Orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass with applied nitrogen and in mixtures with legumes     

L. E. SOLLENBERGER †  W. C. TEMPLETON JR  R. R. HILL JR 《Grass and Forage Science》1984,39(3):263-270

High-yielding grass-legume mixtures play an important role in forage-animal systems but finding compatible and adapted species can sometimes be difficult. The objective of this study was to examine productivity of perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass in pure stands with N and in mixtures with legumes.
Broadcast sowings were made on conventionally prepared seedbeds in August 1979 and May 1980 on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). When sown alone orchardgrass cv. Pennlate and perennial ryegrass cv. Reveille received rates of N ranging from 0 to 448 kg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. The grasses were also grown in mixtures with alfalfa cv. Arc, red clover cv. Arlington, or birds foot trefoil cv. Viking. The same legumes were sown alone. Four legume seed rates were used in both the pure legume and mixed stands.
Orchardgrass-N swards were more productive than ryegrass-N swards over 3 years. More dry matter (DM) was harvested from pure stands of  相似文献   

Yield and stability of yield of single- and multi-clover grass-clover swards in two contrasting temperate environments     

B. E. Frankow-Lindberg  M. Halling  M. Höglind†  J. Forkman 《Grass and Forage Science》2009,64(3):236-245

Diversity of clovers in grass-clover swards may contribute to greater herbage yields and stability of yield. This possible effect was evaluated in an experiment carried out over three harvest years at two contrasting sites, differing in precipitation and soil composition, using mixed swards containing either one, two or three clover species sown together with timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) and meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis L.). The clover species were red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.), white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and alsike clover ( Trifolium hybridum L.) sown in various proportions in a total of ten treatments. All swards were fertilized with nitrogen with amounts that increased from year to year, and three harvests were taken in three consecutive years. There was a significant interaction between site and species mixture on total dry matter (DM) yields (range 27–32 tonnes ha⁻¹) and DM yields of clovers (range 5–15 tonnes ha⁻¹); red clover as a single species or in a mixture was superior at the dry site while multi-clover species mixtures were superior at the wet site. Alsike clover was the least productive species of clover. Stability of yield of clovers was generally higher by including white and red clover in the seed mixture but total DM yield was not.  相似文献   

Reseeding in the Falkland Islands: seed rate and fertilizers for establishment     

T. H. DAVIES  JANET RILEY† 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(1):65-72

Five experiments were carried out to measure the effects of seed rate and fertilizers on the establishment and early growth of reseeded grass mixtures in the Falkland Islands.
Experiments 1 and 2 compared seed rates within the range 7·5-35kg ha⁻¹. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of three levels of each of nitrogen (N), P₂O₅, K₂O and CaCO₃ applied as seedbed fertilizers. Experiments 4 and 5 were similar in intent to Experiment 3, but treatments consisted of either nil or a very heavy application of the same fertilizer elements. In all experiments, the grass seed mixtures were sown in late summer after rotavation and burning of Cortaderia pilosa dominant indigenous vegetation on peaty soils. Percentage ground cover was estimated in the following spring and dry matter production through the first year was determined by sample harvests.
Initially, heavier seed rates resulted in higher percentage ground cover of sown species, but dry matter production over the season following sowing showed a significant increase only between the 25 and 35 kg ha⁻¹ rates in Experiment 2. The modest levels of seedbed fertilizers applied in Experiment 3 had no significant effect on either percentage ground cover of sown species or dry matter production. Even at the higher levels used in Experiments 4 and 5, only N consistently increased dry matter yields, although a significant positive response was also obtained from CaCO₃ in the final harvests.
The implications of the results to farmers in the Falkland Islands who may be contemplating reseeding are discussed.  相似文献   

The utilization of N fertilizer, applied to perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture growing on a humus iron podzol in N.E. Scotland     

ANNE RANGELEY 《Grass and Forage Science》1988,43(4):363-369

Applications of N fertilizer (0.40, 80, 120 and 240 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in dressings of 40 or 80 kg N ha⁻¹) were made to a perennial ryegrass/white clover ( Lolium perenne L. Trifolium repens L.) pasture growing on a humus iron podzol reclaimed from heather ( Calluna vulgaris L.) moor in 1982 and 1983. Where no N was applied, estimates of Ni fixation and mineralization were almost equal, being approximately 50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from each source. Apparent efficiencies of fertilizer use were generally low; for each dressing they ranged between –0·7 and 25·5 kg dry matter (DM)kgN⁻¹. Also, responses to N fertilizer were affected by previous dressings. The net N recovery in harvested herbage from application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ was 30 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹.  相似文献   

