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1.
Md. Abiar Rahman Masakazu Tani Kazuo Asahiro S. M. Asik Ullah 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(3):295-309
A homestead is an integrated production system where trees, crops, livestock and poultry are found in and around the household residence in Bangladesh. It is a potential production unit that provides various product, service and ecological functions. Almost all people in Bangladesh including landless households have homesteads in which they grow trees and crops even in a small piece of land. This study characterizes the species composition, diversity and productivity of the homestead production system in the Teknaf peninsula, southeastern Bangladesh. Survey data collection was from a total of 180 homesteads covering five household categories: large, medium, small, marginal and landless. Vegetable, fruit, timber, and livestock and poultry were common components in the homestead production system. Various types of plants were mainly concentrated in back yards, front yards, boundaries and corners of homesteads. The mean number of tree species per homestead was about 15. In total, 189 tree and shrub species were recorded, and were distinctly high and low in the large (363.7) and landless (55.7) household categories. Species composition, diversity and productivity of homesteads were found to be related to household categories. Richness and diversity of tree and shrub species increased with household size. Betel nut was the dominant tree species followed by mango, jackfruit and coconut. Annual income from homesteads also varied among the household categories, with a mean contribution of the homestead to annual income of about 25 %. A large portion of homestead income came from betel nut trees. There is scope to increase species diversity and income by designing homesteads with the engagement of women and other family members. 相似文献
2.
Weston F. Mwase Åsmund Bjørnstad James M. Bokosi Moses B. Kwapata Brita Stedje 《New Forests》2007,33(3):297-307
Biodiversity is declining throughout southern African miombo woodlands due to poor land use practices that are detrimental
to soil, vegetation and habitat. We aimed at examining tree and shrub species diversity and distribution in Uapaca kirkiana-dominated woodlands under three land tenure types; forest reserves, customary and leasehold land. The study was conducted
at different forest sites within similar agroecological zone in southern Malawi. Study sites were located at a range of altitudes
between 900 and 1,200 m a.s.l. Three circular plots each with 32.60 m radius were established at each study site to sample
tree and shrub species composition, structure and distribution under three land tenure types. We found that forest reserves
had higher species diversity with an average of 16 tree families, 27 genera and 34 species as compared to only 10 tree families,
6 genera and 6 species on customary forest lands. Comparisons of diameter at breast height size class distributions showed
that customary land had significantly low numbers of small (5.0–10.0 cm) and very large (≥30 cm) diameter classes suggesting
lower levels of regeneration and high rate of anthropogenic activities. The high species diversity and richness in forest
reserves and leasehold land indicate high potential for protected lands to restore tree species diversity. It is concluded
that levels of human activities as influenced by land tenure type reduce tree species diversity, composition and distribution
at the different sites, and this confirms the hypothesis that open access lands are not compatible with conservation of tree
and shrub species diversity because of high anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
3.
Traditional agroforestry systems and biodiversity conservation in Benin (West Africa) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Vodouhe G. Fifanou Coulibaly Ousmane Biaou Gauthier Sinsin Brice 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,82(1):1-13
In the past, the conservation of biodiversity has been mostly understood in terms of the management of protected areas and
natural forests, ignoring the possible role of farm areas and the ways through which rural communities have promoted biodiversity
in their subsistence agricultural production systems. The present study focused on the floristic diversity within traditional
agroforestry parkland systems around the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in Benin and showed the diversity of tree species in the
area as well as socio-economic factors which affect the practice of this farming system. We used questionnaires and interviewed
a total of 118 households to collect data. Respondents were interviewed on their farms and during the interview; we inventoried
the number of tree on the farm and determined the farm size. Twenty-one tree species belonging to 14 botanical families were
recorded during the surveys and the average stand density of the woody component of farmlands was 7.97 ± 5.43 stems/ha. A
number of both native and exotic tree species occurred in the parkland agroforestry systems with dominance of indigenous tree
species. Species richness varied with the size of household where households with small land holding conserve more tree species
in their field than households with large land holdings. 64% of households surveyed were making deliberate efforts to plant
tree species on their farmlands. The most important reasons which determined household ambitions to conserve woody species
on farmland were tree products contribution to food and medicine. Results also showed that respondents who noticed that trees
were decreasing in the wild conserve more tree species on their farmlands. This research highlights the role of traditional
agroforestry practices to support tree species richness and provides evidence of the farms’ role as biodiversity reservoirs. 相似文献
4.
