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1.
N. C. B. PETERS 《Weed Research》1991,31(2):107-116
Studies were made of seedling emergence of three phenotypes of Avena fatua L. with dif ferent coloured lemmas (fA, fB, fC) originally collected from one site. Each phenotype was grown under the same conditions in 1975 and the resulting seed buried 25 mm deep in soil im mediately after collection. The soil was either left uncultivated (all phenotypes) or cultivated monthly (phenotype fA only). Seedling emergence was assessed weekly and the number of remaining viable seeds was determined at the end of three years. Seeds of different lines of A. fatua (fA phenotypes) obtained from separate locations were grown under the same conditions in 1983, buried and seedling emergence moni tored for 85 months. Without cultivation, overall emergence (mean of three phenotypes) in successive autumns and springs was 9%, 18%, 9%, 33%, < 1%, 14% and <1%. A further 3% of viable seeds were recovered at the end of the experiment. Periodicity of emergence was the same for all phenotypes. Actual numbers of seedlings emerging in each of the periods varied between phenotypes. Total emergence of seed from the inner zone of panicles was significantly less than that from the outer zone, although there was little difference between the two zones in each of the natural emergence periods. Cultivation increased emergence, particularly from secondary seed in the first spring after burial, but did not changes its periodicity. By the second spring seed numbers had declined, and seedling counts were similar from cultivated and non-cultivated soil. No viable seed remained in the cultivated soil after three years. Emergence from the two lines of fA was very different. Seedling emergence occurred after hot dry con ditions, or in warm periods immediately after periods of chilling, particularly those below 4°C. 相似文献
2.
Freshly harvested seeds of Poa annua L. collected in south Louisiana were stored in moist soil at seven temperatures between 5°C and 35°C. At monthly intervals, seed lots were removed and germinated at each of the seven temperatures. Seed were dormant for at least 1 month at all test temperatures. Seeds stored for 2 months at 30 and 35°C showed conditional dormancy; there was 100% germination at 10 or 15°C, and poorer germination at 5 or 20°C. Seeds started to lose viability after 2 months at 35°C and were dead after 7 months. In seeds stored at 10–30°C, there were increased percentages and a wider range of germination temperatures as storage time or storage temperatures increased. Seeds stored at 10°C remained dormant for 9 months, but by 12 months of storage the seeds germinated only at 5 or 10°C. Nearly all seeds stored at the same temperatures in air dry soil remained dormant for 6 months, regardless of storage temperature. These results differ from other reports of low temperatures breaking seed dormancy in Poa annua L. and suggest an adaptation to subtropical climates. 相似文献
3.
N.C.B. PETERS 《Weed Research》1985,25(1):67-77
A study was made of the caryopsis weights of Avena fatua grown in the field and in pots and of the competitive ability of A. fatua from heavy seed (≥18 mg) and light reed (≤11 mg) grown at a depth of either 25 or 75 mm with spring barley sown at 25 mm. The weight of field- and pot-grown caryopses of A. fatua types fA, fB and fC ranged from 3 to 25, 5 to 23, and 5 to 25 mg respectively. With one exception, both the field- and pot-grown samples showed a double normal distribution pattern. The mean weights of pot-grown primary and secondary caryopses of fA, fB and fC were 15 and 9, 19 and 11, and 18 and 11 mg respectively. In a competition experiment, A. fatua grown from heavy seeds sown at 75 mm depth with an equal number of barley produced 47% more panicles, 54% more seed and 56% more dry weight per plant than plants from light seeds. When barley and both seed weights of A. fatua were sown at 25 mm depth these differences were smaller, being 21, 28 and 34% respectively. When the barley was at Zadoks stage 87, and when the barley and A. fatua were grown at equal densities at 25 mm depth, the dry weight of barley was reduced from 10·4 to 7·7, and to 5·8 g per plant by light- and heavy-seeded A. fatua, respectively. When the barley was grown at 25 mm and the A. fatua at 75 mm, the weight per barley plant was reduced to 9·5 and 7·2 g by A. fatua plants grown from light and heavy seeds respectively. Reductions in numbers of grain were caused mainly by a reduction in the number of fertile heads. 相似文献
4.