Herbage productivity of a range of grass species in association with white clover     

J. FRAME 《Grass and Forage Science》1990,45(1):57-64

Red fescue ( Festuca rubra L.) cvs Reptans, Dawson and Ruby, perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) cvs Perma and Sprinter, crested dogstail ( Cynosurus cristatus L.) cv. Southlands, smooth meadow-grass ( Poa pratensis L.) cvs Parade and Arena, Yorkshire fog ( Holcus lanatus L.) commercial types I and II, creeping bent ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) cv. Penncross and rough meadow-grass ( Poa trivialis L.) cvs Omega Øtofte, Dasas and Sabre were each sown with white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) cv. Donna and the productivity of the fourteen mixtures assessed under simulated grazing (six harvests per year) for 3 years. A single fertilizer-N rate (50 kg ha⁻¹) in early spring was applied to all treatments each year.
Over the 3 years, mean annual dry matter (DM) production of the swards ranged from 5·25 t ha⁻¹ (creeping bent) to 8·71 t ha⁻¹ (red fescue cv. Reptans), with the species ranking order of: red fescue > perennial ryegrass > crested dogstail > smooth meadow-grass > Yorkshire fog > creeping bent. Rough meadow-grass only persisted over the first harvest year. Mean annual organic matter digestibility (OMD) values of the swards ranged from 0·712 (creeping bent) to 0·782 (ryegrass cv. Sprinter). Mixtures with the lowest proportion of grass (crested dogstail and smooth meadow-grass) generally gave the highest proportions of white clover. The creeping bent mixture had exceptionally low production of both components.
Red fescue, crested dogstail and smooth meadow-grass showed compatibility with clover and, therefore, have potential for use in grass/clover swards. Yorkshire fog had lower compatability with clover. Some breeding effort to improve selected characteristics of promising species, e.g. improvement of low OMD in red fescue, seems warranted.  相似文献   

Barley/pea mixtures as cover crops for grass re-seeds     

T. J. GILLILAND  J. JOHNSTON 《Grass and Forage Science》1992,47(1):1-7

Substantial annual fluctuations in the performance of arable silage mixtures, comprising Minerva forage pea and Goldmarker barley, were observed from ten annual sowings between 1977 and 1986, Total dry matter (DM) yield varied between 2·5 and 11·5 t ha⁻¹. Dry matter content also ranged widely from 10·3% to 20·0% and there was a large variation in the proportion of peas in the DM (0·44 to 0·90). Almost 80% of this yield variation was due to the fluctuation in pea performance and over 60% of all yield variation was related to the variation in sunshine hours and air temperature.
In 1983 and 1984 differences in seed rate of between 20 and 140 kg ha⁻¹ of Minerva and 80 and 160 kg ha⁻¹ of Goldmarker influenced the forage composition at harvest, with the pea component capable of outgrowing and suppressing the other species when sown at over 80 kg ha⁻¹. Very high yields of peas were associated with increasing stress on the undersown grass re-seed and were considered undesirable.
It was concluded that sowing rates of between 120 and 160 kg ha⁻¹ for barley and a maximum of 60 kg ha⁻¹ for peas would, in most years, provide the best compromise between attaining good arable silage yields and avoiding excessive dangers of damage of undersown grass re-seeds.  相似文献   

Herbage productivity of brome grass (Bromus carinatus)     

R. D. HARKESS†  M. W. MORRISON‡§  J. FRAME 《Grass and Forage Science》1990,45(4):383-392

Herbage production and quality of swards of brome grass (Bromus carinatus. Hook and Am) were compared with other commonly sown grasses at two sites in Scotland. At Ayr, the comparison was with perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot ( Dactylis glomerata L.) and timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) under 6-cut (experiment 1) and 4-cut (experiment 2) regimes over 3 years with 360 kg ha⁻¹ fertilizer N applied annually in each experiment. At Edinburgh, brome grass was compared over 3 years with perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot under a 7-cut system given 3(X)-35O kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (experiment 3) and with perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot and Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) under a 4-cut system given 250–325 kg N ha⁻¹ annually (experiment 4).
Over the 3 years, brome grass gave 1.18, 6.19 and 1.3% less dry matter (DM) production than the other grasses in experiments 1, 2 and 3 respectively; in experiment 4, it was 1 % less productive than Italian ryegrass but 1.2% more productive than the other grasses. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) of brome grass was lower than that of perennial ryegrass but higher than timothy at Ayr, similar to perennial and Italian ryegrasses at Edinburgh but markedly superior to cocksfoot at both sites. N concentrations in brome grass were higher than in the ryegrasses but lower than in cocksfoot. Mineral composition data showed brome grass to be high in P and K, low in Ca and Mg and very low in Na compared with corresponding concentrations in the other grasses.
The variable performance of this brome grass species ( B. carinatus ) against commonly used grasses in the reported experiments, together with similar evidence from the literature, leads to the conclusion that it is unlikely to be suitable for widespread use in the UK; nevertheless, it has shown some promise in drought-prone situations.  相似文献   

