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1.
第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+, and NO3-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO3, CaSO4, MgCO3, Ca(H2PO4)2, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH4+, and NO3- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO4, and Ca(H2PO4)2 scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+; the application of MgCO3 stimulated the leaching of Mg2+; the application of CaCO3 promoted the leaching of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K+ and NH4+, and NO3- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+, and NO3- was all increased and NO3- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase. 相似文献
2.
灌溉对哈萨克斯坦南部农业富镁土壤的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Irrational irrigation practices in the Arys Turkestan Canal command area in the southern part of Kazakhstan have led to the formation of soils with poor physical and chemical properties. To study whether irrigation and leaching practices and/or groundwater rise have contributed to the accumulation of Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex of these soils, historical changes in soil and groundwater quality were used as source data and the Visual MINTEQ model was applied to analyze the chemical composition of water and soils in the study area. The imposed irrigation regime and the leaching of light sierosem soils led to the dissolution and subsequent leaching of inherent gypsum and organic matter from the soil profile. Further, the domination of bicarbonate in the irrigation water promoted weathering of the carbonate minerals present as calcite. The higher concentrations of Mg2+ in comparison to Ca2+ in the irrigation water resulted in the replacement of Na+ by Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex. In the lower part of the command area, shallow groundwater has contributed to the accumulation of Na+ and to a large extent of Mg2+ on the cation exchange sites. 相似文献
3.
LONG Xiao-Hu HUANG Zeng-Rong HUANG Yu-Ling KANG Jian ZHANG Zhen-Hu LIU Zhao-Pu 《土壤圈》2010,20(4):515-524
To explore genetic variability for two Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) cultivars, N1 (the sixth-generation cultivated with 75% seawater irrigation for six years) and N7 (a general variety), a experiment was conducted to study the changes in physiological attributes under different concentrations (0%, 10% and 25% of seawater concentration in greenhouse and 0%, 30% and 50% of seawater concentration in the field) of seawater salinity stress. In the greenhouse experiment, decreases of dry growth rate, but increases of dry matter percentage and membrane injury occurred in both the genotypes at 10% and 25% seawater treatments, although lesser cell membrane damage was observed in N1 than N7. N1 accumulated greater contents of Na+, Cl-, soluble sugar and proline in leaves compared with N7. In the field experiment, the yields of shoot, root and tuber, and the contents of total-sugar and inulin in tubers of N1 were higher than those of N7. Lesser degree of salt injury in N1 indicated that the relatively salt-tolerant cultivar had higher K+/Na+ ratio, lower Na+/Ca2+ ratio, and the salt-induced enhancement of osmotic adjustment. 相似文献
4.
A glasshouse experiment using a rhizobox technique was conducted to examine salt dynamics in the rhizosphere of a salt-tolerant grass, Puccinellia ciliata Bor. ‘Irwin Hunter', grown in a loamy soil, and to study the effect of rainfall flush on salt accumulation in the rhizosphere. The rhizobox (10 × 5.5 × 50 cm) had a nylon mesh (1 μm) positioned vertically in the middle to create two compartments filled with soil amended with 1 g NaCl kg-1. The plants were grown in one compartment only. Flushed treatments received 275 mL of deionized water two days before harvest. In the plant-growing compartment, soils were sectioned vertically at 5 cm intervals. Significant differences in soil electrical conductivity (EC) (P < 0.05) and pH (P < 0.05) were observed for depths, but not between flushed and non-flushed treatments. In the no-plant compartment (rhizosphere), soil cores were taken horizontally at depths of 5, 20 and 40 cm and sliced at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 mm away from the roots. Soil EC and Cl- concentration at the 5 and 20 cm depths, and Na+ concentration at the 5 cm depth significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with the distance away from the root, but no significant differences were observed in soil pH and concentrations of the K+ and Ca2+. The flush treatment only had significant influence on soil EC, pH, and Cl- concentration at the 20 cm depth. Thus, salt accumulation could occur in the rhizosphere of salt-tolerant species on saline soils, and the periodic low rainfall might not have a strong influence on salt distribution in the rhizosphere and/or root zone. 相似文献
5.
