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1.
Seamless knitting, as a new technology, has a great potential in the development of lingerie products. Bra knitting using seamless knitting technology is a difficult engineering problem due to the lack of knowledge on how to achieve proper underband tension and cup strain for optimal comfort and shape. In this study, we aim at identifying the key knitting parameters and experimentally investigating their relationships with the knitted bra tension. The knitting parameters under investigation were loop density, elastic yarn tension, cover yarn tension and nylon yarn tension. Factorial experimental design was used to explore the most significant factors affecting the underband tension and cup strain of seamless knitted bra. The results show that the loop density and elastic yarn tension were the two main factors affecting the underband tension. The cup strain was mainly affected by the loop density. Empirical prediction equations have been established to estimate the underband tension and cup strain from knitting parameters.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to analyze and model the effect of knitting parameters on the air permeability of Cotton/Polyester double layer interlock knitted fabrics. Fabric samples of areal densities ranging from 315–488 g/m2 were knitted using yarns of three different cotton/polyester blends, each of two different linear densities by systematically varying knitting loop lengths for achieving different cover factors. It was found that by changing the polyester content in the inner and outer fabric layer from 52 to 65 % in the double layer knitted fabric did not have statistically significant effect on the fabric air permeability. Air permeability sharply increased with increase in knitting loop length owing to decrease in fabric areal density. Decrease in yarn linear density (tex) resulted in increase in air permeability due to decrease in areal density as well as the fabric thickness. It was concluded that response surface regression modeling could adequately model the effect of knitting parameters on the double layer knitted fabric air permeability. The model was validated by unseen data set and it was found that the actual and predicted values were in good agreement with each other with less than 10 % absolute error. Sensitivity analysis was also performed to find out the relative contribution of each input parameter on the air permeability of the double layer interlock knitted fabrics.  相似文献   

3.
There are derivative problems of electromagnetic wave radiation accompanying the advances of science and technology nowadays and secure protections are also emphasized gradually. To shield these electromagnetic wave radition jeopardizing people’s health, in this study, stainless steel wires were the core yarn and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarns were the wrapped yarn. The bamboo charcoal polyester/stainless steel (BC/SS) complex yarns were manufactured using a rotor twister machine. The BC/SS complex knitted fabrics were woven with the complex yarns employing a circular knitting machine. Three manufacture parameters were the wrapped amount of the complex yarn (2 to 6 turns/cm), the lamination amount of the knitted fabrics (1 to 6 layers) and lamination angles of the knitted fabrics (0°/0°/0°/0°/0°/0°, 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45°, and 0°/90°/0°/90°/0°/90°). The knitted fabric exhibited the lowest surface resistance 32.3 Ω/sq. Optimum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) was 45 dB when the knitted fabrics were with 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45° laminating in 0.51 GHz.  相似文献   