N. C. B. PETERS 《Weed Research》1986,26(1):29-38
Avena fatua L. seed of types fA (brown very hairy lemma) and fB (grey moderately hairy lemma) were collected from six locations in Britain during summer 1974. Primary and secondary seeds were planted separately at 20 and 100 mm depths. Emergence was recorded for 5 years and the number of viable seeds remaining at the end of the experiment was determined. With an increase in planting depth from 20 to 100 mm, there was a decrease in final emergence from secondary seed from 84 to 61% and from primary seed from 93 to 83%. At 20 mm there was no difference in emergence between collections, but at 100 mm there were differences between secondary seeds of some collections. There were also differences in the emergence behaviour of types fA and fB, both between and within collections. More seedlings from primary seeds than from secondary seeds emerged in the early stages, but later the reverse was true. After 5 years secondary seed had produced 16% fewer seedlings than primary seed. Seed unaccounted for at the end of the experiment was 18% for both types, twice as many seeds were unaccounted for at 100 mm than at 20 mm. Likewise, twice as many secondary than primary seeds were unaccounted for. On average the number of viable seeds remaining at the end of the 5 years was less than 1%, although 23% of secondary seeds of type fA from one collection buried at 100 mm remained viable. Flushes of emergence were correlated with prior experience of periods of temperature below 6°C in the soil. Facteurs qui influent sur la levée de plantules de différentes souches d'Avena fatua L. Des semences d'Avena fatua L. de deux sortes, fA (glumelle brune, très velue) et fB (glumelle grise, moyennement velue) ont été collectionnées pendant l'été 1974 à six endroits en Grand Bretagne. Les semences primaires et secondaires ont été plantées séparément à des profondeurs de 20 et de 100 mm. La levée a été signalée au cours de 5 ans et le nombre de semences viables qui restaient à la fin de l'essai a été déterminé. A mesure quàugmentait la profounder du semis de 20 à 100 mm. la levée définitive diminuait de 84 à 61 % pour les semences secondaires et de 93 à 83% pour les primaires. A 20 mm, aucune différence dans la levée n'a été constatée entre les différentes collections mais à 100 mm. centaines différences se sont fait voir entre les semences secondaires de certaines collections. Des différences ont été constatées aussi dans le comportement des sortes fA et fB en ce qui concerne la levée, différences entre les collections et à l'intérieur d'une collection. Au début, les plants provenant des semences primaires étaient plus nombreux que ceux des secondaires, mais plus tard on a constaté le contraire. Au bout de 5 ans, les semences secondaires avaient produit 16% moins de jeunes plants que les primaires. A la fin de l'essai, 18% des semences des deux sortes avaient disparu, deux fois plus à 100 mm qu'a 20 mm. De même deux fois plus de semences secondaires avait disparu que de semences primaires. En moyenne, moins de 1% des semences restaient aptes à germer au bout des 5 ans; néanmoions, 23% de semences secondaires de la sorte fA dans une des collections, enfouies à 100 mm, étaient toujours viables. Des levées sporadiques se trouvaient correlées à des périodes préalables où la température du sol ne dépassait pas 6°C. Ueber Faktoren, welche das Auflaufen verschiedener Linien von Avena fatua L. beeinflussen Im Laufe des Sommers 1974 wurden an sechs verschiedenen Orten in England Spelzfrüchte der Formen fA (braune, sehr stark behaarte Deckspelzen) und fB (graue, mässig behaarte Deckspelzen) von Avena fatua L. gesammelt. 1. und 2.Spelzfrüchte wurden getrennt in 20 und 100 mm Tiefe ausgesät und während 5 Jahren ihr Auflaufen beobachtet; am Ende der Beobachtungsperiode erfolgte eine Bestandesaufnahme der noch lebensfähigen Samen. Mit zunehmender Saattiefe nahm die Auflaurate für die 2.Spelzfrüchte von 84 auf 61% und für die 1. von 93 auf 83% ab. Bei 20 mm Saattiefe bestanden keine Differenzen im Auflaufen zwischen den an den verschiedenen Standorten gesammelten Mustern; bei 100 mm Tiefe wurden jedoch lokale Unterschiede bei den 2.Spclzfrüchten festgestellt. Es bestanden auch Unterschiede im Auflaufverhalten der Formen fA und fB, sowohl zwischen als auch innerhalb der verschiedenen Standortmuster. In der Anfangsphase der Beobachtungsperiode erschienen mehr Keimlinge aus 1. als aus 2. Spelzfrüchten; später war das Gegenteil der Fall. Im Vergleich zwischen 1. und 2.Spelzfrüchten hatten letztere nach 5 Jahren 16% weniger Pflanzen hervorgebracht als die 1. Für beide Formen (fA und fB) wurden am Ende der Versuchsperiode 18% nicht gekeimte, resp. nicht mehr lebensfähige Samen registriert; in 100 mm Tiefe waren es doppelt so viel als bei 20 mm. Ebenfalls doppelt so viele 2.Spelzfrüchte als 1. waren nicht keimfähig. Im Mittel waren nach 5 Jahren weniger als 1% lebensfähig, obwohl bei einem Standortmuster 23% der 2.Spelzfrüchte in 100 mm Tiefe noch lebensfähig waren. Vorange-gangene Perioden mit Bodentemperaturen unter 6°C waren für gehäuftes Auflaufen verantwortlich. 相似文献
5.