硝态氮促进水稻生长和氮素吸收的生理机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Rice is being increasingly cultivated in intermittently irrigated regious and also in aerobic soil in which Nitrate (NO3-) plays important role in nutrition of plant. However, there is no information regarding the influence of nitrate on the overall growth and uptake of nitrogen (N) in rice plant. Solution culture experiments were carried out to study the effects of NO3- on the plant growth, uptake of N, and uptake kinetics of NH4+ in four typical rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (conveutioual indica, conventional japonica, hybrid indica, and hybrid japonica), and on plasma membrane potential in roots of two conventional rice cultivars (indica and japonica) at the seedling stage. The results obtained indicated that a ratio of 50/50 NH4+-N/NO3--N increased the average biomass of rice shoots and roots by 20% when compared with that of 100/0 NH4+-N/NO3--N. In case of the 50/50 ratio, as compared with the 100/0 ratio, total N accumulated in shoots and roots of rice increased on an average by 42% and 57%, respectively. Conventional indica responds to NO3- more than any other cultivars that were tested. The NO3- supply increased the maximum uptake rate (Vmax) of NH4+ by rice but did not show any effect on the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) value, with the average value of Vmax for NH4+ among the four cultivars being increased by 31.5% in comparison with those in the absence of NO3-. This suggested that NO3- significantly increased the numbers of the ammonium transporters. However, the lack of effect on the Km value also suggested that the presence of NO3- had no effect on the affinity of the transporters for NH4+. The plasma membrane potential in the roots of conventional indica and japonica were greatly increased by the addition of NO3-, suggesting that NO3- could improve the uptake of N by roots of the rice plant. In conclusion, the mechanisms by which NO3- enhances the growth and N uptake of rice plant was found by the increased value of Vmax of NH4+ and increased plasma membrane potential. Thus promotion of nitrification in paddy soil is of great significance for improving the production of rice. 相似文献
6.
KCl, CaCl2, NH4Cl, NaCl, K2SO4 and KF solutions were used for studying the effects of cations and anions on the dissolution of aluminum and the distribution of aluminum forms respectively. Power of exchanging and releasing aluminum of four kinds of cations was in the decreasing order Ca2+ >K+ >NH4+ >Na+. The dissolution of aluminum increased with the cation concentration. The adsorption affinity of various soils for aluminum was different. The aluminum in the soil with a stronger adsorption affinity was difficult to be exchanged and released by cations. The Al-F complexes were main species of inorganic aluminum at a low concentration of cations, while Al3+ became major species of inorganic aluminum at a high concentration of cations. The results on the effect of anions indicated that the concentrations of total aluminum, three kinds of inorganic aluminum (Al3+, Al-F and Al-OH complexes) and organic aluminum complexes (Al-OM) when SO42- was added into soil suspension were lower than those when Cl- was added. The dissolution of aluminum from soils and the distribution of aluminum forms in solution were affected by the adsorption of F- on the soil. For soils with strong affinity for F-, the concentrations of the three inorganic aluminum species in soil solution after addition of F- were lower than those after addition of Cl-; but for soils with weak affinity for F-, the concentrations of Al3+ and Al-OM were lower and the concentrations of Al-F complexes and total inorganic aluminum after addition of F- were higher than those after addition of Cl-. The increase of F- concentration in soil solution accelerated the dissolution of aluminum from soils. 相似文献
7.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer in inhibiting the copper toxicity to maize(Zea mays L.) in neutral purple soil. Results indicated that the growth of the shoot and roots of maize plant was obviously reduced by copper and the height and biomass were significantly negatively correlated to the application levels of copper (r = -0.899**~-0.994**) at no P and low P (100 mg kg-1). However, the maize biomass was relatively increased and the high Cu (100 and 200 mg kg-1) induced toxicity of maize was greatly alleviated in all treatments with medium P (300 mg kg-1 ) and high P (500 mg kg-1). To maintain the normal growth of maize plant (≥3.68 g pot-1), the critical application rates of phosphorus fertilizer should be 160, 210, 300 and 500 mg P kg-1 at 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg Cu kg-1 levels of the soil, respectively. The increases in polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities in maize leaf and dehydrogenase activity in roots by phosphorus fertilizer were in the order of medium P>high P>low P>no P. Activities of polyphenol oxidase and catalase were significantly positively correlated to the application levels of copper (r =0.892**~0.924**), whereas that of dehydrogenase was just reverse (r = -0.966**) at no P. Medium and high P repressed the influence of copper on activities of three enzymes. Phosphorus fertilizer reduced the copper concentrations of maize roots and leaf and the change ranges of the P/Cu ratio of maize roots and the P/Cu, N/Cu and K/Cu ratios of maize leaf. The three ratios of maize leaf were 256**71.5, 2643**839 and 1133**440 at normal growth of maize plant, respectively. Soil available Cu could be markedly cut down by application of phosphorus fertilizer, especiallly at high phosphorus level. 相似文献
8.