4.
Summary A high frequency of “self-compatible” (“SC”) plants occurred in Andigena haploid—Phurejahybrids, ranging form 43–77% among five different families. Self seed sets ranged from 2–143 seeds/fruit with family means ranging from 45–118 seeds/fruit. All of the parental clones are self-incompatible. Successful use of pollen from several “SC”-plants in sib-matings suggests that germination and growth of such pollen would not be inhibited byS allele interactions in similar crosspollinations. Analysis ofS allele constitution using tester pollen on groups of SI and “SC” full sibs gave anomalous results. It has not been possible to explain on a simple scheme either this deviation from expectation or the occurrence of “self-compatibility” itself. A logical scheme to explain the occurrence of “SC”-plants must take into account pollen and ovule fertility and the ability to recognize clones which are quasi-compatible or parthenocarpic.
Zusammenfassung Von selbstvertr?glichen Nachkommen aus Kreuzungen zwischen selbstunvertr?glichen Eltern ist selten berichtet worden. Besonders h?ufig (43–77%) “selbstvertr?gliche” (“SC”) Pflanzen (Tabelle) k?men in den F1-Familien aus Kreuzungen zwischen der kultivierten diploiden ArtSolanum tuberosum-Gruppe Phureja (2n=24) und Haploiden (2n=24) derS. tuberosum-Gruppe Andigena (2n=48) vor. Der Samenansatz nach Selbstungen schwankte in kleinen Proben von 2 bis 143 Samen pro Beere mit einem Durchschnitt pro Familie von 45 bis 118 Samen pro Beere. Diese “Selbstvertr?glichkeit” wird im Hinblick auf Untersuchungen über die Vererbung der Selbstunvertr?glichkeit in diesen Hybriden und ihren Elternklonen beschrieben. Das Vorkommen und die H?ufigkeit von “SC”-Pflanzen ist eine Abweichung, die mit der bekannten Selbstunvertr?glichkeit der Elternklone schwer in Einklang zu bringen ist. Die Natur der “Selbstvertr?glichkeit” scheint eher mit einer Ver?nderung im Pollenverhalten verbunden zu sein als mit einer solchen des Griffels. Diese Schlussfolgerung basiert auf den Ergebnissen einer Diallel-Kreuzung (Abb. 1) von Einzelpflanzen aus einer Familie (US-W 6391), die zeigen, dass erstens drei von den sechs als Polleneltern ausgelesenen Geschwistern “selbstvertr?glich” waren, zweitens die drei “SC”-Pflanzen m?nnlich kreuzungsvertr?glich mit allen andern getesteten Geschwistern waren, und drittens sich die “SC”-Pflanzen, wenn als Mutterpflanze gebraucht, in entgegengesetztem Sinn in Kreuzungen mit ihren selbstunvertr?glichen Geschwistern verhielten. Deshalb wurde die Analyse derS-Allel-Konstitution der “SC”-Klone mittels einer Diallel-Kreuzung von zuf?llig ausgew?hlten Vollgeschwistern nicht versucht. M?nnliche Tester,S 1·3 undS 2·3, wurden auf Grund von Resultaten aus einer Diallel-Kreuzung, die selbstunvertr?gliche US-W 6360-Geschwister einschloss, gebildet. Da Pollen von 3 “SC”-Klonen auch in Geschwisterpaarungen nicht gehemmt war, wurde daraus geschlossen, dass Pollenkeimung und-Wachstum irgend einer der “SC”-Pflanzen durchS-Allel-Interaktionen in ?hnlichen Kreuzbest?ubungen nicht gehemmt würden. Es wurde erwartet, dass die einzelnen SI- und “SC”-Pflanzen aus einer Familie von US-W 6360-Geschwistern entweder mit dem einen oder dem andern der m?nnlichen Tester, aber nicht mit beiden vertr?glich sein würden. Paarungen der beiden Tester-Genotypen mit SI-Pflanzen zeitigten jedoch Ergebnisse, die vom erwarteten 1∶1-Verh?ltnis der alternativen Reaktionen (+/−:−+) abwichen, da einige Pflanzen mit beiden Testern vertr?glich waren (+/−) (Abb. 2). Das Verhalten aller getesteten “SC”-Pflanzen wich vom erwarteten 1∶1-Verh?ltnis (P =0,2) nicht in signifikanter Weise ab. Es war nicht m?glich, anhand eines einfachen Schemas weder das Vorkommen der abweichenden Pflanzen (+/+) in der SI-Gruppe, noch das Vorkommen der “Selbstvertr?glichkeit” selbst zu erkl?ren. Ein logisches Schema zur Erkl?rung des Vorkommens von “SC”-Pflanzen muss die Pollen- und Eifertilit?t sowie die F?higkeit berücksichtigen, quasi-vertr?gliche Klone oder solche mit parthenokarpischem Verhalten anzuerkennen.
Résumé Il a rarement été signalé que l’on obtenait une descendance auto-compatible à partir de croisements entre parents auto-incompatibles. Une haute fréquence de plantes “auto-compatibles” (“SC”) (Tableau), variant approximativement de 43 à 77%, appara?t dans les familles F1 provenant de croisements entre l’espèce cultivée diplo?deSolanum tuberosum, groupe Phureja (2n=24) et des haplo?des (2n=24) deS. tuberosum, groupe Andigena (2n=48). La quantité de semences par fruit chez de petits échantillons provenant d’autofécondation variait de 2 à 143 semences avec des moyennes par famille de 45 à 118. Cet “auto-compatibilité” est décrite en fonction des recherches sur l’hérédité de l’auto-incompatibilité dans ces hybrides et leurs clones parentaux. L’apparition et la fréquence de plantes “SC” sont difficiles à concilier avec l’auto-incompatibilité connue des clones parentaux. Cependant, la nature del’ “auto-compatibilité” semble être associée à un changement dans le compartement du pollen plut?t que dans celui du style. Cette conclusion est tirée de résultats d’un croisement dialléle (Fig. 1) de plantes individuelles d’une famille (US-W 6391), qui révèlent que 1. trois des six parents sélectionnés comme pollinisateurs sont “auto-compatibles”; 2. que ces trois plantes “SC” sont utilisables comme males avec tous les autres apparentés testés; et que 3. lorsqu’elles sont utilisées comme femelles, les plantes “SC” se comportent d’une manière contradictoire dans les croisements avec leurs parents auto-incompatibles. C’est pourquoi, l’analyse de la constitution de l’allèleS des clones “SC” au moyen de croisements diallèles de parents germains choisis au hasard n’a pas été tentéc. Les plantes-tests malesS 1·3 etS 2·3 ont été obtenues sur la base des résultats de croisements diallèles comprenant les apparentés auto-incompatibles US-W 6360. Puisque le pollen des 3 clones “SC” n’était pas davantage inhibé dans les croisements entre parents consanguins, on concluait que la germination et la croissance du pollen chez une quelconque plante “SC” ne seraient pas inhibées par les interactions de l’allèleS dans de semblables pollinisations croisées. On s’attendait à ce que les plantes individuelles SI et “SC” d’une famille de consanguins US-W 6360 seraient compatibles avec l’une ou l’autre des plantes-tests males, mais non avec les deux. Cependant, les combinaisons des deux génotypes-tests avec les plantes SI donnaient des résultats qui déviaient du rapport attendu 1∶1 des réponses alternatives (+/−:−/+), puisque certaines plantes étaient compatibles avec les deux plantes-tests (+/+) (Fig. 2). La réponse de toutes les plantes “SC” testées ne déviait pas significativement du rapport attendu 1∶1 (P=0,2). Il n’a pas été possible d’expliquer suivant un schéma simple, soit l’apparition de plantes se comportant anormalement (+/+) dans le groupe SI, soit l’apparition de l’ “auto-compatibilité” elle-même. Un schéma logique expliquant l’apparition des plantes “SC” doit prendre en considération la fertilité du pollen et de l’ovule, et la possibilité de reconna?tre les clones qui sont quasicompatibles ou parthénocarpiques.