用样方法,研究了小陇山林区5种典型灌木林地改造模式的乔木树种天然更新幼苗的密度和多样性。结果表明:5种灌木林地改造模式的乔木树种天然更新情况总体良好,小于50 cm高度级幼苗数量相对较少,大于50 cm高度级幼苗的存活率较高;5种改造模式天然更新树种以锐齿栎为主,其中,全面割灌改造日本落叶松(模式3)更新幼苗物种丰富度最高,全面割灌改造油松模式(模式2)天然更新树种丰富度最小;带状割灌改造模式(模式4和模式5)和全面割灌改造华山松模式(模式1)的更新树种多样性较高,各树种分配均匀,优势树种的集中性较低;改造树种华山松的天然更新能力较油松日本落叶松强,带状割灌改造模式更有利于华山松天然更新。 相似文献
5.
Md.DaneshMiah MohammadMoshiurRahman 《林业研究》2004,15(1):55-60
2002年1月至6月对孟加拉涝原地区两个不同的宗教部落(印度教和穆斯林教)的传统家园森林进行了探索性研究，包括印度教和穆斯林教社团对树种(乔木和灌木)的偏爱度、类似性、造林材料及来源、植树地点和间距。研究发现Mangifera indica作为乔木树种，Ocimum sanctum作为灌木树种为印度教社团最喜爱的树种；Artocarpus heterophyllus和Lawsonia inermis分别为穆斯林社团最喜爱乔木树种和灌木树种。两中不同宗教社团选择乔木数种的相同性为86．57％，灌木树种为78．48％。两个宗教部落使用种子和苗木作为造林材料最多。乔木树种的造林材料主要来自家园(39％)灌木树种主要来自自然界(40％)。表3参27。 相似文献
6.
Luke C. N. Anglaaere Joseph Cobbina Fergus L. Sinclair Morag A. McDonald 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,81(3):249-265
Traditionally, most cocoa farms are established by removing the forest understorey and thinning the forest canopy so that
cocoa seedlings can grow into productive trees by utilising the forest rent of the newly cleared area and the shade provided
by the remaining trees. With the introduction of new hybrid cocoa varieties, there is a gradual shift towards the elimination
of shade trees in the cocoa landscape. Farmers have found it necessary to eliminate forest tree species to effect high performance
of these new varieties and as a result large areas of forested land are being lost, thereby posing a threat to biodiversity
A study was carried out in Atwima, a major cocoa farming district in the Ashanti region of Ghana, to assess the impact of
cocoa cultivation on tree diversity. The study also investigated farmers’ preferences for tree species retained on cocoa farms
as well as their traditional knowledge on tree species and their effect on cocoa cultivation. The assessment consisted of
identification and enumeration of all tree species with diameter at breast height greater than or equal to 10 cm, and was
carried out on one-hectare plots of: (a) Active Cocoa Farms (ACF), stratified into (i) Mature Cocoa Forest (MCF) and (ii)
Young Replanted Cocoa (YRC); (b) Fallow land (FL), and (c) Natural Forest (NF). A total of four one-hectare plots replicated
five times (or 20 ha) were enumerated. Tree diversity was more strongly influenced by landuse type than age of cocoa farm.
Fallow lands contained a higher tree diversity followed by natural forest, with the active cocoa farms, both mature and young,
containing the lowest variety of species. However, stem count was highest in the natural forest followed by FL and ACF. Generally,
stem counts of important tree species, as well as those classified as either endangered or vulnerable, were extremely low
in the landscape (0–2 per hectare), indicating a critical potential for conservation and rejuvenation. Farmers’ preference
for trees on cocoa farms was based on their usefulness. Three categories of trees emerged from their classification of trees
on cocoa farms: (i) naturally occurring trees that are very useful; (ii) naturally occurring species of minor economic use;
and (iii) naturally occurring tree species that are aggressive or incompatible with cocoa. Multistrata cocoa farms are a potential
niche for conservation, but given the current trends in cocoa replanting, future conservation strategies will have to focus
on identified targeted species which are of conservation concern, as well as those that are of value to farmers. 相似文献
7.
