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1.
【目的】探明咸水灌溉对土壤盐分分布与设施番茄生长及生理的影响。【方法】本试验以南疆设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为T1(2 g/L)、T2(4 g/L)、T3(6 g/L)和T4(8 g/L),并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展咸水灌溉条件下设施番茄生理特性及土壤盐分分布的影响研究。【结果】在垂直方向上各处理土壤含盐量随土层深度增加逐渐减小,水平方向上盐分主要积聚在距离滴灌带20～40 cm处;结果末期盐分主要积聚在20～60 cm浅层土壤处,形成积盐区,且随着灌溉水矿化度增加积盐区逐渐扩大;2～4 g/L的咸水灌溉,对番茄株高茎粗生长具有一定的促进作用,对干物质量无显著影响,6～8 g/L咸水灌溉对作物生长抑制作用明显;当灌溉水矿化度为2g/L,时叶绿素总量达到最大,灌溉水矿化度4g/L时类胡萝卜素量达到最大;当灌溉水矿化度大于4g/L时,植物器官内大量积累的活性氧已经超出保护酶的清除能力;2～4 g/L咸水灌溉在保证番茄产量的同时,可显著提高果实的品质。【结论】综合考虑设施番茄产量及品质,在淡水资源紧缺,地下咸水资源丰富的南疆地区,推荐采用2～4 g/L矿化度的咸水对... 相似文献
2.
为了探究石羊河流域适宜春玉米生长的咸水非充分灌溉模式,应用SWAP模型模拟不同灌溉模式下的土壤水盐平衡、春玉米相对产量和相对水分利用效率,并预测了较长时期土壤水盐动态变化规律.研究结果表明:灌溉水矿化度为0.71 g/L和3.00 g/L的春玉米最优灌溉模式为生育期内灌4次水,灌溉定额均为408 mm,2种灌溉模式均能达到节约灌溉用水、提高作物产量和水分利用效率以及减少土体盐分累积量的目的.较长时期土壤水盐动态变化规律模拟结果表明:在冬灌条件下,春玉米最优灌溉模式下的土壤水分和盐分能够在模拟期内保持相对平稳的状态;在不同年份,相同土层土壤含水率随着土层深度的增加而增大,0.71 g/L的淡水灌溉土壤盐分主要累积在40~80 cm土层,3.00 g/L的微咸水灌溉土壤盐分主要累积在10~40 cm土层;5 a的模拟结果表明0.71 g/L和3.00 g/L的水持续灌溉5 a,不会引起土壤次生盐渍化. 相似文献
3.
微咸水灌溉对土壤EC值及冬小麦产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过测坑试验,在"咸淡淡"、"淡咸淡"、"淡淡咸"3种微咸水-淡水交替灌溉方式和1、3、5 g/L三种微咸水矿化度水平条件下,监测并分析了各生育期灌水前后及生育期结束后土壤0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土层EC值,测定并分析了冬小麦产量及其构成因子。结果表明,整个生育期内,各层土壤EC值呈波动周期性变化趋势;微咸水-淡水交替灌溉方式主要影响土壤盐分的垂直分布,盐灌越靠前,盐分聚集层越深;灌水矿化度主要影响土壤总体EC值,随灌水矿化度增加,土壤总EC值变大。冬小麦产量和产量构成因子随灌水矿化度升高而呈减小的趋势,冬小麦的产量构成因子及产量在"咸淡淡"与"淡淡咸"2种轮灌方式下差异性显著,表现为"咸淡淡""淡淡咸"。 相似文献
4.
《节水灌溉》2017,(7)
为了分析不同矿化度微咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布及西葫芦生长的影响,进行了西葫芦不同灌溉水矿化度条件下微咸水膜下滴灌温室种植试验,试验设3个矿化度水平,分别为1.7、3.5和5.1 g/L。试验结果表明:采用不同矿化度微咸水滴灌后土壤水分分布区域不同,在二维空间内大致呈半椭圆状,且矿化度越高,区域越窄深,矿化度越低,区域越宽浅;生育期结束后,各处理0~20 cm土层土壤电导率均低于土壤初始电导率,1.7 g/L处理的积盐区主要集中在20~30 cm土层,3.5 g/L处理和5.1 g/L的积盐区主要集中在30~40 cm土层,说明盐分被淋洗至湿润锋附近,且灌溉水矿化度越高,该土层土壤的电导率越大;随着灌溉水矿化度的增大,西葫芦的出苗率降低,出苗时间延长,西葫芦的叶面积指数和产量也会受到一定程度的抑制作用。 相似文献
5.