The epithet,Solanum tuberosum, is used in the sense ofDodds, 1962.

Supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the Research Committee of the Graduate School from funds supplied by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.  相似文献   

5.
In our previous works, we had predicted cotton ring yarn properties from the fiber properties successfully by regression and ANN models. In this study both regression and artificial neural network has been applied for the prediction of the bursting strength and air permeability of single jersey knitted fabrics. Fiber properties measured by HVI instrument and yarn properties were selected as independent variables together with wales’ and courses’ number per square centimeter. Firstly conventional ring yarns were produced from six different types of cotton in four different yarn counts (Ne 20, Ne 25, Ne 30, and Ne 35) and three different twist multipliers (α e 3.8, α e 4.2, and α e 4.6). All the yarns were knitted by laboratory circular knitting machine. Regression and ANN models were developed to predict the fabric properties. It was found that all models can be used to predict the single jersey fabric properties successfully. However, ANN models exhibit higher predictive power than the regression models.  相似文献   

6.
The ever increasing amount of data gathered by more growers in more years offers possibilities to add value. Therefore—for interested parties and stakeholders—a common and controlled vocabulary of the potato domain that describes concepts, attributes, and the relations between them in a formal way using a standardised knowledge representation language is being developed: a potato ontology. The advantage is that all possible stakeholders will be able to understand the data expressed by this ontology and that software applications can process them automatically. It will also allow the application of advanced numerical techniques that may help to uncover previously unknown correlations. This version of the potato ontology aims at the domain of processing potatoes in a setting of mechanised potato production where growers have access to automated decision support systems and exchange data electronically. This paper describes the procedures to establish such an ontology where competency questions formulated by stakeholders and potential users take a central position. The potato ontology formally describes “Concepts” or “Classes”. The three main classes are those used in crop ecology: Crop, Environment and Management. Classes, e.g., biocides are a subclass of agro-chemicals, and in turn have a subclass Fungicides. The ontology also describes the “Properties” of classes, e.g., agrochemicals are produced synthetically in a factory; biocides are used to protect crops and fungicides to control fungi. The ontology also describes the “Attributes” (properties) of the concepts, e.g., all agrochemicals have attributes such as dose and time of application and mode of application. “Restrictions” may be that a particular chemical can only be applied with a certain type of equipment, or its application is restricted to a certain period or dose. The ontology also features “Instances” which are the individual data such as a particular herbicide treatment with values for field, time, dose, active ingredient, trademark, mode of application, which equipment operated by whom. The standardisation language used is the “Ontology Web Language”.  相似文献   

7.
Zusammenfassung In übertragungsversuchen mitMyzus persicae konnten die folgenden Isolate des M-Virus von Pflanzen der gegen das S-Virus immunen KartoffelsorteSaco aufSolanum demissum als Testpflanze übertragen werden: “leaf rolling mosaic”, “interveinal mosaic”, “Fortuna” und “D 1102”. Nicht übertragbar unter den gew?hlten Bedingungen (48–72 Std. Saugzeit) war das “Paracrinkle”-Isolat. Es stimmt hierin mit dem S-Virus aus demUS-S?mling 41956 überein. Die Bedeutung der übertragungsverh?ltnisse für die Klassifizierung der Kartoffelviren M und S sowie des serologisch verwandten, blattlausübertragbaren “carnation latent-Virus” wird diskutiert.
Summary In transmission experiments withMyzus persicae the following isolates of virus M were found to be transmittable toSolanum demissum test plants from potato plants of the varietySaco, which is immune to virus S: leaf rolling mosaic, interveinal mosaic, Fortuna and D 1102. The paracrinkle isolate was not transmittable under the conditions chosen (48–72 hours sucking time). In this respect it corresponds to the virus S from theU.S. Seedling 41956. The importance of transmission conditions for the classification of potato viruses M and S as well as of the serologically related and aphid-transmittable carnation latent virus is discussed.
Résumé Dans les essais de transmission parMyzus persicae, les isolés suivants du virus M, obtenus de la variété de pomme de terreSaco, immune au virus S, ont pu être transmis sur les plantes test deSolanum demissum: “leaf rolling mosaic”, “interveinal mosaic”, “Fortuna” et “D 1102”, L'isolé du “paracrinkle” n'était pas transmissible dans les conditions choisies (durée de pompage 48 à 72 heures). Sous ce rapport, il ressemble au virus S duUS-S?mling 41956. L'importance des conditions de transmission pour la classification des virus M et S de la pomme de terre ainsi que pour celle du “carnation latent-virus” sérologiquement apparenté et transmissible par le puceron est discutée.
  相似文献   

