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1.
Matricaria chamomilla CH12 is a phytotherapeutic or homeopathic product, which has been used to reduce stress. Here, we examined its effect on preventing handling stress in bovines. Sixty Nelore calves were randomly distributed into two equal groups. One group was administered Matricaria chamomilla CH12 in diet and the other the ''control'' was not. Animals in both groups were maintained unstressed for 30 days to adjust to the feeding system and pasture, and were then stressed by constraint on the 31th, 38th, 45th and 60th experimental days. Blood samples were taken on these days after animals had been immobilization in a trunk contention for 5 min. Stress was followed by analyzing serum cortisol levels. These peaked on the 45th day and then decreased, but not to baseline, on the 60th day. On the 45th day cortisol levels were significantly lower in animals fed Matricaria chamomilla CH12, suggesting that this product reduces stress. These effects may be a consequence of its inhibiting cortisol production and its calming and anxiolytic effects.  相似文献   

2.
The ERA Strain of Rabies Vaccine   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文
An antigenic extinction trial in cats showed that the ERA rabies vaccine had superior antigenic properties over Flury H.E.P. C.E.O. and killed tissue culture rabies vaccine.

Dogs and cats on a duration of immunity study of ERA rabies vaccine were challenged with fox salivary gland “street” rabies virus. The results of this challenge show a duration of immunity of five years in dogs and four years in cats.

Vaccination of dams in late pregnancy with ERA rabies vaccine resulted in transference of maternal antibody to the newborn, in both cattle and dogs. This maternally derived antibody interfered with the successful active immunization of the young calf. Calves free of antibodies for rabies could be successfully vaccinated as early as 17 days of age and were able to withstand a challenge with virulent “street” rabies virus two years later.

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3.
The authors vaccinated 152 cattle divided into three groups against rabies. The first group received the ERA strain and the second group an inactivated vaccine. The third group received the inactivated vaccine on two occasions with an interval of 60 days between the two doses. Their antibody response was surveyed with the fluorescent foci-inhibition test carried out on blood samples collected during a 10-month period. All animals developed an almost identical antibody response. However, at the sixth and tenth months, there was a higher number of seropositive animals in the groups vaccinated with the killed vaccine.  相似文献   

4.
The authors vaccinated 152 cattle divided into three groups against rabies. The first group received the ERA strain and the second group an inactivated vaccine. The third group received the inactivated vaccine on two occasions with an interval of 60 days between the two doses. Their antibody response was surveyed with the fluorescent foci-inhibition test carried out on blood samples collected during a 10-month period. All animals developed an almost identical antibody response. However, at the sixth and tenth months, there was a higher number of seropositive animals in the groups vaccinated with the killed vaccine.  相似文献   

5.
This article presents the results of a study of captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo) vaccinated with a recombinant vaccine against feline leukemia virus; an inactivated adjuvanted vaccine against rabies virus; and a multivalent modified live vaccine against feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus. The aim of the study was to assess the immune response and safety of the vaccines and to compare the effects of the administration of single (1 ml) and double (2 ml) doses. The animals were separated into two groups and received either single or double doses of vaccines, followed by blood collection for serologic response for 400 days. No serious adverse event was observed, with the exception of abortion in one lioness, potentially caused by the incorrect use of the feline panleukopenia virus modified live vaccine. There was no significant difference between single and double doses for all vaccines. The recombinant vaccine against feline leukemia virus did not induce any serologic response. The vaccines against rabies and feline herpesvirus induced a significant immune response in the tigers and lions. The vaccine against calicivirus did not induce a significant increase in antibody titers in either tigers or lions. The vaccine against feline panleukopenia virus induced a significant immune response in tigers but not in lions. This report demonstrates the value of antibody titer determination after vaccination of nondomestic felids.  相似文献   

6.
Duration of immunity in foxes vaccinated orally with ERA vaccine in a bait.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) vaccinated orally with the ERA strain of rabies vaccine in a bait were challenged after 83 mo. Ten of 11 foxes that had seroconverted following vaccination resisted challenge with a virulent rabies virus which produced clinical signs of rabies in 6 of 6 unvaccinated foxes. Five of 11 vaccinated animals retained titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibody throughout the period. Although 6 of 11 had no detectable antibody at the time of challenge, 5 of these 6 resisted challenge and had an anamnestic response, as indicated by elevated titers of antibody when measured at day 77 postchallenge. These results show that foxes can be immunized successfully with a single oral dose of ERA vaccine, probably with protection against a lethal rabies challenge, for at least 7 y.  相似文献   