Pb-Zn交互作用对红壤微生物生物量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lead and zinc applied alone or in various combinations on the size of microbial biomass in a red soil. Treatments included the application of lead at six different levels i. e., 0 (background), 100, 200, 300, 450 and 600 g g-1 soil along with each of the four levels of zinc (0, 50, 150 or 250 g g-1 soil). Application of lead or zinc alone to soil significantly (P < 0. 001) affected the soil microbial biomass. The microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), biomass nitrogen (Nmic) and biomass phosphorus (Pmic) decreased sharply in soils contaminated with lead or zinc. Combined application of lead and zinc resulted in a greater biocidal effect on soil microbial biomass, which was significantly higher (P < 0. 001) than that when either lead or zinc was applied alone. Consistent increase in the biomass C: N and decline in the biomass C:P ratios were also observed with the increased metal (Pb and Zn) toxicity in the soil. 相似文献
9.
不同的水稻品种产量及生理氮素利用效率的差异 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Efficient use of N in agricultural practice can increase yield, decrease production costs and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Effects of N fertilizer application rates on grain yield and physiological N use efficiency (PE) in relation to the accumulation and redistribution of biomass and N in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were studied at two experimental farms of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China in 2004. Three high N use efficiency (NUE) rice cultivars (Wuyunjing 7, Nanguang and 4007) and one low NUE rice cultivar (Elio) with similar growth patterns were studied under seven N rates (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 kg ha-1). Grain yield increased with the N application rate and attained plateau at 180 kg N ha-1 for rice cultivars at each site. Increasing N rate decreased PE for biomass and grain yield. Grain yield and PE of Elio were about 20% and 18% lower than those of high NUE cultivars. Differences in biomass, N accumulation and N redistribution were observed at the post-heading stage among rice cultivars with differing NUEs. The less reproductive tillers of Elio resulted in less demand for C and N during grain filling, thus leading to lower PE of Elio compared with the high NUE rice cultivars. 相似文献
10.
不同N水平紫色土上不同水稻品种吸收N、K的动力学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen and potassium uptake by four rice cultivars. Results showed that the quadratic parabola relationship between biomass of rice and nitrogen levels was observed, with the maximum biomass at the nitrogen level of 150 mg kg-1. The rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake by the four rice cultivars depended on growth stage and rice cultivar with the maximum rate of N in Shanyou-63 and maximum rate of K in Kaiyou-5 (hybrid rice), respectively. The kinetics of nitrogen and potasssium uptake by rice plant could be quantitatively described by the following equations: y = a + blogt, y = ab + t1/2 and y = ae-bt. The b value in the equations was correlated significantly to the rates of nitrogen and potassium uptake (NR and KR, r = 0.901**~0.990**), suggesting that the b value could be used to distinguish the index of nitrogen and potassium uptake capacity of rice. The maximum values of nitrogen uptake by plant (b value) and apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen were observed in Shanyou-63, and the minimum value in Eryou-6078. However, the capacity of potassium uptake (b value) by Kaiyou-5 ranked first and that by Shanyou-63 second. There was a significant linear relationship between nitrogen level and nitrogen uptake by rice, but a quadratic parabola relationship was found between nitrogen level and patassium uptake by rice. The application of nitrogen fertilizer decreased the ratios of potassium to nitrogen uptake by rice plant. The greatest reduction in the ratio was observed at high nitrogen level, and the least reduction was found in Kaiyou-5 and Shanyou-63 due to their greater ability to absorb potassium. 相似文献
11.