8.
Summary The kinetics of accumulation of chitinases, glucanases and phytoalexins were studied in two potato cultivars, differing in their degrees of vertical and horizontal resistance, when infected with two races ofPhytophthora infestans. Tuber disks of cvs Kennebec (susceptible, low horizontal resistance) and Huinkul (tolerant, high horizontal resistance) were infected with either race “0” (avirulent) or “C” (complex, race 1.3.5.7.11) ofPhytophthora infestans. Extracts of tuber tissue (0–7 days) from cv. Kennebec infected with race “0” showed a strong increase in phytoalexin production and in chitinase and glucanase activities when compared with those infected with race “C”. These results indicate that race “C” is able to block defensive reactions. No significant differences were observed in cv. Huinkul infected with both races. The contribution of these reactions to horizontal resistance is unknown, and our results would not support a conclusive role for them in the interaction.  相似文献   

9.
Increasing water scarcity has necessitated the development of irrigated rice systems that require less water than the traditional flooded rice. The cultivation of aerobic rice is an effort to save water in response to growing worldwide water scarcity with the pressure to reduce water use and increase water productivity. An accurate estimation of different water balance components at the aerobic rice fields is essential to achieve effective use of limited water supplies. Some field water balance components, such as percolation, capillary rise and evapotranspiration, can not be easily measured; therefore a soil water balance model is required to develop and to test water management strategies. This paper presents results of a study to quantify time varying water balance under a critical soil water tension based irrigation criteria for the cultivation of non-ponded “aerobic rice” fields along the lower parts of the Yellow River. Based on the analysis and integration of existing field information on the hydrologic processes in an aerobic rice field, this paper outlines the general components of the water balance using a conceptual model approach. The time varying water balance is then analyzed using the feedback relations among the hydrologic processes in a commercial dynamic modeling environment, Vensim. The model simulates various water balance components such as actual evapotranspiration, deep percolation, surface runoff, and capillary rise in the aerobic rice field on a daily basis. The model parameters are validated with the observed experimental field data from the Huibei Irrigation Experiment Station, Kaifeng, China. The validated model is used to analyze irrigation application soil water tension trigger under wet, dry and average climate conditions using daily time steps. The scenario analysis show that to conserve scarce water resources during the average climate years the irrigation scheduling criteria can be set as −30 kPa average root zone soil water tension; whereas it can be set at −70 kPa during the dry years, however, the associated yields may reduce. Compared with the flooded lowland rice and other upland crops, with these two alternatives irrigation event triggers, aerobic rice cultivation can lead to significant water savings.  相似文献   