Variation in the development of secondary dormancy in oilseed rape genotypes under conditions of stress 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Summary A substantial amount of seed is left in the fields before and during harvest of oilseed rape. Although this crop exhibits little or no primary dormancy, the absence of certain environmental cues that promote germination of imbibed seeds induces secondary dormancy. The work reported investigated the extent to which environmental stress conditions, including osmotic stress, low oxygen stress and anaerobiosis, induce secondary dormancy in oilseed rape, and examined the variation in development of secondary dormancy between and within genotypes. Osmotic stress was most effective in inducing dormancy. Anaerobic treatment produced very few dormant seeds, as did an atmosphere low in oxygen and high in nitrogen. The development of secondary dormancy under osmotic stress varied considerably between and within genotypes. Dormancy ranged from almost zero to about 60% for winter genotypes and about 85% for spring types. Within genotypes, variations occurred between seed lots and years of harvest. Temperature variations affected the percentage of dormant seeds. More dormant seeds were likely to be produced with incubation under water stress at 20 °C than at 12 °C. In winter genotypes, fewer dormant seeds were produced when incubation temperature and germination test temperatures differed. Thus, incubating at 20 °C and 12 °C, followed by germination tests at 20 °C and 12 °C, respectively, produced most dormant seeds. Also, in the winter genotypes, the potential development of secondary dormancy was positively correlated with the pattern and speed of germination of untreated seeds. 相似文献
6.
Spring-produced seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. were dormant at maturity in May and after-ripened when buried and stored over a range of temperatures, becoming conditionally dormant at low (5, 15/6 and 20/10°C) and non-dormant at high (25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C) temperatures. Conditionally dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5 and 15/6°C, and non-dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5, 15/6, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C. Seeds that became conditionally dormant at 5°C afterripened completely (i.e. became non-dormant) after transfer to 30/15°C. Buried seeds that became non-dormant in a non-temperature-controlled glasshouse during summer were still non-dormant after 12 weeks of storage at 30/15°C, while those stored at 5°C for 12 weeks had entered conditional dormancy. Thus, low temperatures cause reversal of the afterripening that takes place at high temperatures, but not that which takes place both at low and at high temperatures. Low winter temperatures cause dormant autumn-produced seeds and non-dormant seeds in the soil seed pool to become conditionally dormant. The ecological consequences of these responses to temperature are discussed in relation to the timing of seed germination in nature. 相似文献
7.
Development during storage of germinability of seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus L. harvested under different conditions The effect was studied of dry storage at 20 ± 1°C for 6 months or in soil 15 cm below the surface during one winter, on the germination behaviour of seeds of Amaranthus retroflexus L. harvested at the level of the main inflorescence on the parent plants grown under natural conditions or in different conditions of controlled photoperiod or temperature. At harvest, the seeds from plants which had developed late (July) in natural conditions were less dormant than those from plants appearing earlier (April); in controlled conditions, plants grown at 20°C in long days (16 h) produced seeds more dormant than those harvested from plants grown either at 20°C in short days (8 h) or at 25°C in long days (16 h). After dry storage or in the soil, this variation in germinability decreased but was never totally suppressed; the seeds retained the characteristics acquired during their formation and maturation. At harvest, for a defined growing condition, the dormancy of the seeds produced depends on the physiological state of the parent plants; after storage, the seeds which were the most dormant at harvest germinated more than the less dormant seeds. Finally, burying has a more favourable effect on breaking dormancy of the seeds than has dry storage. 相似文献
8.