不同植被覆盖对养分在土壤水稳性团聚体中分布特征的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
研究了重庆缙云山不同植被覆盖下土壤结构的稳定性,以及土壤有机碳和养分在水稳性团聚体中的分布特征.结果表明:不同植被覆盖对土壤水稳性团聚体的分布和土壤结构稳定性有显著影响.竹林土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量以及土壤结构的稳定性显著低于马尾松林和草地土壤.植被覆盖对养分在土壤水稳性团聚体中的分布模式没有显著影响,在>2mm水稳性团聚体和<0.053 mm粒级的粉砂与粘粒组分中,有机碳、全氮、全磷以及交换性K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的浓度最高;地表植被覆盖的变化对有机碳、全氮、全磷和交换性盐基离子在各粒级水稳性团聚体中的含量产生显著影响,草地和竹林土壤有机碳和全氮显著高于马尾松林土壤,主要表现在0.25-0.053 mm粒级水稳性团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,草地和竹林土壤显著高于马尾松林土壤;而草地土壤>2 mm水稳性团聚体和<0.053 mm粒级的粉砂与粘粒组分中的磷显著高于马尾松林和草地土壤.不同植被覆盖下土壤水稳性团聚体中交换性盐基离子均以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,占交换性盐基总量(Total exchangeable bases TEB)的91.8%～92.9%.草地土壤各个粒级的TEB都要大于其他两种植被覆盖下的土壤. 相似文献
12.
铅污染对高羊茅生长、无机离子分布和铅积累量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在水培条件下,用浓度为0、500、1000和1500 mg/L 的Pb2+〔Pb(NO3)2〕处理高羊茅植株(Festuca arundinacea),研究铅污染对高羊茅植株生长的影响,NO3-、K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量和Pb2+积累量的变化情况。结果表明,与对照相比,Pb2+胁迫下的高羊茅植株鲜重、干重、含水量和根系活力都下降,质膜透性呈上升趋势,MDA含量先略下降后升高;Pb2+胁迫下根和叶的NO3-、K+和Ca2+含量均低于对照,而根的Na+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量相比对照呈先上升后下降趋势,叶片的Na+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量则变化不大;与对照相比,根和叶的Pb2+含量、根Pb2+积累量急剧上升,叶和单株Pb2+积累量则先急剧上升后略下降;在浓度为1000 mg/L Pb2+处理下,Pb2+积累率为55.74%。因此,高羊茅经Pb2+处理后,Pb2+在植株体内积累,引起根系活力下降,导致植株失水,氮素营养不足,细胞膜脂质过氧化作用加剧,干扰无机离子稳态等一系列伤害,这些伤害作用使植株生长受抑制,且这种抑制作用随着铅处理浓度的增加而加重。从植物修复的观点来说,对Pb污染的土壤,高羊茅是一种具有较大修复潜力的草坪草。 相似文献
13.
不同浓度钙营养液对烟草矿质营养吸收与积累的影响 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
本文采用温室水培的方法,研究了不同的钙素供应水平对烟草各种矿质养分的吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,在其它养分形态与浓度一致条件下,随着钙浓度从75mgL-1提高到900mgL-1,烟草生长量呈抛物线型变化。钙浓度为150mgL-1时烟株干物质量最大。超过150mgL-1,随钙的增加而下降,当钙素达900mgL-1(K/Ca为1/6)时,烟株生长严重受抑。随着供钙水平由低到高,烟株氮、磷、钾、锌、锰含量均呈抛物线型变化,含钙量呈直线上升关系,而镁和铜含量则随钙浓度提高而显著下降。烟株各养分积累量均随营养液钙浓度提高呈抛物线型变化,但不同养分出现最大积累量时的营养液钙浓度却不相同。不同供钙水平上烟叶中各元素含量的变化特征与全株的结果基本一致。在低钙浓度范围(75~300mgL-1),钙对钾有协合关系,增钙促进提钾,大于300mgL-1后有拮抗作用,提钙导致降钾。钙与镁、锌、铜、锰间也存在明显的交互作用。烟叶中各元素含量与积累量的变化趋势与整株基本一致。 相似文献
14.