10.
Summary Abnormal skin conditions in crops grown in Israel are described. Their incidence could neither be correlated with similar conditions in the seed nor with the use of imported or locally grown seed. Varietal differences in liability to develop such defects were established. The defects are considered to be due to environmental conditions, particularly moisture relations.
Zusammenfassung Beim Anbau in Israel kommen bei der SorteUp-to-Date im Frühjahrsanbau (als Hauptfrucht) oft Schalendefekte vor, welche den Grad von Bonit?tsfehlern erreichen k?nnen. Drei Type dieser Schalendefekte wurden mit den folgenden Worten bezeichnet: “Fishy Skin” (fischh?utig), “Turtle Back” (schildkr?tenhaft) und “Skin Cracking” (gesprenkelt) (Abb. 1, 2 und 3). Von demselben Ort stammende “Smooth” (glatte), “Fishy” und “Turtle Back” behaftete Knollen von heimischem Pflanzgut der SorteUp-to-Date wurden im M?rz 1961 ausgepflanzt; ihr Ertrag wurde gewogen und das Vorkommen von Schalendefekten registriert. Bei mehreren anderen Sorten wurden Z?hlungen vorgenommen, um N?heres über die Schalendefekte zu erfahren. Man kam zu folgenden Schlussfolgerungen: In bezug auf das Vorkommen von Schalendefekten wurde zwischen den Pflanzen, die von heimischem oder von importiertem Pflanzgut der SorteUp-to-Date gezogen waren, kein Unterschied gefunden (Tabelle 2); die in der Hauptsaison (M?rz–Juni) von “Smooth” d.h. glatten, mit “Fishy Skin” oder “Turtle Back” behafteten Pflanzknollen gezogenen Pflanzen zeigten in bezug auf den Ertrag oder das Vorkommen von Schalendefekten keine Unterschiede (Tabelle 1); bei der SorteUp-to-Date kommt “Skin Cracking” selten vor; durch die Pflanzung von nur “Smooth” d.h. glattschaligen Knollen aus importiertem oder heimischem Pflanzgut der SorteUp-to-Date wird das Vorkommen von Schalendefekten in der darauffolgenden Nachkommenschaft nicht ausgeschaltet; verschiedene Sorten zeigen eine verschiedene Neigung zur Entwicklung von Schalendefekten beim Anbau in Israel (Abb. 5 und 6); Schalendefekte kommen auf s?mtlichen Bodentypen und an sehr unter-schiedlichen Orten vor (Tabelle 3); es scheint, dass die Schalendefekte haupts?chlich auf die Wirkung der Umweltverh?ltnisse, insbesondere der Feuchtigkeitsfaktoren zurückzuführen sind.
Résumé Cultivée en Isra?l, la variétéUp-to-Date présente souvent à la récolte (principale) du printemps une rugosité de la peau si importante qu'elle constitute un défaut de qualité. Trois types de défauts de la peau ont re?u les dénominations suivantes: peau-de-poisson (“Fishy Skin”), dos-de-tortue (“Turtle Back”) et craquelure de la peau (“Skin Cracking”) (Fig. 1, 2 et 3). Des échantillons de tubercules lisses, à peau-de-poisson et dos-de-tortue cultivés à partir de plants locaux de la variétéUp-to-Date et provenant du même endroit furent plantés en mars 1961; la récolte obtenue fut triée selon le poids et l'incidence des défauts de la peau fut notée. La comptage fut effectué sur plusieurs variétés différentes afin d'obtenir plus de données sur les affections de la peau. Les conclusions furent les suivantes: il n'y avait aucune différence quant à l'incidence des défauts de la peau entre les récoltes obtenues de plants locaux d'Up-to-Date et celles de plants d'importation (Tableau 2); les cultures faites à partir de plants lisses, peau-de-poisson et dos-de-tortue pendant la saison principale (mars-juin) ne présentainent aucune différence quant au rendement ni aux défauts de la peau (Tableau 1). La variétéUp-to-Date est rarement sujette à la craquelure de la peau. Le fait de planter exclusivement des tubercules à peau lisse, de production locale ou d'importation, n'élimine pas les défauts de la peau dans la récolte suivante. Différentes variétés, lorsqu'elles sont cultivées en Isra?l, présentent des susceptibilités variables aux défauts de la peau (Fig. 5 et 6). Les défauts de la peau se manifestent sur les sols de tours types et en des endroits très différents (Tableau 3). Ils semblent ètre principalement dus à l'effet des conditions du milieu, surtout en ce qui concerne l'humidité.

Publication of the National and University Institute of Agriculture, Rehovot, Israel, 1962 Series, No. 460-E.

Formerly F.A.O. Plant Quarantine Expert.  相似文献   

11.
Coloration of textiles, traditionally achieved using natural dyes, commonly employs synthetic dyes at the industrial level. A revival of commercial interest in natural dyes has opened several research avenues. This paper investigates the application by padding of cotton fabric with 10 g/l of two natural dyes derived from the Acacia plant family. Three mordanting techniques were studied; of which post-mordanting produced the most even shade. Among the two mordants investigated, the use of copper sulfate resulted in a level beige shade at 15 g/l concentration while ferrous sulfate performed best at 5 g/l yielding a yellow-grey shade. An optimum process-sequence for the copper sulfate mordant was “pad (dye)→dry→steam followed by pad (mordant)→steam→dry”, and for ferrous sulfte it was “pad (dye)→steam→dry followed by pad (mordant)→steam→dry”. Typically a change in mordant resulted in a different shade with the same dye. The study concluded that padding is a readily adaptable process for the dyeing of cotton using natural dyes and acceptable fastness in shades can be obtained.  相似文献   