7.
At present, there is no vaccine available against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common zoonotic pathogenic bacterium. In a previous study, the authors prepared a divalent combination DNA vaccine, pOPRL+pOPRF, which exhibited good protective efficacy. To explore the optimal immunization dose of this divalent combination DNA vaccine, in the present study, chickens were vaccinated with 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg doses. The levels of serum antibody, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were determined, and lymphocyte proliferation assays were performed. After challenge with virulent P. aeruginosa, the protective efficacy was evaluated. Following vaccination, the serum antibodies, stimulation index values, and concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly higher in chickens vaccinated with 100 and 200 µg vaccines than in those vaccinated with 25 and 50 µg doses (P<0.05). IFN-γ and IL-2 concentrations in chickens immunized with 100 µg vaccine were slightly higher than those in chickens immunized with 200 µg vaccine, although the difference was not statistically significant. The protective rates were 55%, 65%, 85%, and 85% with 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg of the pOPRL+pOPRF DNA vaccine, respectively. Thus, the immune efficacy of the pOPRL+pOPRF DNA vaccine increased with an increase in immunization dose, but this does not imply that a higher dose necessarily achieves a better outcome. The optimal immunization dose of pOPRL+pOPRF DNA vaccine in chickens was 100 µg.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract— An experimental infection model was used to assess induction of specific immunity against Microsporum canis in cats with an M. canis cell wall vaccine preparation. Kittens 8–9 weeks old (n= 12) received five doses of either vaccine or placebo at biweekly intervals. Specific immunity was monitored via plasma anti-dermatophyte antibody titers and lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) to dermatophyte antigens. After vaccination, cats were challenged with viable M. canis spores, and lesion development was monitored. Vaccinated cats developed higher anti-dermatophyte IgG, but not IgM, titers than controls, beginning after the second dose of vaccine (P < 0.001). During the vaccination period, specific cellular immunity as measured by LB was absent in control cats, but developed to a limited degree in vaccinated cats (P < 0.05). After challenge with 105 fungal spores per cat, both control and vaccinated cats developed active infections. The vaccine appeared to induce an antibody titer quantitatively similar to that produced by infection, but less measured cellular immunity than was seen with infection and recovery. These results suggest that induction of high titers of serum IgG or IgM antibody against Microsporum canis is not protective against challenge exposure.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
We previously induced protective immune response by oral immunization with yeast expressing the ApxIIA antigen. The ApxI antigen is also an important factor in the protection against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 infection; therefore, the protective immunity in mice following oral immunization with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing either ApxIA (group C) or ApxIIA (group D) alone or both (group E) was compared with that in two control groups (group A and B). The immunogenicity of the rApxIA antigen derived from the yeast was confirmed by a high survival rate and an ApxIA-specific IgG antibody response (p < 0.01). The highest systemic (IgG) and local (IgA) humoral immune responses to ApxIA and ApxIIA were detected in group E after the third immunization (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 after challenge with an A. pleuropneumoniae field isolate did not change significantly in the vaccinated groups. The level of TNF-α increased in a time-dependent manner in group E but was not significantly different after the challenge. After the challenge, the mice in group E had a significantly lower infectious burden and a higher level of protection than the mice in the other groups (p < 0.05). The survival rate in each group was closely correlated to the immune response and histopathological observations in the lung following the challenge. These results suggested that immunity to the ApxIA antigen is required for optimal protection.  相似文献   

11.
A plaque-purified experimental rabies vaccine was developed from an isolate (strain V-319) made from a naturally infected vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus). Two different vaccines were prepared; one was live virus and the second was an inactivated rabies virus preparation. The live virus vaccine, as well as a betapropiolactone-inactivated vaccine, gave complete protection to challenge inoculation after 1 year. In contrast, greater than 80% of the non-vaccinated experimental control cattle died of rabies. The live virus vaccine could be given at doses as low as 10(5) PFU without loss of efficacy. It did not cause adverse reactions. More than 10,000 cattle have been vaccinated with the live virus vaccine under field conditions. No rabies deaths occurred in vaccinated cattle during a 2-year postvaccinal period. The serological responses of vaccinated cattle indicated protection that endured at least 1 year.  相似文献   