Despite their socio-economic and ecological role, many studies have shown that the parklands are degrading very rapidly. Therefore,
there is a need to undertake restoration actions for both production and environmental services. To do so, there is a need
to identify factors that are affecting the dynamics of parkland systems. The present study aimed at characterizing and quantifying
tree diversity of parkland systems taking into consideration the household’s wealth status, land uses, market access and the
type of farming system (cereal based on the “Plateau Central” and cotton based in “Boucle du Mouhoun”). Six villages (Kienfangué,
Ipelcé, and Kuizili with easy access to the market and, Karang-Tanghin, Nionsna and Targho with poor access to the market)
in the “Plateau Central” and six villages (Bondoukuy, Ouahabou and Yaho with easy access to the market and, Dora, Fakéna and
Mamou with poor access to the market) in “Boucle du Mouhoun” were studied. In each village, the Participatory Analysis of
Poverty and Livelihood Dynamics method was used by rural farmers to rank farmer households of their communities and that gave
three groups of wealth status that are poor, fairly well-off and well-off. Five households representing each of the three
wealth groups in each village, giving a total of 15 households per village, were randomly selected by wealth group. Tree/shrub
inventories were conducted in all land use types (house fields, village fields and bush fields) of the 180 selected households
for the 12 studied sites. The number of species in the different land use types ranged from 96 to 102, but the majority of
species were represented by less than 10 individuals. This indicates the selection effect made by the farmers to the parklands.
Land use and farming system showed a clear effect on tree diversity in parklands. The effect of accessibility to market was
evident in some cases whereas wealth status did not show any effect. Despite the statistical significant effect of farming
system and land use type, the ANOVA models accounted for relatively little variation, indicating that other factors may contribute
to tree diversity in parkland systems. The most threatened species were Adansonia digitata, Afzelia africana, Bombax costatum,
Celtis integrifolia,
Ficus asperifolia, Ficus iteophylla, Lannea velutina, and Parkia biglobosa. These species were represented in the largest diameter class (≥80 cm) or showed very few individuals in the different diameter
classes. Due to the increasing degradation of the parklands, a domestication and conservation strategy of key threatened species
needs to be developed and implemented with the participation of local communities. 相似文献
8.
Diversity, density and species composition of naturally regenerated woody plants under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and the adjacent natural forest were investigated and compared. Twenty plots, with an area of 20 m × 20 m for
each, were established in both of E. grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest, independently. In each plot, species name, abundance, diameter and height were recorded.
Numbers of seedling were collected in five sub-plots (4 m2) within each major plot. A total of 46 species in the plantation, and 52 species in the natural forest, which belongs to
36 families were recorded. The diversity of species (H′) is 2.19 in the plantation and 2.74 in the natural forest. The density of understory woody plant was 3842 stems/ha in the
plantation and 4122 stems/ha in the natural forest. The densities of seedlings in the natural forest and the plantation were
8101 stems/ha and 4151 stems/ha, respectively. High similarity of woody species composition was found between the natural
forest and the plantation. The E. grandis plantation was found favoring the regeneration and growth of Millitia ferruginia and Coffea arabica in a much better way than other underneath woody species. 相似文献
9.
The influence of farmers’ mental models on the success of an agroforestry extension program on Leyte Island in the Philippines
was investigated. Knowledge of farmers’ mental models and hence the likely acceptance of technology was used to inform the
design of a hypothetically expanded program. To gain an insight into the reasons behind differing acceptance of extension
assistance, data were collected and analysed from formal interviews, translated conversations and visual observations. The
data provided a chain of evidence and triangulation between farmers’ stated intentions and their actions. Farmers had little
prior knowledge of nursery technology and were highly receptive to extension assistance which enabled them to develop high
self-efficacy in seedling production. However, farmers’ rejection of silvicultural advice to thin and prune existing plantations
was predicated by existing attitudes to forest resource management. Farmers also expressed a strong preference for a low-cost
and low-input approach to establishing timber trees. Visual observations of farmers’ tree establishment practices indicated
the existence of gaps in their knowledge of tree growth processes. This investigation illustrates the need to elicit farmers’
mental models as a parallel enquiry to extension activities. If agroforestry extension is to be constructivist and participatory,
accommodation of farmers’ mental models and modification of program goals may be necessary. Relatively little is known about
the reasons for farmers’ acceptance or rejection of silviculture in Leyte and these results indicate that further research
into the way that farmers’ mental models filter and guide acceptance of advice may be worthwhile. 相似文献
10.
