共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
Paola Corcos Benedetti Giovanna Bises Vincenzo Gentili Maria Antonietta Spadoni 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1983,33(2-3):179-186
The quality of protein concentrates coming from conventional and non-conventional vegetable sources was evaluated. The protein quality was assessed by the multi-point assay RPV. Whole body weight gain, weight gain corrected for the gastrointestinal content (G.I.), total body nitrogen and total liver nitrogen were used as response parameters. The various protein sources ranked differently depending upon the response parameters utilized, but a great majority of the sources had a good nutritional value (over 0.5). The gastrointestinal content is one of the principal factors responsible for the differences found. However, even after correcting for the G.I. content, some differences remained. For the various protein sources, the nitrogen deposition in the liver correlates satisfactorily with the whole body nitrogen deposition, if in the calculation of the regression line, the data for faba bean and tobacco were omitted (respectivelyr=0.610 andr=0.925). On the whole, these data indicate that most plant protein concentrates in suitable combinations and properly processed, may become a promising alternative to animal proteins. 相似文献
2.
L. Tranchino R. Costantino G. Sodini 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1983,32(3-4):305-334
Industrial sunflower and rapeseed meals cannot be directly used as a food because of their high fiber content and because of the presence of some undesirable constituents (such as hulls, polyphenolic pigments, etc.) or precursors of toxic compounds (glucosinolates, etc.). Edible protein products (flours, concentrates, and isolates) from these two sources can be obtained by carrying out, to various degrees, and with different procedures, extraction operations of non-proteic and potentially toxic or antinutritional components. All the possible combinations of the single extraction operations (removal of fiber, lipids, polysaccharides, etc.) were studied by various authors in order to develop an optimum process both from the economic and the product quality points of view.In this report the problems related to the individual extraction operations, rather than to individual processes, are reviewed for reasons of recapitulation and to provide a common basis for comparison. Although it is impossible to reach a definitive conclusion it appears that some of the processes reviewed are able to produce very attractive raw materials for food manufacturing industries. Nevertheless, no food grade sunflower or rapeseed proteins have appeared on the market to date. However, sunflower and rapeseed protein sources will have to be taken into account in the near future as an added promising means for attacking food shortage problems. 相似文献
3.
H. Schoeneberger R. Gross H. D. Cremer I. Elmadfa 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1983,32(2):133-143
The chemical compositions, of raw and treated lupine flour were determined and compared with other plant protein sources. The protein content in the dry matter was 47.7% in untreated seeds ofLupinus mutabilis and about 56% in debittered seeds. The oil-cake contained 65.3% protein. The amino acid analysis showed that lupine protein is characterized by a low level of S-amino acids, the content of which amounts to only 50% of that of the FAO standard reference pattern. The protein quality was measured using the biological tests PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio), NPU (net protein utilization), and BV (biological value) in rats on diets with and without DL-methionine supplementation. PER determinations gave low values for the non-supplemented lupine proteins (1.34, semi-sweet variety; 1.53, water-extracted seeds; 1.19, oil-cake; 3.09, casein), but the PER's were improved by the addition of 0.2% DL-methionine to the diets (3.05, 2.69, 2.81, respectively). Raw as well as processed lupine protein showed an excellent apparent digestibility (80.0–85.8%; casein, 87.1%). The observed NPU and BV values confirmed the importance of methionine supplementation. The true digestibility of 92% was equivalent to that of casein. The complementation effects of mixing lupine protein with proteins from wheat, oat, barley, rice, maize, potato, quinua or fish were investigated by determination of the PER values of the respective mixtures. Feeding lupine protein with cereal proteins resulted in PER values that exceeded by far those of the proteins fed separately (true complementation). This result was not observed for the mixture of potato and lupine. High quality proteins like quinua and fish protein also showed no complementation effect with lupine protein but did improve the quality of the lupine protein to a great extent. The best results could be obtained with combinations of three different plant proteins, in which lupine protein always contributed one third of total protein. These mixtures resulted in PER values equal to those for casein or other animal proteins and may be applied as an economical way to prevent and combat malnutrition. 相似文献
4.
Protein fibre wastes from animal hairs, feathers and insect secreted filaments can be aptly utilized by converting them into ultra-fine particles. Particles from animal protein fibres present large surface-to-weight ratio and significantly enhanced surface reactivity, that have opened up novel applications in both textile and non-textile fields. This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art routes to fabricate ultrafine particles from animal protein fibres, including direct route of mechanical milling of fibres and indirect route from fibre proteins. Ongoing research trends in novel applications of protein fibre particles in various fields, such as biomedical science, environmental protection and composite structures are presented. 相似文献
5.