The effect of companion perennial ryegrass cultivars on red clover productivity when timing of the first cut is varied     

A. S. LAIDLAW  JUNE M. McBRATNEY 《Grass and Forage Science》1980,35(4):257-265

Replicated plots of Hungaropoly red clover were sown on a sterilized area in May 1975 alone (seed rate 11 kg ha^-1) or with one of six cultivars of perennial ryegrass (seed rate 3·5 kg ha^-1) viz. Cropper and S24 (early heading), Barlenna and Hora (medium heading) and Melle and Perma (late heading). In 1976 and 1977 primary growth was cut at one of four dates ranging from mid-May to mid-June and thereafter plots were harvested twice each year.
Varying the time of first cut did not have a significant effect on total dry matter (DM) yield in either year despite differences in means of cutting treatments on annual red clover yields of the order of 6–9%.
In some companion grass treatments total DM yield in 1976 was increased and total red clover yield and percentage red clover contribution were reduced relative to swards sown only with red clover. In 1977 a similar but non-significant trend was found. Swards containing early ryegrasses had higher total herbage DM yields but lower red clover yields and contents than all other swards at the first harvest in both years.
Delay in date of taking the first harvest in 1976 reduced DM digestibility in the first cut and increased it in the second in both years.
It is suggested that by cutting early and increasing the number of harvests from three to four per year, differences in the content of red clover between the first and second cut might be reduced, and it is concluded that more benefit is derived from red clover when medium or late heading ryegrasses are used as companion grasses.  相似文献   

The combined use of fertilizer nitrogen and white clover on grazed ryegrass swards     

D. REID 《Grass and Forage Science》1985,40(3):371-374

A 1-year grazing experiment with dairy cows is described in which the milk yield and herbage intake from a sward of S23 perennial ryegrass alone receiving fertilizer N at an annual rate of 360 kg ha⁻¹ were compared with those from a ryegrass-white clover var. Blanca sward given a total N application of 180 kg ha⁻¹. Both treatments gave virtually the same total milk yield of about 12500 kg ha⁻¹ over a 20-week grazing season.  相似文献   

Slot-seeding investigations     

R. J. Haggar  D. W. Koch 《Grass and Forage Science》1983,38(1):45-53

Red clover cv. Hungaropoly was slot-seeded into a perennial ryegrass-dominant sward in April 1979. Glyphosate and paraquat were applied separately as bandsprays each at two doses and at two band widths. Control plots were either slot-seeded without a herbicide bandspray or received ±150 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹. Red clover establishment was assessed and amounts of dry matter (DM) and total N accumulated were measured at two harvests in 1979 and three harvests in 1980. Bandspraying increased seedling vigour and development and resulted in the eventual replacement of 1 t grass DM ha⁻¹ by an equivalent amount of red clover. Of the treatment variables investigated, bandspray width had the greatest influence on red clover establishment and productivity. The slot-seeded area, meaned for all treatments, produced a total of 6.40 and 13.16 t DM ha⁻¹ in 1979 and 1980. This was estimated to be equivalent to the all-grass sward receiving 112 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ during the second year of the experiment or 238 kg N ha⁻¹ over the 2 years when measured in terms of N yield. Slot-seeding overcomes several of the problems associated with conventional establishment of red clover.  相似文献   

The effects of stocking rate and nitrogen fertilizer on a perennial ryegrass-white clover sward     

M L. CURLL  R. J. WILKINS  R. W. SNAYDON  V. S. SHANMUGALINGAM 《Grass and Forage Science》1985,40(2):141-149