12.
Thirty laboratory dogs were randomly assigned to two groups (A and B) of 15 dogs and subcutaneously vaccinated with a single dose of one of two commercially available monovalent inactivated rabies vaccines: RABISIN (Merial, France) (group A) and NOBIVAC Rabies (Intervet International) (group B). Rabies antibodies were measured over a period of 4 months using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test. The two vaccines performed differently in terms of magnitude and persistence of rabies antibodies titers in dogs. Two weeks after vaccination, average rabies antibody titers peaked at 2.53 IU/mL (range, 0.17-13.77 IU/mL) and 1.26 IU/mL (range, 0.50-4.56 IU/mL) in groups A and B dogs, respectively. The average FAVN antibody titres against rabies on D28, D56, D84, D112 and D120 were significantly higher in group A than in group B. Although all dogs from group B serologically responded to vaccination, the proportion of dogs with antibody titres >or=0.5 IU/mL dropped significantly after D28 and was statistically significantly lower on D56, D84 and D112 compared to group A dogs. In conclusion, in the context of international trade, the choice of the vaccine and the timing of blood tests are critical factors in achieving successful serological test results after rabies vaccination. RABISIN induces high and sustained antibody titres against rabies, increasing the flexibility for the time of blood sampling after primo-vaccination.  相似文献   

13.
SUMMARY Experiments were conducted with vaccines containing the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Both living aqueous vaccines and vaccines consisting of virus incorporated in an oil emulsion were used. The calculated dose of virus contained in the oil emulsion vaccine was 108,7 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50) per bird dose. Haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody levels of 8 are presumed protective. One-day-old chicks with low levels of maternal antibody were vaccinated intraocularly with 106,3EID50 of live vaccine, and concurrently with oil emulsion vaccine. Presumed protective levels of antibody were present at two weeks post vaccination and were maintained for at least seven weeks longer. When adult birds 15 weeks old with no previous exposure to NDV were vaccinated intraocularly with 106,7EID50 per bird, protective levels of antibody were produced within a week. Unvaccinated birds put in contact with the vaccinated birds produced similar antibody levels within 14 days. Revaccination with oil emulsion vaccine after antibody levels had fallen resulted in a rapid response with high levels of antibody. When antibody-free adult commercial birds with an unknown history of exposure to NDV were vaccinated intramuscularly with oil emulsion vaccine, high antibody levels were produced for at least 21 weeks. Concurrent intraocular inoculation with 107,0EID50 live virus did not enhance the response. Natural infection of unvaccinated birds occurred during the experiment. This was detected by the presence of HI antibody levels of short duration. When antibody-free commercial birds were inoculated intramuscularly with oil emulsion vaccine containing 106,0, 107,0, or 108,0EID50 per bird dose, 100% of birds inoculated with the highest dose produced presumed protective levels of antibody within two weeks, as compared with a 5-week delay when using the 107,0EID50 per bird dose.  相似文献   

14.
The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Brucella (B.) abortus have been extensively studied, but their immunogenicity and protective ability against B. abortus infection are still unclear. In the present study, B. abortus Omp28, a group 3 antigen, was amplified by PCR and cloned into a maltose fusion protein expression system. Recombinant Omp28 (rOmp28) was expressed in Escherichia coli and was then purified. Immunogenicity of rOmp28 was confirmed by Western blot analysis with Brucella-positive mouse serum. Furthermore, humoral- or cell-mediated immune responses measured by the production of IgG1 or IgG2a in rOmp28-immunized mice and the ability of rOmp28 immunization to protect against B. abortus infection were evaluated in a mouse model. In the immunogenicity analysis, the mean titers of IgG1 and IgG2a produced by rOmp28-immunized mice were 20-fold higher than those of PBS-treated mice throughout the entire experimental period. Furthermore, spleen proliferation and bacterial burden in the spleen of rOmp28-immunized mice were approximately 1.5-fold lower than those of PBS-treated mice when challenged with virulent B. abortus. These findings suggest that rOmp28 from B. abortus is a good candidate for manufacturing an effective subunit vaccine against B. abortus infection in animals.  相似文献   