Cyanus segetum is an iconic, colourful weed in arable fields that provides ecological and societal services. To understand better both the infestation dynamics of C. segetum as an abundant, harmful weed and maintain sustainable populations where it provides beneficial services, we compared information on seed dormancy, seed longevity and germination conditions in two populations. Persistence of seeds buried in the soil was low, with <10% viable after 3 years. Periodic dormancy cycling was observed over the 4 years in the soil, with a maximum of dormant seeds in the spring and a minimum in the autumn; however, 20% of the seeds were non‐dormant all the time. Seeds of C. segetum were positive photosensitive, but light requirement varied among populations. Base water potential for germination was ?1 MPa. Base temperature ranged from 1 to 2°C. Optimum temperature for germination was about 10 to 15°C, but the mean thermal time varied greatly between populations, from 80 to 134 day °C. Photoperiod and temperature combinations had no effect on germination percentage, but both reduced the germination rate. Burial deeper than 2 cm greatly reduced germination and seedling emergence strongly decreased at depths >0.5 cm. No seeds buried deeper than 8 cm emerged. Low seed longevity and a wide range of germination conditions could partly explain the rapid disappearance of C. segetum populations after herbicide application began in western Europe. However, yearly sowing in restoration areas does not seem to be essential. 相似文献
9.
Seed placement, soil temperature and soil moisture content influenced the process of after-ripening in Phalaris minor seeds. Seeds of P. minor collected from the soil just after wheat harvesting exhibited higher germination than seeds from P. minor threshed directly. There was a pronounced impact of periodic inhabitation of seed into the soil on germination after its dispersal. Germination was strongly inhibited when the seed was kept in soil at more than field capacity (FC) or in water. Maximum germination of seed incubated in soil at FC occurred at 30°C while a temperature of 40°C favoured after-ripening of seed when mixed with dry soil or kept dry without any medium. Release from conditional dormancy was quicker in the seed retrieved from the soil kept at 20°C than at 10°C. Seed release from conditional dormancy and germination increased with a rise in temperature from 30 to 40°C when the seed was retrieved from incubation in soil at FC for 70 days. The seed kept immersed in water was least responsive to a rise in temperature. Seed recovered from dry soil, or kept without any medium, responded quickly at both temperatures. Light enhanced the germination of Phalaris minor seed. The seedbank subjected to rice (Oryza sativa) field management conditions lost vigour in comparison with the seed stored in laboratory. There was significant variability in seed viability when exposed to differential water management conditions in rice. 相似文献
10.
Role of temperature in regulating timing of germination in soil seed reserves of Lamium purpureum L.
Fresh seeds of Lamium purpureum L. were dormant at maturity, and when buried and exposed to natural seasonal temperature changes they exhibited an annual dormancy/non-dormancy cycle. During burial in summer, fresh seeds and those that had been buried for 1 year afterripened and thus were non-dormant by September and October; light was required for germination. During autumn and winter seeds re-entered dormancy, and during the following summer they became non-dormant again. Dormant seeds afterripened when buried and stored over a range of temperatures, becoming conditionally dormant at low (5, 15/6°C) and non-dormant at high (20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C) temperatures. Conditionally dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5, 15/6 and 20/10°C, while non-dormant seeds germinated to high percentages additionally at 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C. Low temperatures caused non-dormant seeds to re-enter dormancy, while high temperatures caused a sharp decline in germination only at 30/15 and 5°C. The temperature responses of L. purpureum seeds are compared to those of L. amplexicaule L. 相似文献
11.
Seeds of Poa annua from original collections in Louisiana, Maryland and Wisconsin were grown together in Louisiana over a 3-year period. The freshly harvested seeds and samples stored in moist soil at 30°C were tested for germination at a range of temperatures to compare dormancy and germination characteristics. Seeds of the Louisiana population were dormant over the germination temperature range of 5–25°C, and imbibed storage for 2 weeks did not break dormancy. Freshly harvested seeds of the Maryland population germinated well (78%) at 10°C. With 1 week of imbibed storage at 30°C, germination was good over the range from 5 to 15°C and near 50% at 20°C. Storage for 2 weeks had little further effect. Freshly harvested seeds of two Wisconsin populations germinated above 50% throughout the range of temperatures, and imbibed storage for 2 weeks at 30°C had no effect on germination. The variations in the dormancy of freshly harvested seeds and the varying responses of dormancy breaking from storing imbibed seeds at 30°C suggests that these populations have adapted to avoid high summer temperatures in Louisiana and Maryland but to grow as a summer annual in Wisconsin. 相似文献
12.