Tubers of a given variety from the same plant and from different plants grown in the same area and in diverse geographical locations were found to have visually indistinguishable protein patterns with acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Although total protein levels were considerably different for a given variety grown in two separate locations, their protein patterns were essentially similar. On storage four of the five varieties showed small but distinct alteration in the mutual density relationship of some of their bands. It is concluded that variety identification based on the protein patterns alone, particularly of stored tubers, might be ineffectual in those cases where the protein patterns lacked sufficient unique character. 相似文献
6.
Dr. C. E. Bodwell 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1979,29(1-2):135-162
In most countries of the third world, foods of plant origin are the primary sources of dietary protein; in many of these countries, dietary protein often is supplied solely from plant sources. Under these conditions, the nutritive value of the protein in the diets may be low due to amino acid deficiencies or imbalances. Alternately if the protein level is low in the plant sources, then the total amount of dietary protein may be inadequate. Various approaches have been used to increase the amount of utilizable protein. Those discussed include amino acid fortification, uses of protein mixtures (protein supplementation and complementation), and genetic alterations of food crops. The need for nutritional improvement of plant proteins is considered in relation to the current questions about protein requirements and the adequacy of plant foods in meeting protein requirements. The dependence for success of any protein-improvement upon non-nutritional, socio-economic factors is noted. 相似文献
7.
Biologically active compounds with different modes of action, such as, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antimicrotubule, have been isolated from marine sources, specifically algae and cyanobacteria. Recently research has been focused on peptides from marine animal sources, since they have been found as secondary metabolites from sponges, ascidians, tunicates, and mollusks. The structural characteristics of these peptides include various unusual amino acid residues which may be responsible for their bioactivity. Moreover, protein hydrolysates formed by the enzymatic digestion of aquatic and marine by-products are an important source of bioactive peptides. Purified peptides from these sources have been shown to have antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect on several human cancer cell lines such as HeLa, AGS, and DLD-1. These characteristics imply that the use of peptides from marine sources has potential for the prevention and treatment of cancer, and that they might also be useful as molecular models in anticancer drug research. This review focuses on the latest studies and critical research in this field, and evidences the immense potential of marine animals as bioactive peptide sources. 相似文献
8.
The inadequate supply of protein is the major problem not only in India but in all the developing countries of world. The cheap and easily available source of proteins are legumes which compare very well in the nutritive values with other sources of proteins, the cereals and animal proteins. Legumes occupy an extensive area in India but the yields are low compared to other countries. For increasing the production of legumes and consequently their protein content,Rhizobium inoculation practice should invariably be used along with the use of other improved practices and varieties. By resorting to a package programme for increasing the production of legume crops throughRhizobium inoculation and other agricultural practices and by increasing the consumption of legume through improved methods of processing by solving the problems of digestibility of legumes which will automatically increase the intake of legume protein by the people; the problem of protein can, to a great extent, be eradicated from this country.
Zusammenfassung Das unzulängliche Angebot von Protein ist nicht nur in Indien das Hauptproblem, sondern in allen Entwicklungsländern der Erde. Die billigste und leicht zugängliche Quelle für Protein sind Hülsenfrüchte, die im ernährungsphysiologischen Wert sehr gut vergleichbar sind mit anderen Protein-Quellen, dem Getreide und dem tierischen Protein. Der Hülsenfruchtanbau nimmt ein großes Areal in Indien ein, die Ernten sind jedoch im Vergleich zu anderen Ländern sehr niedrig. Um die Produktion von Hülsenfrüchten zu erhöhen und somit den Proteingehalt, müßtenRhizobium Impfungen in Gemeinschaft mit anderen Verbesserungsmaßnahmen sowie einer Wahl anderer Sorten erfolgen.Das Eiweißproblem kann in Indien im wesentlichen durch Aufstellung eines Gesamtprogramms gelöst werden. Einerseits ist die Erhöhung der Hülsenfruchtproduktion durch Impfung mitRhizobium und durch andere geeignete Kulturmaßnahmen möglich, andererseits können Hülsenfrüchte durch verbesserte Verarbeitungsmethoden in ihrem Verzehrswert gesteigert werden womit auch Probleme der Verdauung gelöst werden können.相似文献
9.