Rotacio S. Gravoso Nestor O. Gregorio Maria Anabelle D. Gerona Moises Neil V. Seri?o Steve R. Harrison Herville V. Pajaron Jayson V. Godoy 《Small-Scale Forestry》2011,10(4):473-488
Through a series of workshops with the stakeholders including nursery operators, tree farmers, staff of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, local government units and the academe, a forestry seedling nursery accreditation policy
was developed. The resulting policy was subsequently implemented by the municipal government of Palompon, Leyte. The accreditation
policy encouraged nursery operators to follow smallholder-based best management practices for tree nurseries. Implementation
of the nursery accreditation policy improved farmers’ knowledge and skills in the production of high quality seedlings, encouraged
adoption of BMP for forest nurseries, provided additional source of income for the farmers, enabled members of the groups
operating the communal nursery to forge closer relationship with each other, encouraged utilization of farmers’ free time
in productive activities, developed farmers’ confidence in producing high quality planting materials, and gained for the farmers
favourable attention from various organizations and groups. The Bennett’s hierarchy of project outcomes showed that the implementation
of accreditation scheme achieved high levels of outcomes, indicating that it led to substantial improvements in the lives
of the farmers. 相似文献
11.
Victor A. J. Adekunle Adewole O. Olagoke Lawrence F. Ogundare 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(5):517-538
This study assessed the effects of exploitations in natural forest ecosystems on tree species diversity and environmental conservation. This was achieved by comparing tree species diversity and yield in an unlogged forest (Strict Nature Reserve) and a forest reserve where active logging is in progress in Ondo State, Nigeria. Eight plots (20 m × 20 m) were assessed in each site using systematic sampling techniques. All living trees with dbh >10 cm were identified, categorized into families with their diameter at breast height (dbh) measured in each plot. Shannon-Weiner and species evenness indices were used to assess and compare tree species diversity and abundance. The results show that the tropical humid forest is very rich in tree species, as a total of 54 different tropical hardwood species from 23 families were encountered in both forest types. There were 46 species distributed among 21 families in the unlogged forest and 24 species in 14 families in the logged forest. Shannon-Weiner diversity index of 3.16 and 3.03 and evenness index of .83 and .81 were also obtained for the unlogged and logged forest, respectively. Every variable computed had a higher value in the unlogged forest relative to the logged forest. In the unlogged forest, the species with the highest number of occurrence was Mansonia altissima A. Chev. (80 stems/ha). Caesalpinoidae and Sterculiaceae families had the highest number of species (6). In the logged forest, Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. (18 stems/ha) had the highest frequency and Caesalpinoidae family has the highest number of species (4). The study concludes that exploitation has affected species diversity in the ecosystem and subsequently, the roles of trees in environmental conservation are affected. 相似文献
12.
小陇山不同灌木林地改造模式林分树种多样性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
生物多样性研究已经成为生态学研究的热点,而维持物种多样性是目前森林经营研究的一个主要内容。本文运用点抽样方法研究了甘肃小陇山5种不同的灌木林地改造模式的树种多样性。结果表明:带状割灌改造模式林分的树种较全面清理割灌模式丰富,Shannon-Wiener指数与Margalef指数较高,林分的树种多样性较高,林分内各树种分配较为均匀,带状割灌改造更有利于提高林分的树种多样性;在3种全面清理割灌改造模式中,改造日本落叶松模式虽然树种数与其它2种相同,但林分内树种分配均匀性差,集中性高。不同的改造模式对林分树种多样性的影响不同,这对提高和保持改造林分的物种多样性具有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
13.