The effects of stocking rate and N fertilizer on a mixed sward of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne) and white clover ( Trifolium repens ) set-stocked with sheep were examined. Sward production and composition, and sheep production were studied.
Increasing the stocking rate over the range 25–55 yearling sheep ha⁻¹ reduced herbage accumulation by about 40%, whether or not N fertilizer was applied. Increasing the stocking rate increased the density of ryegrass tillers, but reduced the density of clover stolons and the clover content of the swards. Applications of N fertilizer (200 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹) increased herbage accumulation by about 20% but substantially reduced the clover content.
Liveweight gain per animal and per unit area were greater at the lower stocking rates where the clover content and nutritive value of the diet were greatest. Wool growth per unit area was greater at the higher stocking rates. Applications of 1M fertilizer increased liveweight gain at stocking rates above 25 sheep ha⁻¹, but had no effect on wool production at any stocking rate.
The results demonstrate that a stable and productive grass-clover association was maintained under conditions of set-stocking at around 23 yearling sheep ha⁻¹and that at this stocking rate, which appears to be about the biological optimum, there was no advantage in using N fertilizer.  相似文献   

Quantifying the effect of nitrogen fertilizer applications in spring on white clover content in perennial ryegrass-white clover swards   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. S. LAIDLAW 《Grass and Forage Science》1984,39(4):317-321

Data are presented for the fourth (1979) and fifth (1980) harvest years of a trial in which four levels of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha⁻¹) were applied each spring to swards with grass (perennial ryegrass cv. Barlenna) and each one of four cultivars of while clover (Blanca, Sabeda, Olwen and S100) or grass alone. Results from the first three years have been published.
Dry matter (DM) harvested dropped from the fourth to fifth years over all swards by 1 −5 to 2 0 t ha⁻¹ but response to N was maintained (17.4 and 24.4 kg DM (kgN)^−l in response to 90 kg N ha⁻¹ in 1979 and 1980 respectively) despite reductions in summer yields relative to unfertilized swards. Blanca swards produced significantly less DM harvested than all other cultivars in 1979 and all cultivars in 1980 except for Olwen. Clover DM harvested continued to fall from 1977, the mean for the unfertilized treatment in 1980 being 55% of that in 1979. Up to 1980 Sabeda swards produced more clover DM harvested than Blanca swards. Linear regressions between annual clover content at zero N and at each spring N level for each sward type over 5 harvest years were very highly significant. It is concluded that all cultivars used responded similarly to spring N. Further work to develop a method for predicting the effect of spring N on clover content of given swards is required.  相似文献   

Effects of different rates and timing of application of nitrogen as slurry and mineral fertilizer on yield of herbage and nitrate-leaching potential of a maize/Italian ryegrass cropping system in north-west Portugal     

H. Trindade  J. Coutinho†  S. Jarvis‡  N. Moreira 《Grass and Forage Science》2009,64(1):2-11

Efficient use of cattle-slurry to avoid nitrogen (N) leaching and other losses is important in designing intensive dairy systems to minimize pollution of air and water. The response in dry-matter (DM) yield of herbage and nitrate-leaching potential to different rates and timing of application of N as cattle slurry and/or mineral fertilizer in a double-cropping system producing maize ( Zea mays L.) silage and Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was investigated in north-west Portugal. Nine treatments with different rates and combinations of cattle slurry, and with or without mineral-N fertilizer, applied at sowing and as a top-dressing to both crops, were tested and measurements were made of DM yield of herbage, N concentration of herbage, uptake of N by herbage and amounts of residual soil nitrate-N to a depth of 1 m, in a 3-year experiment. Regression analysis showed that the application of 150 and 100 kg of available N ha⁻¹ to maize and Italian ryegrass, respectively, resulted in 0·95 of maximum DM yields of herbage and 0·90 of maximum N uptake by herbage. Residual amounts of nitrate-N in soil after maize ranged from 48 to 278 kg N ha⁻¹ with an exponential increase in response to the amount of N applied; there were higher values of nitrate-leaching potential when mineral-N fertilizer was applied. The results suggest that it is possible in highly productive maize/Italian ryegrass systems to obtain high DM yields of herbage for maize silage and Italian ryegrass herbage with minimal leaching losses by using slurry exclusively at annual rates of up to 250 kg available N ha⁻¹ (equivalent to 480 kg total N ha⁻¹) in three applications.  相似文献   

Nitrogen studies in Lolium perenne grown for seed. IV. Response of amenity types and influence of a growth regulator     