《Field Crops Research》2005,91(2-3):217-229
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is a major source of protein for animal feed and oil for human consumption. Selection within elite soybean cultivars for the improvement of agronomic and seed traits is assumed to be ineffective due to the belief that cultivars are highly homogeneous. Previously reported data suggest that latent variation among the single plant selections within a cultivar exists and that mechanisms that generate de novo variation may also be present. The main objective of this study was to perform divergent single-plant selection at ultra-low plant density and investigate the presence of genetic variation for seed protein and oil within three elite soybean cultivars. A secondary objective was to investigate the variation for fatty acid composition. In 1995, single plants from the three cultivars were grown in a honeycomb design using a plant-to-plant spacing of 0.9 m. A total of 333 plants from ‘Benning’, 392 plants from ‘Haskell’, and 371 plants from ‘Cook’ were evaluated. Divergent single-plant selection for protein and oil content was performed to select a total of 20 plants for high or low protein and 20 plants for high or low oil from each cultivar. The selected plants were further evaluated in replicated row-plot experiments for 3 years. Our results indicate that single-plant selection at low plant density was successful in discovering significant variation for seed protein and oil within each of the three soybean cultivars. For protein content, the magnitude of intra-cultivar variation between the highest- and lowest-protein lines averaged 19 g kg−1 across the three cultivars and ranged from 13 to 24 g kg−1. For oil composition, the magnitude of variation between the most divergent lines averaged 12 g kg−1 across the three cultivars and ranged from 9 to 14 g kg−1. Significant variation among the selected progeny lines was also discovered for specific fatty acid composition. The magnitude of intra-cultivar variation averaged from 6 to 29 g kg−1 across the five fatty acids of soybean. The genetic variation discovered within the soybean cultivars is most likely due to latent variation and/or newly created variation. Our data provide evidence that single-plant selection at ultra-low plant density within elite cultivars can be effective in improving the seed composition of a soybean cultivar. 相似文献
10.
Mohammad Nazir Allah Ditta Kahn Farrukh Hassan Shah 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1986,36(3):185-190
Animal protein in broiler rations was replaced with Barseem Protein Concentrate (BPC). The standard group having blood, meat and fish meal as sources of animal protein showed an average weight gain of 1655 g. Replacement of blood meal with BPC resulted in a slight decrease in the average weight gain (1541 g) of broilers. Average weight gain of broilers increased to 1775 g and 1671 g when fish or meat meal was replaced with BPC in rations. Complete replacement of animal protein with BPC adversely affected growth and average weight gain decreased to 1443 g. Supplementation with lysine or methionine when animal protein was replaced with BPC did not improve growth of the broilers. 相似文献
11.
Betty B. Alford George U. Liepa Anne D. Vanbeber 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1996,49(1):1-11
Cottonseed protein has the potential to increase the world's food supply while decreasing the incidence of malnutrition among the world's hungry. Nutritionally, cottonseed flour compares favorably to other animal and vegetable protein sources, as it is low in fat and contains a substantial amount of high biological value protein. Animal studies, as well as human research, using gossypol-free glandless cottonseed flour have shown that cottonseed protein promotes growth, increased weight gain, and a positive nitrogen balance. Cottonseed protein food products have been shown to be a healthy addition to the diets of children, college-age women, and the elderly. With its light color and bland flavor, cottonseed has many uses in the food processing arena. Baked goods, snack foods and candy, as well as pet and livestock feed are just a few successful products developed utilizing cottonseed protein. 相似文献
12.
Peanut has traditionally been used as a source, of oil; however, its worldwide annual protein harvest has reached nearly 4.5 million tons. India followed by China and the United States are the major producers of peanut. In recent years, several cereals and legumes-based foods using peanuts as protein supplements have been developed to alleviate protein caloriesmalnutrition problem. Peanut in the form of flour, protein isolates, and meal in a mixed product have been found to be very desirable from a sensory quality point of view. Peanut protein is deficient with respect to certain essential amino acids, but its true digestibility is comparable with that of animal protein. Even though various processing methods influence the nutritional and sensory quality of peanut fortified human foods available information on these aspects have been reviewed and summarised in this paper in order to optimize the utilization of peanut protein to increase protein value of cereal-based foods in developing countries of the peanut growing regions, of the world. 相似文献
13.
夏玉米耗水规律及水分胁迫对其生长发育和产量的影响 总被引：24，自引：10，他引：14
依据灌溉试验资料,研究夏玉米生育期内的耗水规律及植株蒸腾与棵间蒸发变化规律,分析水分胁迫对其生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,水分适宜处理的夏玉米,生育期耗水量425.25mm,各时段耗水量占全生育期耗水量的百分比分别为14.34%、10.49%、10.43%、15.70%、27.16%、13.63%和8.25%,相应的日平均耗水强度分别为4.064、2.973、2.958、4.452、7.699、3.860和2.192mm/d;玉米田的棵间蒸发量较大,约占其整个生育期总耗水量的35%～38%;各生育时段遭受水分胁迫均会引起一系列不良后果,其中尤以抽雄吐丝前后40d左右缺水影响最大,其次是拔节期缺水。 相似文献
14.