Leptochloa chinensis is a new weed that has been found with increasing frequency in Italian rice paddies. The germination ecology of L. chinensis seeds was studied in order to investigate the development mechanisms and survival strategy of this weed in rice paddies of northern Italy. Leptochloa chinensis seeds showed no dormancy and exhibited germination even in anoxic conditions. Germination was strongly influenced by temperature (minimum around 15°C; optimal 25–35°C) and light (phytochrome dependent). Temperature fluctuation caused an increase of seed germination in the dark. Seed burial also strongly inhibited germination and emergence of this species. At 5 cm seed burial only 5% of seedlings emerged in flooded conditions, while at the same depth, but with no flooding, no seedling emergence was observed. This phenomenon was not due to oxygen depletion, as germination was not inhibited by complete anoxia, as demonstrated by the fact that some seedlings did emerge in flooding conditions when water was no deeper than 6 cm. Seed burial and concomitant flooding induced an unusual germination: first coleoptile emergence and subsequently emergence of the radicle was observed. The possible exploitation of this knowledge for weed management is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Germination of freshly harvested seeds of Commelina benghalensis L. varied from 0–3% for small aerial seeds, 20–35% for large aerial seeds and from 33% for small underground seeds to 90% for large underground seeds. Innate dormancy of all seed types was completely overcome by clipping the seed coat. Exposure to 90°C dry heat for 2 h was also effective in increasing germination of the three strongly dormant seed types. Optimum temperature for germination varied with the different seed types. Periods of likely major weed infestation from the four seed types were predicted using soil temperature data. Exposure to light increased germination but was not essential and underground seeds responded more to light than aerial seeds. Optimum depth of emergence for the four seed types was from 0 to 50 mm and there was a positive correlation between maximum depth of emergence and seed weight. 相似文献
14.
Secondary seed dormancy has been linked to seedbank persistence of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in western Canada. It has been suggested that there is a genetic component to secondary seed dormancy expression in oilseed rape, but little is known of its importance in relation to non‐genetic factors. In a series of experiments we investigated the relative importance of genotype, seed size, time of windrowing and pre‐ and post‐harvest environment on the expression of secondary seed dormancy. We found that genotype contributed between 44 and 82% to the total variation in secondary seed dormancy. A broad range in secondary seed dormancy expression was observed among 16 genotypes examined. Nevertheless, three‐quarters of the genotypes investigated exhibited relatively high potential for the expression of secondary seed dormancy (back‐transformed mean 71% dormant seeds). Seed size contributed 21% to the total variation, while the influence of seed maturity (harvest regime) on secondary seed dormancy expression was negligible. Despite diverging environmental conditions during the four growing seasons spanning these experiments, the influence of pre‐harvest environment on seed dormancy expression was relatively small and ranged from 0.1% to 4.5%. Secondary seed dormancy potential decreased over time during seed storage. This decrease was greatest when seeds were stored at ambient temperatures and least when seeds were stored at ?70°C. 相似文献
15.
Urochloa panicoides is an annual weed of summer crops. In Argentina, in subhumid areas with monsoon rainfall, it germinates and establishes in a single flush. To (i) identify the environmental factors that modify its seed dormancy level and germination and (ii) quantify the parameters describing the thermal behaviour of the germination and emergence dynamics of this weed under non‐limiting water conditions, we established a set of germination experiments performed (i) under controlled conditions using seeds after ripened for 3 or 6 months in different thermal and hydric conditions and (ii) under field conditions, where the soil temperature was modified by applying different shading levels. Seed dormancy level remained high with 3 months after ripening in all treatments. After 6 months, seeds stored at 4°C in dry conditions did not germinate at any temperature, while seeds stored at 25°C in dry conditions and in situ germinated c. 20% and 60% respectively. Germination percentage was higher in seeds harvested before their natural dispersal. The base, optimum and maximum temperatures for seed germination were 6, 35 and 45°C respectively. Shading reduced the number of emerged seedlings, possibly by reducing the soil thermal amplitude. The results explained the dormancy‐breaking mechanism of U. panicoides that allows a high germination rate in the field when rainfall occurs. 相似文献
16.
Seeds of Poa trivialis L. were collected from one grassland and two arable habitats. Seeds from the grassland population were less dormant than the arable populations. Distal (upper) seeds were consistently more dormant than proximal (basal) seeds. Dry storage at 4°C and 15°C for 4 weeks after shedding resulted in a slightly greater loss of dormancy than storage at 23°C. Germination was enhanced by subjecting seeds stored at 15°C to repeated hydration and dehydration cycles. Germination of P. trivialis seeds was density-dependent. Germination of distal seeds was particularly impaired at high densities. The ecological implications of these results are discussed in relation to seed survival strategies. 相似文献
17.
