed, Weinberg himself has mentioned this possible use of nuclear heat in a recent publication discussing the steam reforming of coal to liquid fuel(21). Also, an improved process for synthesizing methane from lignitec has recently been reported (22). Since the earlier studies date back a decade, a new look at the problems and costs involved relative to the benefits to be derived (not the least of which could be new vigor for the coal industry) would seem to be in order. In the case of steam reforming of natural gas, the temperature level (about 1500 degrees F) is such that the technology is available today, and a process-heat-reactor design study could be initiated without awaiting further developments. 相似文献
2.
Converting all U.S. onroad vehicles to hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs) may improve air quality, health, and climate significantly, whether the hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas, wind electrolysis, or coal gasification. Most benefits would result from eliminating current vehicle exhaust. Wind and natural gas HFCVs offer the greatest potential health benefits and could save 3700 to 6400 U.S. lives annually. Wind HFCVs should benefit climate most. An all-HFCV fleet would hardly affect tropospheric water vapor concentrations. Conversion to coal HFCVs may improve health but would damage climate more than fossil/electric hybrids. The real cost of hydrogen from wind electrolysis may be below that of U.S. gasoline. 相似文献
3.
Morris SC Moskowitz PD Sevian WA Silberstein S Hamilton LD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,206(4419):654-662
Several technologies to convert coal to liquid and gaseous fuels are being developed in the United States, some with support from the Department of Energy. Substitution of these technologies for those currently being used will produce different health and environmental hazards. In this article, selected health and environmental effects of four coal conversion and four existing technologies are compared. For each technology, the emission estimates for complete fuel cycles, including all steps in fuel use from extraction to the end use of space and water heating by electricity or direct combustion, were prepared by means of the Brookhaven Energy System Network Simulator model. Quantitative occupational health and safety estimates are presented for the extraction, transportation, distribution, processing, and conversion activities associated with each technology; also included are some public health damage estimates arising from fuel transportation and air pollution impacts. Qualitative estimates of health damage due to polycyclic organic matter and reduced sulfur are discussed. In general, energy inefficiencies, environmental residuals, and hence implied environmental effects and health damage increase in the order: (i) direct combustion of natural gas and oil, (ii) direct combustion of synthetic gas and oil, (iii) central-station electric power produced from synthetic gas, (iv) central-station electric power produced from coal, and (v) central-station electric power produced by the combustion of synthetic liquid fuels. The compliance and conflict of these technologies with the amendments of the Clean Air Act and other legislation are discussed. 相似文献
4.
新高粱3号的选育及栽培技术研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
甜高粱作为生物质能源作物,具有光合速率高、生物产量高、茎秆含糖高和酒精得率高等特点[1～6].以其为原料生产燃料乙醇,可作为煤炭、石油、天然气等能源的替代品.同时,燃料乙醇有利于大气环境改善;与汽油相比,环境污染可降低30;以上.选育早熟、高产、高糖的甜同粱品种-新高粱3号,并开展高产、高糖、低成本的栽培技术研究,实现良种良法配套.充分利用新疆独特的自然资源,开发再生性能源与相关化工产品,调整种植业结构,增加农牧民收入,将有效缓解能源危机,具有良好的经济、社会和生态效益. 相似文献
5.
We believe that methanol is the most versatile synthetic fuel available and its use could stretch or eventually substitute for, the disappearing reserves of low-cost petroleum resources. Methanol could be used now as a means for marketing economically the natural gas that is otherwise going to waste in remote locations. If methanol were used as an additive to gasoline at a rate of 5 to 15 percent, for use in internal combustion engines, there would be an immediate reduction in atmospheric pollution, there would be less need for lead in fuel, and automobile performance would be improved. With increasing production of fuel-grade methanol from coal and other sources, we foresee the increasing use of methanol for electrical power plants, for heating, and for other fuel applications. We hope that a practical methanol fuel cell will be commercially available by the time that methanol becomes plentiful for fuel purposes. Methanol offers a particularly attractive form of solar-energy conservation, since agricultural and forest waste products can be used as the starting material. Indeed, at 1 percent conversion efficiency the forest lands could supply the entire present energy requirements of the United States. 相似文献
6.