对浙西北地区天然次生林群落植物物种多样性特征进行了研究,测定了群落植物生长型构成以及各层次植物物种的重要值,采用多种测度方法计算了群落各层次植物物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数。结果表明：（1）浙西北地区天然次生林群落各层次优势种比较明显,乔木树种以青冈为主,灌木树种以柃木和檐木占优势,草本植物则以箬竹为主;（2）该地区天然次生林群落植物物种比较丰富,乔木树种种数最多,草本植物稀少;就各层次而言,草本层物种数最多,乔木层和灌木层比较接近,各层次的均匀度指数的趋势是灌木层最高,草本层最低,乔木层居中;以多种指标计算各层次物种多样性指数结果均显示,灌木层多样性指数最高,草本层最低,尽管草本层具有最高的丰富度;（3）封育时间长、人为干扰轻的地区具有较高的物种多样性指标以及数量指标,有利于生物多样性的保护。 相似文献
14.
Vegetation structure of forest edges and type of adjacent field can affect seed and seedling survival patterns of tree species.
We investigated acorn removal and seedling survival of Quercus germana and Q. xalapensis in relation to woody plant density across old field-forest gradients with soft and abrupt edges. Experiments were established
along four parallel bands located at 40–50 m in the forest, forest and field edges (0–10 m to each side of the border), and
20–30 m in the old field. Within each band, woody plant and acorn density was measured, and four points for acorn and seedling
removal experiments were randomly positioned. In each position, 20 acorns or four seedlings were placed. Survival was monitored
during one month. In abrupt edges, acorn density was higher along edges than in forest interior. Also, higher acorn removal
and seedling mortality were observed in the adjacent old-field whereas acorn and seedling survival was the highest at the
edges. Acorn and seedling survival was positively correlated to woody vegetation density. As the vegetation density of field
and forest edges grows, abrupt edges develop into soft edges, and they become more hospitable to oak recruitment and then
to forest cover expansion. 相似文献
15.
调查了云杉人工林间伐后和未间伐的林分生长、林下植物种类、数量、盖度、高度,采用物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行了多样性分析,以探讨间伐强度对云杉人工林下植物多样性的影响.结果表明：随着间伐强度的增大,保留木的生长显著优于对照区;林下植物种类、数量显著增加;不同间伐强度林下植物种类的多样性、丰富度、生物量、盖度、显著高于对照区,且随间伐强度的增强而增大,以重度间伐（＜450株/hm2）最为显著（灌木层多样性除外）. 相似文献
16.
本文调查了桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物多样性、密度和物种组成。桉树人工林和邻近天然林内分别圈画出20个20m×20m样地,记录下每块样地内的物种名称、物种丰富度、植株直径和高度以及采集亚样方(4m2)内幼苗数目。本试验中,记录人工林内木本植物46种,邻近天然林内52种,分别来自36个科。人工林内,物种多样性(H’)为2.19,林下木本植物密度为3842株/hm2,幼苗密度为4151株/hm2;而天然林内的物种多样性、林下树木密度和幼苗密度分别为2.74,4122株/hm2和8101株/hm2。两种林分的木本植物物种组成相似性较高。研究还表明,桉树人工林适合于Millitia ferruginia和小果咖啡生长和再生,而对下层木本则不适合。 相似文献
17.
Farmers’ Fruit Tree-growing Strategies in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon and Nigeria 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ann Degrande Kathrin Schreckenberg Charlie Mbosso Paul Anegbeh Victoria Okafor Jacques Kanmegne 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,67(2):159-175
Many studies have stressed the importance of trees to rural households. Few, however, have focused on actual numbers and densities
of trees in different land-use systems. Based on community-level participatory research in six communities, semi-structured
household interviews and full-farm fruit tree inventories, this study aims to understand farmers’ tree-planting strategies.
Relationships between the diversity, number and density of fruit trees and farm size, land-use system, land tenure, distance
from the homestead, proximity to the forest, market access and household characteristics are investigated. The key factors
determining the differences in tree-growing strategies between communities appear to be market access, land use and access
to forest resources. Within communities, differences between individual households were less easy to explain but tenure was
important as was farm size. Smaller farms had higher fruit tree densities, a relationship that was particularly strong in
communities with good market access. Overall there was a great deal of variability both within and between communities and
many of the factors affecting tree-planting decisions were found to be highly inter-related. Despite this complexity, trees
on farm play an important role in rural household's livelihoods. Therefore, expansion of tree cultivation should be recognized
as a promising pathway to achieve increased income and food production by policy makers and extensionists alike. In addition
to improved tree propagation and management techniques, farmers should be strengthened in the processing and marketing of
agroforestry tree products and more emphasis should be placed on the development of tree enterprises. By doing so, farmers
will be able to earn a more important and consistent income from fruit trees, contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. 相似文献
18.