洞穴水Ca2+,Mg2+含量特征及其对次生化学沉积物发育影响--以重庆武隆芙蓉洞为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
洞穴水Ca^2＋，Mg^2＋含量及其变化量是洞穴次生化学沉积物发育程度的最直接和最基础的反演载体。通过对芙蓉洞地表水、基岩水及洞穴水进行采样对比分析认为：（1）芙蓉洞洞穴水Ca^2＋，Mg^2＋含量总体变化不大，Ca^2＋离子含量为44～52mg／L．Mg^2＋离子含量为32～45mg／L。洞穴次生化学沉积物的主要物质来源是Ca^2＋离子．正处于Ca^2＋离子沉淀较为完全，而Mg^2＋离子还没来得及甚至没有开始沉淀阶段。（2）碳酸盐岩地区次生化学沉积物Ca^2＋／Mg^2＋比值在一定程度上反映了其景观发育成熟度。不同岩溶地区的岩石渗透性在很大程度上影响岩溶洞穴次生化学沉积物的发育程度及速率。（3）洞穴水Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋离子含量与洞穴次生化学沉积物发育特征关系不大。（4）10年来，芙蓉洞洞穴水Ca^2＋离子含量变化，在很大程度上影响次生化学沉积物发育度。和Mg^2＋离子关系不大。外界能量输入引起的温度升高对次生化学沉积物发育程度影响较小，而pH值的改变对它影响较明显。 相似文献
15.
Tom Navrátil James B. Shanley Petr Skřivan Pavel Krám Martin Mihaljevič Petr Drahota 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,186(1-4):149-165
Mn biogeochemistry was studied from 1994 to 2003 in a small forested catchment in the central Czech Republic using the watershed mass balance approach together with measurements of internal stores and fluxes. Mn inputs in bulk deposition were relatively constant during a period of sharply decreasing acidic deposition, suggesting that the Mn source was terrestrial, and not from fossil fuel combustion. Mn inputs in bulk deposition and Mn supplied by weathering each averaged 13 mg m?2 year?1 (26 mg m?2 year?1 total input), whereas Mn export in streamwater and groundwater averaged 43 mg m?2 year?1. Thus an additional Mn source is needed to account for 17 mg m?2 year?1. Internal fluxes and pools of Mn were significantly greater than annual inputs and outputs. Throughfall Mn flux was 70 mg m?2 year?1, litterfall Mn flux was 103 mg m?2 year?1, and Mn net uptake by vegetation was 62 mg m?2 year?1. Large pools of labile or potentially labile Mn were present in biomass and surficial soil horizons. Small leakages from these large pools likely supply the additional Mn needed to close the watershed mass balance. This leakage may reflect an adjustment of the ecosystem to recent changes in atmospheric acidity. 相似文献
16.
硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用幼苗水培实验,研究外源硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长过程中吸收某些矿质元素的影响。对植株地上部和地下部各元素的分析表明,盐胁迫条件下,外源硅有效调节了黄瓜根系对Na+、Ca2+、K+的吸收以及向地上部的转运。适量的硅降低了黄瓜根系从介质中吸收Na+量,并减少其向地上部的运输,而增加了植株体对K+、Ca2+的吸收和转运量,有效缓解了Na+对黄瓜植株体造成的盐胁迫伤害,保证了黄瓜幼苗的正常生长。在相同的处理条件下,盐分敏感品种的Na+在根系和地上部累积量都要比耐盐品种高,而K+的积累量却正好相反,这可能是耐盐品种减轻盐害的主要方式。对其它营养元素的研究表明,施硅抑制了对N素的吸收,对P素的吸收则影响不大。 相似文献
17.