燃煤烟气脱硫石膏农用的环境安全风险 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
中国从20世纪90年代后期开始利用燃煤烟气脱硫石膏改良碱化土壤。燃煤烟气脱硫石膏是来自于电厂的脱硫废渣,是对含硫燃料（主要是煤）燃烧后产生的烟气进行脱硫净化处理而得到的工业副产物。随着中国燃煤电厂除尘、脱硫和脱硝等烟气污染控制系统的安装,在解决燃煤燃烧过程中SO2等废气减排的同时,也会产生越来越多的脱硫石膏等脱硫副产物。燃煤烟气脱硫石膏资源化利用为燃煤电厂解决越来越多的脱硫残渣处置问题而受到关注。由于燃煤烟气脱硫石膏性质和天然石膏相似,因此有研究利用燃煤烟气脱硫石膏代替天然石膏进行盐碱地改良。然而,当企业采用燃煤烟气净化技术和协同脱汞工艺,煤中有害污染物在脱硫过程中富集到烟气脱硫副产物——脱硫石膏及飞灰中,导致燃煤烟气脱硫石膏中主要有汞（Hg）、氟（F）、氯（Cl）和硒（Se）等多种污染元素的富集;脱硫飞灰中主要有砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）等多种污染元素的富集。研究数据显示,我国部分烟气脱硫石膏中Hg、Cd、As、Se、F和Cl等含量存在不同程度超出国家土壤环境质量标准和地下水质量标准。为保障土壤健康、食品安全和环境安全,建议应严格控制脱硫剂来源、脱硫工艺、脱硫石膏使用量,并对农田土壤环境风险进行长期监测,防止土壤中污染元素累积;未经无害化处理、有害物质超标的、存在环境安全风险的不得直接施用于农田土壤,杜绝其进入食物链而危害人类健康。 相似文献
7.
以山东省郯城县为案例,通过实地调研和问卷调查,将截面与时间序列相结合,深入细致地分析近年来农村家庭用能消费结构发生的变化。研究发现:村民家庭用能的消费结构已由20世纪90年代以前的"煤+薪柴"为主,变成"电+太阳能+煤"为主,液化气、薪柴为辅;既表现出电对煤、液化气对薪柴的替代,同时也显示出电和沼气对液化气的替代效应;村民家庭用能的增长主要来源于太阳能、电及沼气等农村非传统能源,且增长的能源主要用于生活享受;新能源和可再生能源成为农村家庭用能消费新的增长点。 相似文献
8.
天然气储存方法及其应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
介绍了目前国内外常用的天然气储存技术，分析了我国天然气储存技术现状并与国外先进天然气储存技术进行了对比。根据我国天然气工业和输气管道的发展状况，认为在规划全国输气管网的同时，应同步考虑建设地下储气库，在离气源较远的城市建立调峰型液化气厂。 相似文献
9.
The energy requirements to build and operate the proposed Solar Power Satellite are evaluated and compared with the energy it produces. Because the technology is so speculative, uncertainty is explicitly accounted for. For a proposed 10-gigawatt satellite system, the energy ratio, defined as the electrical energy produced divided by the primary nonrenewable energy required over the lifetime of the system, is of order 2, where a ratio of 1 indicates the energy breakeven point. This is significantly below the energy ratio of today's electricity technologies such as light-water nuclear or coal-fired electric plants. 相似文献
10.
The electric utility industry is being severely affected by rapidly escalating gas and oil prices, restrictive environmental and licensing regulations, and an extremely tight money market. Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants have the potential to be economically competitive with present commercial coal-fired power plants while satisfying stringent emission control requirements. The current status of gasification technology is discussed and the critical importance of the 100-megawatt Cool Water IGCC demonstration program is emphasized. 相似文献
11.
Natural gas has emerged as one of the primary options for satisfying the need for environmentally clean energy: the resource base is large, it is the cleanest burning of the fossil fuels, and it can be used efficiently. New engine, combustion, and energy conversion technologies are emerging that will result in use of natural gas in electric generation, emissions reduction, transportation, and residential and commercial cooling. 相似文献
12.
我国天然气管道工业的发展前景 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
从油气资源、天然气下游市场、改变能源结构的迫切性、输气管道的发展方向和以应变为基础的管道设计六个方面分析了我国天然气管道工业的发展前景,指出未来20年将是我国天然气管道工业大发展的阶段,应在管道设计、技术进步和管理上做好各方面的准备,以发挥在能源结构调整中的重要作用. 相似文献
13.