Tree growing by smallholder farmers is an emerging livelihood strategy in Lake Tana catchment. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify the most important tree species grown, (2) investigate the drivers of the existing pattern, and (3) identify determinants of the number and diversity of tree species and their spatial patterns. Survey data were collected from 200 households. Multiple linear regression was employed to identify the determinants of tree growing behaviour of households and spatial variables affecting the abundance of tree species. Eucalyptus globulus, Acacia decurrens and E. camaldulensis dominate woodlots. Only a fraction of the forest production is used by the households, the rest being sold as poles or charcoal. Location in relation to market centres, number of livestock owned, landholding size and age of household head were found to positively affected the number of tree species and trees grown. Gender affected the species and spatial pattern of trees. Woodlots, farm boundaries and homesteads were found to be important tree growing niches. These results substantiate the proposition that farmers assign their parcels of land to uses that increase the rent value of the land, and this value is affected by access to roads. Woodlots are on the increase at the cost of productive agricultural land. Provision of a tree planting extension service may increase participation of farmers in tree planting, and a management-oriented tree planting extension service may give desirable results. 相似文献
19.
对秦岭西段小陇山林区腹地和林缘区的锐齿栎群落的大小分布和多样性进行了分析,结果表明:林区腹地分布区锐齿栎群落的个体较多,锐齿栎成年林木树高频度分布的峰值出现在7 - 19 m间,占总数的73.54%, 3 m以下的幼苗幼树占总数的18.43%,锐齿栎幼苗的萌发受中成林木、灌木的影响较大。在林缘分布区内,小于3 m以下的幼苗幼树与林区腹地分布相类似,但3 m以上各树高阶的数量都很少,特别是成熟林木较少,群落处于不稳定状态。林区腹地锐齿栎群落不同层次的物种组成丰富,物种数均高于林缘区,林区腹地锐齿栎群落多样性灌木层>草本层>乔木层,林缘区锐齿栎群落多样性草本层>灌木层>乔木层。 相似文献
20.
《林业研究》2021,(5)
Dry afromontane forests are among the most poorly managed and endangered ecosystems.Therefore,we assessed the composition,diversity,and conservation status of woody plant species of the Debre Libanos church forests and surrounding forest lands in Oromiya Regional National State,central Ethiopia in 62 nested circular sample plots spaced 200 m apart along two transect lines.Large circular plots 314 m~2 were used to sample trees with DBH of at least 10 cm,and subplots of 28.26 m~2 were laid in each main plot were used to assess saplings and shrubs;a small subplot of 3.14 m~2 was used to assess seedlings.In total,70 woody plant species belonging to 62 genera and 43 families were recorded.Of these,59,28 and 32 were in the church,government and private forest types,respectively.The most dominant families were Fabaceae and Verbenaceae,each represented by five species.In the forests considered,trees accounted for 61%,and shrubs with diameter at breast height(DBH) of 1-10 cm accounted for ca.33%.Among growth forms of woody species,shrubs and seedlings,followed by trees constituted much of the density of woody species in all the three ownership types of forests.The church forest had the most species(59) and highest Shannon(3.12) and Simpson(0.92) species diversity indices,and the government and private forests had a nearly similar total number of species and Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices.Most of the species with higher importance value indices(IVI) were indigenous in origin within the church forest(Juniperus procera=82),government forest(J.procera=66) and private forest(Acacia abyssinica=84).The composition,diversity,and population structure of woody species in the church forest were significantly higher than in the other forest lands.However,interventions of the government and private sectors to conserve forest systems in the areas,particularly the government-owned forest and specific species such as Olea europaea need active enrichment plantings due to their limited natural regeneration.Without improved management interventions,livelihood income diversification and ecosystem services obtained from the forest will not be sustainable. 相似文献