Lithospermum arvense is an increasing annual weed in winter crops of the semiarid region of southern Argentina under low impact tillage systems, an agricultural practice that has become popular in recent years. Seed distribution in the soil profile under conventional tillage will change when reduced tillage is implemented, thus affecting the germination microenvironment. The effect of seed burial depth and soil water regime on field germination, enforced dormancy, innate dormancy and seed decay was studied in relation to burial time in a field experiment. In addition, the effect of burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence was examined under laboratory controlled conditions. Field germination of buried seed ranged from 55% to 65% for shallow (2 cm) and from 5% to 30% for greater depths (20 cm). Enforced dormancy levels were significantly higher among deeper seeds. The amount of innate dormant seeds was reduced to <10% after a year of burial. Lithospermum arvense seedbanks can be classified as short-term persistent. Germination in the laboratory was unaffected by burial depth, while seedling emergence reduction was adequately described by a sigmoidal model. Results indicate that agricultural practices that accumulate L. arvense seeds near the soil surface enhance seedling recruitment. 相似文献
18.
Oryza sativa (weedy red rice), the same species as cultivated rice, is a serious problem in rice production worldwide. Seed dormancy contributes to its persistence. We determined the effect of germination temperature and after‐ripening period on germination capacity (GC) of red rice seeds from Arkansas rice fields in three production zones. We also determined the gene diversity (GD) of dormancy‐linked loci among selected populations. The germination behaviour was evaluated at three temperatures (1°C, 15°C and 35°C) and four after‐ripening periods (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) in two independent experiments. Germination response to temperature and after‐ripening time differed among and within populations in each production zone. Overall, populations from the Delta and Grand Prairie were more dormant than those from White River. Regardless of ecotype or production zone, incubation at 35°C (mean GC = 84–100%) favoured the germination of seeds after‐ripened for 60 days. Germination of these seeds was most variable at suboptimal temperature (15°C), with mean GC ranging from 44 to 97%; at 1°C, none of the seeds germinated. Primary dormancy was released in the majority of populations after 90 days of after‐ripening. Blackhull populations generally had lower mean GC than strawhull populations, regardless of temperature, and required longer after‐ripening time to release dormancy. They also showed a higher inter‐ and intrapopulation variation in germination and after‐ripening than strawhulls and had the highest gene diversity (GD = 0.55–0.58) among test populations. Non‐dormant strawhulls were most distant (D = 0.63) from dormant blackhulls. Ecotype influenced genotypic clustering more than the dormancy trait. 相似文献
19.
Seed dormancy and soil seedbank of the invasive weed Chenopodium hybridum in north‐western China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Seed dormancy and persistence in the soil seedbank play a key role in timing of germination and seedling emergence of weeds; thus, knowledge of these traits is required for effective weed management. We investigated seed dormancy and seed persistence on/in soil of Chenopodium hybridum, an annual invasive weed in north‐western China. Fresh seeds are physiologically dormant. Sulphuric acid scarification, mechanical scarification and cold stratification significantly increased germination percentages, whereas dry storage and treatments with plant growth regulators or nitrate had no effect. Dormancy was alleviated by piercing the seed coat but not the pericarp. Pre‐treatment of seeds collected in 2012 and 2013 with sulphuric acid for 30 min increased germination from 0% to 66% and 62% respectively. Effect of cold stratification on seed germination varied with soil moisture content (MC) and duration of treatment; seeds stratified in soil with 12% MC for 2 months germinated to 39%. Burial duration, burial depth and their interaction had significant effects on seed dormancy and seed viability. Dormancy in fresh seeds was released from October to February, and seeds re‐entered dormancy in April. Seed viability decreased with time for seeds on the soil surface and for those buried at a depth of 5 cm, and 39% and 10%, respectively, were viable after 22 months. Thus, C. hybridum can form at least a short‐lived persistent soil seedbank. 相似文献
20.
Freshly-collected mature mericarps of Aethusu cynapium were dormant, but some germinated at alternating (16 h low/8 high) temperatures when the seed coverings were removed. Burial during winter increased percentage germination and the temperature range over which it took place. In late spring the range narrowed, first at low and then at higher temperatures, widening again in autumn. Moist storage at both low (4°C) and high (30°C) temperatures overcame dormancy, but exposure to 30°C inhibited subsequent germination at low temperatures. Germination of intact mericarps was consistently lower than that of de-coated seeds. The cyclic change in dormancy status of the seeds appears to interact with the restricting effects of the seed coverings and perhaps other factors in determining the consistent pattern of spring emergence in A. cynapium. 相似文献