12.
Summary Potato paracrinkle virus and potato virus S share only a few antigenic groups and do not protect plants against one another. All plants from commercial stocks of the varietyKing Edward tested were virus-infected, some by potato paracrinkle virus alone, some by both viruses and one by potato virus S only. InfectedKing Edward plants are not symptomless as they were long thought to be; in comparison with plants of a virus-free clone, derived from an apical meristem, they are less vigorous, and their leaves are paler and more ruffled. The use of virus-freeArran Victory plants derived from apical meristems showed that severe paracrinkle symptoms can be caused by potato paracrinkle virus without potato virus S being present. Potato paracrinkle virus occurs in stocks ofKing Edward in strains of different virulence towardArran Victory. Some of these strains are transmitted byMyzus persicae. The name leaf-rolling mosaic is proposed for a group of serologically related viruses, divided into three sero-types.
Zusammenfassung Neuerdings fanden einige Forscher, dass Pflanzen der SorteKing Edward sowohl Kartoffelvirus S. wie auch “paracrinkle” Kartoffelvirus enthalten, von welchem es seit Jahren bekannt ist, dass es an diese Sorte verbunden ist. Ihre Beobachtungen deuten auf eine Gleichartigkeit der Infektion, die jedoch mit meinen Erfahrungen nicht übereinstimmt. Viele Knollen aus Partien von Konsumkartoffeln wurden getestet, wobei an einigen nur ein Befall von “paracrinkle” Kartoffelvirus, bei anderen der Befall von beiden Viren und an einer einzigen Knolle der Befall von Kartoffelvirus S allein beobachtet wurde. Das in 1956 angewandte Antiserum I (Kassanis, 1956) wurde aus einer von beiden Viren befallenen Kartoffelpflanze der SorteKing Edward hergestellt, was mir Anleitung zur Annahme gab, dass beide Viren nah verwandt sind. Seitdem hat es sich herausgestellt, dass diese 2 Viren einige antigene Gruppen gemeinsam besitzen. Die intabelle 1 angeführten Ergebnisse best?tigen diese nahe Verwandtschaft. Die Pr?zipitations-Titer der beiden Antiseren sind viel h?her, wenn sie mit homologen und nicht mit heterologen Viren getestet werden. InfiziertenKing Edward-Pflanzen sind nicht symptomenfrei, wie man lange angenommen hatte. Im Vergleich zu Pflanzen eines virusfreien Klons, das von einem apikalen Meristem stamt, sind sie weniger kr?ftig, die Bl?tter haben eine blassere F?rbung und sind runzlig. (abbildung 1). Die Anwendung von virusfreienArran Victory-Pflanzen, welche von apikalen Meristemen stammen, zeigte, dass sich infolge von paracrinkle Virus auch dann schwere paracrinkle-Symptome (schwere “blotchy mottle” und “crinkling”) zeigen k?nnen, wenn Kartoffelvirus S nicht vorhanden ist (abbildung 2). Die meisten St?mme des paracrinkle Virus, welche aus Partien von Konsumkartoffeln der SorteKing Edward isoliert wurden, zeigten den schweren Typ der Erkrankung, wobei einige jedoch beiArran Victory-Pflanzen auch mildere Symptome hervorriefen. Einige dieser milden St?mme zeigten “blotchy mottle” (abbildung 3), andere wieder der mildes “leaf rolling” (abbildung 4), ?hnlich den Symptomen des “leaf rolling mosaic” (Kartoffelvirus M), welches vonSchultz undFolsom (1923) beschrieben wurde. Die St?mme sind auch hinsichtlich ihrer übertragbarkeit durchMyzus persicae verschieden. Einige werden nicht übertragen, jene jedoch, die durch L?use übertragen werden, waren in allen 7 getesteten Konsumpartien der SorteKing Edward vorhanden. (tabelle 2). Da das heutige System der Nomenklatur keinen Unterschied zwischen den Graden der serologischen Verwandtschaft macht, habe ich für Viren, die nur einige ihrer Antigene gemeinsam haben, das Wort “sero-type” eingeführt, im Gegensatz zu den “St?mmen” (strains), die zur Bezeichnung solcher Viren dienen, welche die meisten ihrer Antigene gemeinsam besitzen. Ich habe auch die algemeine Benennung “potato leaf-rolling mosaic virus” eingeführt, welches die ?lteste der hier besprochenen Virusgruppen darstellt.
Résumé Récemment, plusieurs chercheurs ont découvert que les plantes de la variétéKing Edward contiennent aussi bien le virus S de la pomme de terre que le virus du “paracrinkle”, que l'on savait depuis bien des années associé à cette variété. Leurs observations portent à croire à une uniformité d'infection que contredit mon expérience. De nombreux tubercules prélevés de stocks commerciaux ont été examinés. Certains étaient infectés uniquement par le virus du “paracrinkle”, d'autres par les deux virus et un seul tubercule contenait uniquement le virus S de la pomme de terre. L'antisérum I utilisé en 1956 (Kassanis, 1956) était extrait d'une plante deKing Edward contenant l'un et l'autre virus, ce qui me fit conclure que les deux virus étaient étroitement apparentés. Depuis lors, il a été démontré que ces deux virus ont quelques groupes antigéniques en commun. Les résultats dutableau 1 confirment cette parenté éloignée. Les titres de précipitation des deux antisérums sont beaucoup plus grands dans les essais avec les virus homologues que dans les essais avec les virus hétérologues. Les plantes deKing Edward infectées ne sont pas exemptes de sympt?mes, comme on l'a longtemps cru. En comparaison des plantes d'un clone exempt de virus, dérivé d'un méristème terminal, elles sont moins vigoureuses et leurs feuilles sont plus pales et ridées. (figure 1). En employant des plantes d'Arran Victory exemptes de virus, dérivées de méristèmes terminaux, il a été constaté que des sympt?mes graves de paracrinkle (“blotchy mottle” et “crinkling” graves) peuvent être provoqués par le virus du paracrinkle en l'absence du virus S de la pomme de terre (figure 2). La plupart des souches du virus du paracrinkle de la pomme de terre isolées des stocks commerciaux deKing Edward étaient du type grave, mais quelques-unes aussi ne produisaient que de légers sympt?mes dans les plantes d'Arran Victory. Certaines souches faibles provoquaient le “blotchy mottle” (figure 3), d'autres un léger “leaf rolling” des feuilles (figure 4) ressemblant à celui qu'ont décritSchultz etFolsom (1923) au sujet du “leaf rolling mosaic” (virus M). Les souches du virus du paracrinkle de la pomme de terre sont également différentes en ce qui concerne leur transmission parMyzus persicae. Certaines ne sont pas transmises, mais celles qui sont transmises par les pucerons ont été retrouvées dans tous les 7 stocks commerciaux deKing Edward examinés (tableau 2). Comme le système de nomenclature actuel n'établit aucune distinction entre les différents degrés de parenté sérologique, j'ai introduit le terme “sero-type” pour les virus qui ont quelques-uns de leurs antigènes en commun, par opposition au terme de “souches” (strains) pour les virus ayant la plupart de leurs antigènes en commun. De plus, j'ai introduit le nom général de “potato leaf-rolling mosaic virus”, à cause de son ancienneté, pour le groupe de virus discuté ici.
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13.
Summary The changes in polypeptide profiles (2D-PAGE) occurring in the soluble and microsomal fractions of parenchymatic tissue of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers were studied during the last 30 d of maturation and during storage at 23°C and 3°C. The major changes were observed in the last period of tuber maturation, when several polypeptides disappeared and new ones appeared. At both 23°C and 3°C specific polypeptides disappeared in dormant tubers and new polypeptides appeared during storage. At 3°C specific changes in protein composition occurred, particularly in the microsomal fraction. The changes in polypeptide profiles are discussed in relation to the transition from “sink” to “source” of the tuber, the onset of dormancy and of sprouting ability and the activation of cold acclimation responses. The results are also discussed on the basis of the physiological and biochemical changes that occur in the parenchymatic tissue.  相似文献   