J. G. HAMPTON  T. G. A. CLEMENCE  P. D. HEBBLETHWAITE 《Grass and Forage Science》1983,38(2):97-105

In field trials in 1979–81, perennial ryegrass cultivars Royal and Majestic (amenity) and Morenne (agricultural) produced maximum seed yields at levels of applied N ranging from 40 kg ha⁻¹ to 160 kg ha⁻¹. Available soil N levels were estimated at 55 kg ha⁻¹; hence maximum seed yields were obtained at total nitrogen levels of 95–135 kg ha⁻¹ in Royal, 95–215 kg ha⁻¹ in Morenne, and 175–215 kg ha⁻¹ in Majestic.
Applied N at rates above 120 kg ha⁻¹ either reduced or did not significantly increase seed yield, decreased seed numbers per unit area and decreased spikelets per tiller and seeds per spikelet.
The use of a growth regulator increased seed yields by preventing lodging, but did so irrespective of nitrogen application rate. It is suggested that failure to increase seed yield at high N rates is a result not of poor pollination because of lodging, but seed abortion as a consequence of competition for assimilate supply by secondary vegetative tillers.  相似文献   

The effect of nitrogen in cattle slurry and mineral fertilizers on nitrogen fixation by white clover     

L. NESHEIM  B. C. BOLLER  J. LEHMANN  U. WALTHER 《Grass and Forage Science》1990,45(1):91-97

The influence of N in slurry or in mineral fertilizers on herbage yield and nitrogen fixation by white clover grown in mixed swards was investigated. Two levels of N in cattle slurry were compared with a range of mineral N fertilization. The percentage of N derived from symbiosis (% Nsym) was measured by the ¹⁵N-isotope dilution method. The measurements were made in spring 1987 in two 4-year-old field trials, and included two out of five harvests.
The % N_sym was approximately 90% without N fertilization. It decreased in response to both mineral N and N in slurry but did not fall below 63%. The sum of two harvests revealed that 51·2 kg N ha⁻¹ were fixed in the absence of N fertilization. With 75 kg mineral N ha⁻¹ or 50 m³ cattle slurry ha⁻¹, the yield of fixed N decreased to 17·2 and 24·9 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. When compared on the basis of the fertilizer effect on dry matter yield and N concentration of perennial ryegrass, the decrease in yield of N fixed due to treatment with cattle slurry was less than that due to mineral N fertilizer. This was owing to the smaller extent of the depression in the proportion of white clover in the sward when the same amount of N was applied in cattle slurry, as compared with mineral fertilizer, although % N_sym responded similarly to both types of N fertilization.  相似文献   

Cattle slurry as a source of nutrients for red clover: herbage production and clover contribution     

H. I. GRACEY 《Grass and Forage Science》1981,36(4):291-295

An established sward of red clover cv. Hungaropoly sown pure received approx. 30 kg P ha^-1 and 200 kg K ha^-1 each year for 3 successive years. The P and K were applied either as cattle slurry, inorganic fertilizer or combinations of these. Treatments were applied either in spring or after the first harvest. There were a total of six treatments and these were harvested three times each year. The average yields of total herbage DM over all the treatments in the first, second and third years were 15·2, 14·2 and 14·2 t ha^-1 respectively and the various treatments had no significant effect on the overall yields.
Treatments had a significnt effect on red clover DM yields and percentage red clover in one harvest in each of the first 2 years and all three in the third year. Yields of red clover were lower and grass higher in treatments receiving cattle slurry only. On this treatment there was a total yield of 23·2 t ha^-1 red clover DM in the 3 years compared with 30·2 t ha^-1 on the inorganic fertilizer treatments. However, by applying P and K fertilizer in the spring, followed by cattle slurry after the first harvest, it was possible to maintain a high proportion of red clover in the sward and to produce yields of red clover DM similar to those on the inorganic fertilizer treatments.  相似文献   

Dry-matter yield and herbage quality of a perennial ryegrass/white clover sward in a rotational grazing and cutting system     