In examining the potential role of hydrogen in the energy economy of the future, we take an optimistic view. All the technology required for implementation is feasible but a great deal of development and refinement is necessary. A pessimistic approach would obviously discourage further thinking about an important and perhaps the most reasonable alternative for the future. We have considered a limited number of alternative energy systems involving hydrogen and have shown that hydrogen could be a viable secondary source of energy derived from nuclear power; for the immediate future, hydrogen could be derived from coal. A hydrogen supply system could have greater flexibility and be competitive with a more conventional all-electric delivery system. Technological improvements could make hydrogen as an energy source an economic reality. The systems examined in this article show how hydrogen can serve as a general-purpose fuel for residential and automotive applications. Aside from being a source of heat and motive power, hydrogen could also supply the electrical needs of the household via fuel cells (19), turbines, or conventional "total energy systems." The total cost of energy to a residence supplied with hydrogen fuel depends on the ratio of the requirements for direct fuel use to the requirements for electrical use. A greater direct use of hydrogen as a fuel without conversion to electricity reduces the overall cost of energy supplied to the household because of the greater expense of electrical transmission and distribution. Hydrogen fuel is especially attractive for use in domestic residential applications where the bulk of the energy requirement is for thermal energy. Although a considerable amount of research is required before any hydrogen energy delivery system can be implemented, the necessary developments are within the capability of present-day technology and the system could be made attractive economically .Techniques for producing hydrogen from water by electrolysis, from coal, and directly from thermal energy could be found that are less expensive than those now available; inexpensive fuel cells could be developed, and high-temperature turbines could be used for the efficient conversion of hydrogen (and oxygen) to electricity. The use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel would be a key factor in the development of a hydrogen energy economy, and safe storage techniques for carrying sufficient quantities of hydrogen in automotive systems can certainly be developed. The use of hydrogen in automobiles would significantly reduce urban pollution because the dispersed fossil fuel emissions would be replaced by radioactive wastes generated at large central stations. The conversion of internal or external combustion engines for combustion of hydrogen fuel would probably have less economic impact on the automotive industry than the mass introduction of electric automobiles. However, this is a subject that requires more detailed study. All of the safety aspects of hydrogen utilization will have to be examined, especially the problems of safety in the domestic use and the long distance transport of hydrogen in pipelines at high pressures. It is our opinion that the various energy planning agencies should now begin to outline the mode of implementing hydrogen energy delivery systems in the energy economy. The initial transition to hydrogen energy derived from available fossil fuels such as coal should be considered together with the long range view of all the hydrogen being derived eventually from nuclear energy. By the year 1985 when petroleum imports may be in excess of the domestic supply, these plans could set the stage for the transition period from fossil to a predominantly nuclear energy economy able to supply abundant synthetic fuels such as hydrogen. Synthetic fuels will obviously be more expensive than fuels now derived from petroleum; however, there may be no other viable choice. Thus, it is essential that the analysis and technological feasibility of a hydrogen energy system be considered now. It is of vital importance to the nation to develop some general-purpose fuel that can be Produced from a variety of domestic energy sources and reduce our dependence on imported oil. 相似文献
14.
15.
能源问题已成为制约一个国家经济发展的重要因素之一,我国已成为继美国之后的全球第二大能源消费国。当前我国能源的供需矛盾主要表现为煤炭供大于求,油气资源严重不足,对国际市场的依赖程度随国民经济的增长而加剧,但当前我国各项能源发展战略措施尚不能从根本上解决中国未来能源领域内存在的问题。 相似文献
16.
天然气水化物储运技术发展综述 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
天然气水化物的早期研究主要集中在水化物的清除和预防上,其技术无论在原理上还是在应用上均已比较成熟,并已广泛地应用于生产实践。天然气水化物(固态)的体积远远小于天然气的体积,1 m~3的水化物通常可携带150～170 m~3的天然气,国外已较早研究和利用水化物的这一特点来输送天然气。针对当前世界天然气水化物制备、输送和储存技术的研究现状,通过对水化物和液化天然气系列技术的分析和经济比较,指出以水化物的形式进行长距离、跨海洋输送,在技术和经济上有一定的可行性,但离实用尚有差距,需要在技术和经济上进行深入研究。 相似文献
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18.
Berg CA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,199(4329):608-614
American industry in the 19th century switched from wood to coal as its primary energy resource. The history of this switch is reviewed, along with the history of preceding similar trends in Europe and later trends in the switch from coal to oil and gas. Important conceptual advances in the technology of such basic processes as glassmaking, cementmaking, and steelmaking emerged as the switch from wood to coal proceeded in the United States. These advances may have been more important than the relative prices of wood and coal in motivating the conversion of American industry to the use of coal. The historical role of process advances in determining the choice of energy resources suggests that the physics and chemistry of industrial processes may be as important an area of energy research as the various technologies of energy conversion. 相似文献
19.
Whipple C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,208(4441):262-266
The energy required to build and install solar space- and water-heating equipment is compared to the energy it saves under two solar growth paths corresponding to high and low rates of implementation projected by the Domestic Policy Review of Solar Energy. For the rapid growth case, the cumulative energy invested to the year 2000 is calculated to be (1/2) to 1(1/2) times the amount saved. An impact of rapid solar heating implementation is to shift energy demand from premium heating fuels (natural gas and oil) to coal and nuclear power use in the industries that provide materials for solar equipment. 相似文献
20.
With 12 percent of U.S. electricity now being supplied by nuclear power, Commonwealth Edison has found nuclear plants to be good investments relative to other base load energy sources. The country's largest user of nuclear power, Commonwealth Edison, estimates that its commitment to nuclear saved its customers about 10 percent on their electric bills in 1977, compared to the cost with the next best alternative, coal. This advantage is seen as continuing, contrary to criticisms of the economics and reliability of nuclear power and claims that it has hidden subsidies. It is concluded that there is a need for both nuclear and coal and that government policy precluding or restricting either would be unwise. 相似文献