14.
The present study was conducted from a new and innovative view to analyze pressure performances of elastic compression hosieries (ECHs) based on a technical knitting and ergonomic design and development methodology. ECHs with pressure classes I and II have been designed and developed. Multiple influencing factors and their dynamic interaction involved in the working mechanisms of ECHs were analyzed and discussed in this study. Yarn properties, material combinations, knitting structural complex, and parameters setting of machinery elements determine the fabric elasticity, stiffness, hosiery configuration, pressure magnitudes and gradient distribution. A good agreement and significant correlation on pressure performances of the developed hosieries are present from positions B1 to D when being tested on the wooden leg model by using Medical stocking tester in vitro and on the studied subjects’ legs in vivo. A reasonable pressure gradient was presented on the leg model (i.e. 70–100 % pressure at B1 and 50–80 % at C compared with the pressure exerted at ankle B), which supported the technical knitting design methodology applied in this study. However, some differences at ankle region B existed between the in vivo and in vitro values due to differences of anatomic structures that existed on the tested ankle areas. The location of testing points and body postures being undertaken by the wearers also significantly influenced the pressure profiles in vivo. More stretch deformations in hosiery fabric are produced, as assessed by static stiffness index evaluation, at the ankle when the body posture changes from standing to supine. The developed ECHs with pressure classes I and II received positive feedback on pressure and comfort perceptions on testing spot. More explorations are needed to elevate the consistency of the in vitro and in vivo pressure values at ankle region and to investigate their long-term pressure performances in practical wear through innovative knitting technical design with considerations of ergonomic factors and conducting larger scale of wear trials in future studies.  相似文献   