Schils  Vellinga  & Kraak 《Grass and Forage Science》1999,54(1):19-29

The expected reduction in the use of fertilizer nitrogen (N) on grassland in the Netherlands has led to renewed interest in white clover. Therefore, the performance of a newly sown perennial ryegrass/white clover sward on clay soil was assessed during 4 consecutive years. The experiment consisted of all combinations of two defoliation systems, i.e. one or two silage cuts per year (S1, S2), spring N application rate, i.e. 0 or 50 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (N₀, N₅₀), and the management system, i.e. rotational grazing and cutting, or cutting only (RGC, CO). The overall mean white clover cover was 30%. All treatments affected white clover cover, which was 8% higher with S2 than with S1, 6% higher with N₀ than with N₅₀ and 12% higher with CO than with RGC. The overall mean annual dry-matter (DM) yield (13·1 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) was significantly affected only by the management system: in two relatively wetter years, the annual DM yield was 1·19 t ha⁻¹ higher with RGC than with CO, whereas there was no difference in two relatively drier years. Nitrogen application increased the DM yield in the first cut by 7·0 kg kg⁻¹ N applied, but had no significant effect on the annual DM yield. Herbage quality was not affected by the experimental treatments. The average in vitro organic matter digestibility was 0.801, and the average crude protein content was 193 g kg⁻¹ DM. With the expected reduction in the use of fertilizer N, perennial ryegrass/white clover swards should be seriously considered as an alternative option to perennial ryegrass swards on these clay soils.  相似文献   

Productivity of red clover grown alone and with companion grasses; further studies     

J. M. McBRATNEY 《Grass and Forage Science》1984,39(2):167-175

Three diploid—Sabtoron, Violetta and Essex—and three tetraploid—Hungaropoly, Teroba and Red Head—red clover cultivars were sown alone and with each of three companion grasses—timothy (S48), tall fescue (S170) and perennial ryegrass (S24). The productivity and persistence of the red clover cultivars were compared. Results obtained over the first four harvest years were presented in an earlier paper (McBratney, 1981) and this paper presents results from the fifth and sixth (final) harvest years.
The low yield obtained in the fifth and sixth year from Essex under each seeding treatment indicated a deterioration in its persistency or vigour or both. In the fifth year the remaining two diploids, Sabtoron and Violetta, were as highly productive and persistent as the three tetraploids but in the sixth year the decrease in productivity was greater in the diploids than in the tetraploids. In the fifth year Teroba, the highest yielder, produced 9 8 t total DM ha⁻¹ over all seeding treatments of which 73% was clover DM; in the sixth year Teroba was again highest yielding, producing 9.3 t ha^−l with 67% clover content. Tall fescue was the most consistent companion grass in the mixed swards, in the sixth year contributing 53% grass DM to the total 8 8 t DM harvested ha⁻¹.
The trial demonstrates the potential of a number of red clover cultivars grown either pure or with a suitable perennial grass to achieve and maintain a high output of herbage of good quality over a period of 6 years without any application of fertilizer N. The practical agricultural implications of using red clover are discussed.  相似文献   

A comparison of faba beans and peas as whole-crop forages     

J. S. FAULKNER 《Grass and Forage Science》1985,40(2):161-169

Faba beans and peas were compared as spring sown whole-crop forages in two trials at Lough-gall. No herbicide, insecticide or N fertilizer was used. Harvesting took place at the end of July. As pure stands, tic beans (cv. Blaze) yielded up to 10 t of dry matter (DM) ha⁻¹. Lower yields were obtained at lower seed rates, or with horse beans (cv. Stella Spring), broad beans (cv. Polar) or peas (cvs Minerva and Krupp). Tic and horse bean forage had a mean DM concentration of 166 g kg⁻¹, which was higher than those of broad bean and peas. Crude protein (CP) concentration at a mean of 159 g kg⁻¹ was similar in tic beans and peas. Faba beans mixed with cereals yielded less than beans alone, but peas with cereals yielded slightly more than peas alone. The inclusion of a cereal raised forage DM contents but lowered CP contents. Perennial ryegrass-white clover mixtures undersown in faba beans established well, but poorer swards were obtained in some of the pure pea stands which lodged severely. It is concluded that, as pure stands, tic beans have advantages over peas. Some of the disadvantages of peas can be overcome by growing a mixture of peas with cereals.  相似文献   

Managing grass/clover swards to produce differing clover proportions     

N. H. YARROW  P. D. PENNING 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(4):496-501

Management treatments were applied to an established ryegrass/white clover sward with the aim of producing differences in clover content. The treatments were: mowing (M) with no fertilizer N (intended to give high clover), grazing by cattle (C) with no fertilizer N (medium clover) and grazing by sheep (S) with 300 kg N ha⁻¹ applied (low clover). Following treatments significant differences ( P < 0.001) were observed, with M, C and S containing respectively. 237, 81 and 3 kg DM ha⁻¹ of live clover. Treatment M swards had fewer ryegrass tillers but greater numbers of clover growing points than did treatment S, with values being intermediate on treatment C. Following overwintering most of the differences in the clover component between treatments C and M were lost, but those on treatment S still persisted. Management can be used to manipulate the botanical composition of ryegrass/white clover swards, but these changes may be only transient.  相似文献