15.
The protective efficacy of DNA plasmids encoding avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) S1, N, or M protein was investigated in chickens. Chickens were inoculated monovalently (with plasmid pVAX1-16S1, pVAX1-16M, or pVAX1-16N alone) or multivalently (combination of the three different plasmids, pVAX1-16S1/M/N). A prime-boost immunization protocol against IBV was developed. Chickens were immunized with the multivalent DNA vaccine twice and then boosted with an inactivated vaccine once. Antibody titers of the chickens immunized with pVAX1-16S1/M/N were much higher than those of the monovalent groups (p < 0.01). A protective rate up to 90% was observed in the pVAX1-16S1/M/N group. The serum antibody titers in the prime-boost birds were significantly higher than those of the multivalent DNA vaccine group (p < 0.01) but not significantly different compared to the inactivated vaccine group at 49 days of age. Additionally, the prime-boost group also showed the highest level of IBV-specific cellular proliferation compared to the monovalent groups (p < 0.01) but no significant difference was found compared to the multivalent DNA vaccine group, and the prime-boost group completely protected from followed viral challenge.  相似文献   

16.
设计不同的免疫程序,用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)免疫黄羽肉鸡,通过对ND、IB、H9抗体滴度监测,探讨ND、IB、H9抗体消长规律及鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)的免疫程序。试验结果表明,用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)免疫黄羽肉鸡后,其诱导产生的ND、IB、H9抗体的消长规律基本同步;仅于10日龄免疫一次三联灭活苗,其抗体水平较低,于20、40日龄二免、三免或10日龄先用鸡新城疫病毒(La Sota株)、禽流感病毒(H9亚型,SS/94株)二联灭活疫苗作基础免疫,20或40日龄再用三联灭活苗作加强免疫,则上述3种抗体均快速上升,且维持时间长。根据试验结果,建议按照正常免疫程序作基础免疫的健康肉鸡,饲养期较短的可于20日龄左右用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)作加强免疫,0.3 mL/只;饲养期较长的则于40日龄左右用鸡新城疫、传染性支气管炎、禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+M41株+SS/94株)作加强免疫,0.5 mL/只。  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this study was to determine if a replication defective recombinant adenovirus expressing rabies virus glycoprotein (Adrab.gp) given through a non-invasive vaccination route (by topical application) onto the skin (NIVS) could elicit an immune response and/or protection against rabies. Groups of mice were immunized by NIVS with various doses of Adrab.gp. For comparison, groups of mice were immunized intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intradermally with Adrab.gp. Mice received two booster immunizations at 1 and 2 months after the first immunization. Virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers were measured at day 21 after the first and second immunizations and at day 14 after the third immunization. Fifty percent of the mice immunized by NIVS with 2 x 10(7) and 2 x 10(8)pfu Adrab.gp vaccine developed VNA, whereas none of the control mice or the mice immunized by NIVS with the lowest dose (2 x 10(6)pfu) of Adrab.gp virus developed VNA. However, this low dose induced high titers of VNA in mice immunized by parenteral routes. Two weeks after the last immunization, all the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of rabies virus. More than 70% of the animals immunized by NIVS with > or = 2 x 10(7)pfu Adrab.gp virus survived the challenge, whereas all the mice in the negative control group and the group immunized by NIVS with the lowest dose of Adrab.gp succumbed to rabies. Taken together, the results suggest that NIVS with Adrab.gp can induce VNA production and protection against lethal challenge with rabies virus in mice.  相似文献   

18.
Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is the causative agent of bovine herpetic encephalitis. In countries where BoHV-5 is prevalent, attempts to vaccinate cattle to prevent clinical signs from BoHV-5-induced disease have relied essentially on vaccination with BoHV-1 vaccines. However, such practice has been shown not to confer full protection to BoHV-5 challenge. In the present study, an inactivated, oil adjuvanted vaccine prepared with a recombinant BoHV-5 from which the genes coding for glycoprotein I (gI), glycoprotein E (gE) and membrane protein US9 were deleted (BoHV-5 gI/gE/US9−), was evaluated in cattle in a vaccination/challenge experiment. The vaccine was prepared from a virus suspension containing a pre-inactivation antigenic mass equivalent to 107.69 TCID50/dose. Three mL of the inactivated vaccine were administered subcutaneously to eight calves serologically negative for BoHV-5 (vaccinated group). Four other calves were mock-vaccinated with an equivalent preparation without viral antigens (control group). Both groups were boostered 28 days later. Neither clinical signs of disease nor adverse effects were observed during or after vaccination. A specific serological response, revealed by the development of neutralizing antibodies, was detected in all vaccinated animals after the first dose of vaccine, whereas control animals remained seronegative. Calves were subsequently challenged on day 77 post-vaccination (pv) with 109.25 TCID50 of the wild-type BoHV-5 (parental strain EVI 88/95). After challenge, vaccinated cattle displayed mild signs of respiratory disease, whereas the control group developed respiratory disease and severe encephalitis, which led to culling of 2/4 calves. Searches for viral DNA in the central nervous system (CNS) of vaccinated calves indicated that wild-type BoHV-5 did not replicate, whereas in CNS tissues of calves on the control group, viral DNA was widely distributed. BoHV-5 shedding in nasal secretions was significantly lower in vaccinated calves than in the control group on days 2, 3, 4 and 6 post-challenge (pc). In addition, the duration of virus shedding was significantly shorter in the vaccinated (7 days) than in controls (12 days). Attempts to reactivate latent infection by administration of dexamethasone at 147 days pv led to recrudescence of mild signs of respiratory disease in both vaccinated and control groups. Infectious virus shedding in nasal secretions was detected at reactivation and was significantly lower in vaccinated cattle than in controls on days 11–13 post-reactivation (pr). It is concluded that the inactivated vaccine prepared with the BoHV-5 gI/gE/US9− recombinant was capable of conferring protection to encephalitis when vaccinated cattle were challenged with a large infectious dose of the parental wild type BoHV-5. However, it did not avoid the establishment of latency nor impeded dexamethasone-induced reactivation of the virus, despite a significant reduction in virus shedding after challenge and at reactivation on vaccinated calves.  相似文献   