以贡嘎山海拔2 900～3 100 m的暗针叶林生态系统为研究对象,分析了大气降水在穿透雨、树干径流、苔藓、土壤和地下水各个过程中干湿季和年际间离子含量变化特点.结果表明:(1)树干径流和穿透雨pH值小于降水,苔藓层可以有效的吸附酸性物质,土壤层酸性较强,森林区河流可以有效的缓解酸性物质;(2)森林区阴离子含量最高的是HCO_3~-,阳离子含量最高的是Ca~(2+),离子含量在干湿季的大小顺序不同.降水经过林冠后,除Na~+外,离子含量值均呈现出明显的增大趋势,苔藓层对于K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)有较强的吸附能力,土壤对于HCO_3~-的吸附能力较强;(3)苔藓、土壤和林区河流的N/P值均大于16,地表植被的限制因子是P;N、P在大气降水、穿透雨、树干径流、苔藓、土壤、地表水中的变化曲线相似,苔藓层N、P含量较高. 相似文献
18.
The contributions of cation exchange and mineral weathering to the neutralization of acidity in the Jingahata watershed in central Japan were estimated through a laboratory weathering experiment and runoff chemistry measurements. The laboratory experiment was conducted in a stirred-flow reactor for a whole soil sample collected from the C horizon in the watershed. The concentration ratios of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+) to Si (BC/Si) released during the steady-state stage of the laboratory experiment were in good agreement with the ratios of the net flux of base cations to the flux of Si in the streamwater (BC N ET/Si L).This result suggests that the acidity in the watershed is neutralized primarily by mineral weathering without causing a net loss of base cations from exchange sites. The alkalinity/acidity balance estimated for the watershed shows that the total weathering rate of base cations is approximately 3.26 keq ha?1 yr?1. Weathering of plagioclase (An41) contributes 83% of the total weathering rate. The dominant acidity source is CO2 released within the soil horizons, accounting for roughly 85% of the total acidity flux (3.20 keq ha?1 yr?1). This high internal production of acidity suppresses the relative importance of atmospheric acidity inputs (0.3 keq ha?1 yr?1). 相似文献
19.
Site conditions such as parent material, soils, but also vegetation cover and elevation explain the varying snowmelt streamwater chemistry in the Black Forest. The results are derived from multiple statistical analysis of a regional survey of 104 small mountain streams in the first phase of snowmelt in spring 1984. Cluster analysis classifies the snowmelt streams into three groups which are clearly linked to bedrock geology. Factor analysis finds podsolization, weathering and mineralization processes in the soils of the catchments to have most impact even under snowmelt conditions. There is no evidence that acidic atmospheric deposition directly affects the acidity of the investigated streams. However, the deposition rates are low compared to certain other regions in Central Europe. In areas with podsolic soils the organic soil layer plays a key role in the acidity and mobilization of Al and heavy metals. This is shown in the high correlations between pH, DOC, UV-extinction, color and metal concentrations. Because the concentrations of DOC are low (<10 mg.L?1) and an anion deficit cannot be found, it is assumed that water acidity is not caused by dissolved humic acids, but by cations exchanged in the organic layer of acidic soils. Streamwater chemistry in areas with brown earth soil types is mainly affected by leaching of basic cations in the mineral soil horizons and mineral weathering. 相似文献
20.
J. Fichter E. Dambrine M.-P. Turpault J. Ranger 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,104(1-2):125-148
In spruce and beech stands, mineral budgets for a rotation period were calculated from measured element fluxes. The release of base cations by mineral weathering was calculated with the steady state soil chemistry model PROFILE. The calcium release rate by weathering of the mineral fine earth was extremely low. For the period of one rotation, mineral weathering cannot provide enough Ca to compensate timber harvesting and leaching. Forest sustainability depends strongly on the amounts of Ca gained from deposition and lost by biomass removal. Magnesium was supplied by atmospheric deposition and mineral weathering. Calculated weathering rates were close to present soil losses. However, as the model assumes that all dissolution reactions are congruent, the computed release rate of Mg from illite might be too high. Main inputs of K to the soil solutions were primarily attributed to canopy leaching and litterfall in upper horizons and to mineral weathering in deeper horizons. The cation budget of the beech stand was much more equilibrated than that of the spruce stand. Given possible changes in silviculture and deposition chemistry, the sustainability of the present stands is rather improbable with respect to their mineral supply. 相似文献