Thomas Hatzold Ibrahim Elmadfa Rainer Gross 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1983,32(2):125-132
The seeds ofLupinus mutabilis show on average a protein content of 42.6% and a fat content of 18.7%. Unfortunately they contain up to 4.5% of bitter alkaloids which must be removed before consumption. Edible oil and protein concentrate were produced from the seeds at an industrial level. The oil is of good quality and is recommended for human nutrition. The main fatty acid is oleic while the main tocopherol is γ-tocopherol. During the refining process, which includes a washing process with aqueous acids for debittering, the alkaloid content of the oil is reduced to 5 ppm. During the extraction of the oil the alkaloids are concentrated in the oil cake, from which they can be removed by washing with an ethanol-water mixture. A protein concentrate containing 72.3% protein and 0.06% residual alkaloids is obtained. The analysis of alkaloid pattern by gas-chromatography showed that the alkaloid composition of the crude oil differs totally from that of the seed. The relative percentage of the alkaloid esters and that of the Tetrahydrorhombifoline are very much higher in the oil than in the seed. During the debittering process of the oil cake the relative percentage of the hydroxylupanines increases. 相似文献
15.
16.
17.
18.
David J. Wright 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1983,32(3-4):389-400
Economic and political reasons may make it advantageous to be able to substitute one source of vegetable protein for another. Just how feasible this proposition is will depend to a large extent on the degree of similarity exhibited in the properties of these various proteins. The latter are utilised in food systems for their functional properties, conferring desired processing behaviour or product attributes. These functional properties must in some way be related to the physico-chemical properties of the proteins, which in turn must be a function of their inherent composition and structure. For example, the physico-chemical properties of a protein which might conceivably contribute to a functional property such as solubility, are hydrophobicity, net surface charge and molecular weight. At a more fundamental level these properties can be regarded as functions of the amino acid composition, primary sequence and structure (conformation). Similarities in these basic characteristics of proteins can, therefore, be assumed to imply a similarity in both their physico-chemical and functional properties. To what extent this statement applies to vegetable proteins is considered in this discussion. Soyabean, field bean, and pea are taken as the principle examples and certain aspects of their structural, physico-chemical and functional properties compared. 相似文献
19.
Improving the protein content and composition of cereal grain 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Cereals are important sources of protein for human nutrition but have low quality due to limitations in the amounts of essential amino acids, notably lysine. These deficiencies result from the low levels of these amino acids in the prolamin storage proteins and hence are exacerbated when high levels of nitrogen fertiliser are used to increase yield and total protein content.Genetic and genetic engineering strategies to increase both total protein content and the composition of essential amino acids have been employed. These include the exploitation of mutant high lysine genes and the use of transformation to either express additional proteins which are rich in lysine and/or methionine or to increase the free pools of these amino acids. 相似文献
20.
J. Michael Wilkinson Michael R. F. Lee M. Jordana Rivero A. Thomas Chamberlain 《Grass and Forage Science》2020,75(1):1-17
Grazing plays an important role in milk production in most regions of the world. In this review, some challenges to the grazing cow are discussed together with opportunities for future improvement. We focus on daily feed intake, efficiency of pasture utilization, output of milk per head, environmental impact of grazing and the nutritional quality to humans of milk produced from dairy cows in contrasting production systems. Challenges are discussed in the context of a trend towards increased size of individual herds and include limited and variable levels of daily herbage consumption, lower levels of milk output per cow, excessive excretion of nitrogenous compounds and requirements for minimal periods of grazing regardless of production system. A major challenge is to engage more farmers in making appropriate adjustments to their grazing management. In relation to product quality, the main challenge is to demonstrate enhanced nutritional/processing benefits of milk from grazed cows. Opportunities include more accurate diet formulations, supplementation of grazed pasture to match macro- and micronutrient supply with animal requirement and plant breeding. The application of robotics and artificial intelligence to pasture management will assist in matching daily supply to animal requirement. Wider consumer recognition of the perceived enhanced nutritional value of milk from grazed cows, together with greater appreciation of the animal health, welfare and behavioural benefits of grazing should contribute to the future sustainability of demand for milk from dairy cows on pasture. 相似文献