15.
A Numerically Controlled Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) System was developed for the production of spinnerets that can be used to manufacture profiled multi-channeled hollow fibers with noncircular cross-section full of 16/17 holes of circular shapes. Four spinnerets of different slit shape were made, and four hollow fibers were produced accordingly. The first trial with I-type slit failed due to the adhesion between melt polymer jets when they were extruded from the spinneret and also the melts didn’t spread well. In the second trial, fibers were obtained from a spinneret with both “C” and “I” slits. Again it failed to produce results expected, as the 4 holes in the center of a fiber appeared to be larger than the other 12 holes. The third trial that produced fibers from a spinneret with “C” slit was a success. They were fibers with 15 holes of almost the same size. This technique was then adopted for mass production. This time silver electrode was used as copper electrode couldn’t achieve the goal. In the mass production, profiled hollow fibers were obtained with 17 holes of similar dimensions, uniformly distributed in the cross-section. Porosity of the fibers reached 20.2 %. It is now clear that this technique is useful for manufacturing highly porous profiled fibers with specially designed features.  相似文献   

16.
Laminated or coated fabrics are technical textile products and are defined as materials composed of two or more layers; at least one of them is a textile fabric and one or more polymer film. The presence of film layer changes all fabric’s properties and behaviour during its deformation. The goal of this research is to propose a new method for evaluation the influence of structural stability of coated fabrics and laminates on their shear stiffness. Seven commercial coated fabrics and laminates with woven or knitted base layer are used in this test. The shear behaviors of coated and laminated fabrics are analyzed during the uniaxial tension of parallelepiped shape specimens whose top and bottom edges are cut with pitch of 16 degrees. The extension test of such type specimens is carried out using a Zwick tension machine. The behaviour of the coated fabrics and laminates during shearing are evaluated from strain-stress curves and the results are presented.  相似文献   

17.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fibers were melt-spun to prepare mono and multifilament yarns. To find optimum spinning and drawing conditions, various parameters such as spinning temperature, spinneret diameter, drawing temperature, and drawing ratio were examined. From the observation of the spinnability under various conditions, we found that the optimum conditions were as following: the extrusion temperature and die temperature were 175–180°C and 185–190°C, and the drawing temperature and drawing ratio were 85–95°C and 3.4, respectively. Under these conditions, the spinneret diameter could be reduced to the minimum value, 0.5 mm. Spun PVC filament yarns were subjected to the different yarn texturing process of stuffing box and pin false-twist method. The PVC yarn fabric was prepared by the knitting of textured yarns. Finally, the anion-emission and antibiotic properties of the knitted PVC fabrics were precisely evaluated.  相似文献   

18.
Summary Potato Research started as the “European Potato Journal”, the official journal of the European Association for Potato Research, in 1958, was re-named “Potato Research” in 1970 (Volume 13) and has published mainly original scientific contributions in 39 volumes. The authorship has become increasingly international and currently writes predominantly in English, although papers are also offered in German or French. Topics covered have seen clear changes over volumes, mainly reflecting trends and break-throughs in (potato) science.  相似文献   

19.
This study explored the DNA protective (anti-mutagenic) effects of an oral, liquid, multi-phytonutrient dietary supplement containing a proprietary blend of fruits, vegetables and aloe vera concentrated components in addition to a proprietary catechin complex from green tea (VIBE Cardiac & Life, Eniva Nutraceuticals, Anoka, MN; herein described as “VIBE”). This study tested the hypothesis that VIBE would reduce DNA damage in skin cells exposed to UVR. Human epidermal cells, from the cell line A431NS, were treated with 0% (control), 0.125%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% VIBE, and then exposed to 240 J/m2 UVR. The amount of DNA damage was assessed using the COMET assay. At each concentration tested, a significantly smaller amount of DNA damage was measured by the COMET assay for the VIBE treated cells compared to the control cells exposed to UVR without VIBE. The dose response curves showed a maximal response at 0.5% VIBE with a threefold reduction in COMET tail density compared to the control samples without VIBE (p < 0.001). Additional research is warranted in human clinical trials to further explore the results of this study which demonstrated the DNA protective and anti-mutagenic effects of VIBE for human skin cells exposed to UVR-induced DNA damage.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study is to offer acoustical database of warp knitted fabrics by investigating frictional sound properties and physiological responses according to structural parameters such as construction, lap form, and direction of mutual guide bar movement. Fabric sounds of seven warp knitted fabrics are recorded, and Zwicker’s psychoacoustic parameters — loudness(Z), sharpness(Z), roughness(Z), and fluctuation strength(Z) — are calculated. Also, physiological responses evoked by frictional sounds of warp knitted fabrics are measured such as electroencephalogram (EEG), the ratio of high frequency to low frequency (HF/LF), respiration rate (RESP), skin conductance level (SCL), and photoplethysmograph (PPG). In case of constructions, frictional sound of sharkskin having higher loudness(Z) and fluctuation strength(Z) increases RESP. By lap form, open lap has louder and larger fluctuating sound than closed lap, but there aren’t significant difference of physiological responses between open lap and closed lap. In direction of mutual guide bar movement, parallel direction evokes bigger changes of beta wave than counter direction because of its loud, rough, and fluctuating sound. Fluctuation strength(Z) and roughness(Z) are defined as important factors for predicting physiological responses in construction and mutual guide bar movement, respectively.  相似文献   

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