19.
DNA immunization has been used to study vaccination methods and for production of specific antibodies. The present study aimed to apply DNA immunization to prepare specific IgYs, which react against rabies virus N protein (RV-N) and can be used to research and diagnose rabies virus. The DNA sequence of RV-N was ligated into a pcDNA 3.1 plasmid for constructing pcDNA-N. Eight hens were divided into four groups. Group 1 comprised the control group (non-immunized). In Groups 2, 3, and 4, hens were injected intramuscularly with pcDNA-N (400 µg/hen). Eight injections were administered every other week. From the 4th week, an adjuvant was injected in addition to pcDNA-N. Freund''s complete adjuvant (FCA) and λ-carrageenan were administered to Groups 3 and 4, respectively. Eggs were collected daily, and the specific antibody activities of egg yolks were measured by ELISA. IgYs were purified from pooled egg yolks at 16–19 weeks post-administration in each group. The detection sensitivities of the RV-N were compared using purified IgY as the primary antibody for ELISA, dot blotting, and western blotting. Egg yolks from one of the two hens in Group 2 (pcDNA-N alone) and all hens in Groups 3 (pcDNA-N + FCA) and 4 (pcDNA-N + λCarra) had increased ELISA values. The combined use of λ-carrageen in DNA immunization resulted in an adjuvant effect comparable to that of FCA. Each purified specific IgY detected RV-N in the ELISA, western blotting, and dot blotting; however, the detection sensitivity differed. Higher detection sensitivity of the +λCarra IgY was observed by ELISA, whereas there was higher detection sensitivity of +FCA IgY in western blotting and dot blotting. In summary, anti-rabies virus N protein IgY was prepared through DNA immunization of hens using FCA or λ-carrageenan as adjuvants and can be used as a primary antibody to detect rabies viruses.  相似文献   

20.
The ability of either formalin-treated or heat-inactivated whole Streptococcus equi cell vaccines or partially purified M-protein of S. equi to give rise to protective antibody levels was studied in Standardbred foals by serological means. Two commercial preparations, i.e. a beta-propiolactone killed whole S. equi cell bacterin and a cell-free extract of S. equi cells were included in the study. The mean passive hemagglutination antibody titers (10 X log2) in sera of foals given either four doses of formalin-treated whole cell vaccine or an initial dose of formalin-treated followed by three doses of heat-inactivated vaccine with or without levamisole were significantly higher two weeks after the final dose. These passive hemagglutination antibody titers were higher in foals given formalin-treated whole cell vaccine (6.7 +/- 1.5) than given commercial bacterin (4.5 +/- 2.1). The passive hemagglutination antibody titers in all the groups decreased at 12 to 16 weeks after fourth dose of the vaccine. Foals given a commercial cell-free extract did not show a significant increase in passive hemagglutination antibody titers even up to four weeks after third dose. A group of six pony foals immunized with partially-purified M protein showed mean passive hemagglutination antibody titers lower than those observed in foals given whole cell vaccines. In a challenge experiment with S. equi, two of six foals vaccinated with partially-purified M-protein and all three controls developed clinical disease. The passive hemagglutination antibody of vaccinated foals increased after challenge, while at 28 days postchallenge the passive hemagglutination antibody titers of vaccinates and recovered controls were similar.  相似文献   

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