《灌溉排水学报》2015,(12)
以高(亚)油酸量的食用向日葵为试验材料,研究向日葵生长指标、生物量、产量和营养品质,并结合土壤盐分的时空变化,在盆栽条件下探讨了不同矿化度微咸水滴灌对食用葵花的生长影响。结果表明,土壤含盐量会随着灌溉水矿化度的增加而增加,但在0~30cm土层内并未形成明显的积盐。对于生长指标,微咸水滴溉对株高的影响大于对茎粗的影响,矿化度为3.5g/L时株高显著增大。各处理的根冠比均经过增长—下降—平稳的变化过程,且现蕾至开花期是微咸水灌溉影响最为显著时期。当微咸水矿化度处于较低水平(≤3.5g/L)时,其对葵花产量及产量因素的影响较小。同时,微咸水可以提高和改善作物籽实的营养品质,以矿化度2~3.5g/L增幅最大。因此,在河套灌区等半干旱区,建议葵花微咸水滴灌的临界矿化度为3.5g/L。 相似文献
6.
为了揭示棉花生长发育对咸水灌溉的响应特征,采用小区对比试验,研究了不同矿化度咸水灌溉对棉花出苗、株高、叶面积、果枝数、地上部干质量等形态指标以及产量构成、耗水量和水分利用率的影响.结果表明,棉花出苗率和成苗率随着灌溉水矿化度的增大而减小,但3 g/L灌水处理与对照间的差异不具有统计学意义,而5,7 g/L处理与对照间差异极具统计学意义.在移栽补全苗情况下,咸水灌溉对棉花形态生长指标产生了一定的抑制效应,灌溉水矿化度愈大,抑制作用愈大;对株高、叶面积和地上部干质量的影响在蕾期最明显,花铃期之后开始逐渐减弱;对果枝数和棉铃生长的影响程度随着棉花生育进程的推进而降低.处理间棉花的耗水量差异不具有统计学意义,籽棉产量和水分利用率的大小顺序,按灌水处理依次为3,1,5,7 g/L,其中7 g/L处理与对照间的差异具有统计学意义.与灌水前初始值相比,试验结束后1,3 g/L灌水处理的0~40 cm土层盐分未增加,5,7 g/L灌水处理则形成了积盐.研究结果可为咸水安全利用提供重要参考. 相似文献
7.
不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对大白菜生长和土壤盐分累积的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了合理开发和安全利用海河流域环渤海低平原区浅层地下微咸水,以秋茬大白菜为研究对象,2010、2011年在河北临西灌溉试验站用0．72g／L（深层淡水）、2g／L（咸淡混合水）、3g／L（咸淡混合水）、4．3g／L（浅层微咸水）的微咸水进行田间灌溉试验,探求其对大白菜的产量和品质以及土壤盐分动态的影响。试验结果表明：不同矿化度微咸水灌溉的大白菜的品质之间没有差异。2、3g／L微咸水与0．72g／L淡水灌溉的大白菜的产量没有差异,但4．3g／I。浅层微咸水直接灌溉比淡水灌溉产量降低,2年平均减产率9．0％。土壤含盐量随着灌溉水矿化度的提高总体出现增加趋势。 相似文献
8.
咸淡水交替灌溉对冬小麦生长及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《灌溉排水学报》2019,(11)
【目的】探究不同咸淡水交替灌溉方式对冬小麦生长及产量的影响,并通过通径分析在高产的基础上选择适宜冬小麦的咸淡水交替灌溉方式。【方法】采用避雨测坑试验,灌溉咸水矿化度设为1、3、5 g/L NaCl,以全生育期灌溉淡水(0.12 g/L NaCl)为对照(CK),分别在冬小麦的拔节—抽穗期、抽穗—开花期、灌浆期设置咸-淡-淡(BFF)、淡-咸-淡(FBF)和淡-淡-咸(FFB)3种咸淡水交替灌溉方式,研究了冬小麦生长指标、产量及其构成因子。【结果】BFF处理对冬小麦生长及产量具有较大的抑制作用,其次是FBF处理,FFB处理影响最小。在相同的咸淡水交替灌溉处理下,微咸水矿化度越大,对冬小麦生长及产量抑制作用越大;通径分析表明对冬小麦产量形成直接影响最大的性状是穗粒数,决策系数为0.697 0,其次是秸秆质量、千粒质量和穗数,决策系数分别为0.377 5、0.322 8和0.286 6,株高和单株地上干物质累积质量对冬小麦产量影响较小。【结论】在灌浆期采用较低矿化度微咸水灌溉对冬小麦穗粒数、秸秆质量、千粒质量和穗数影响不明显,从而对产量影响较小,因此在冬小麦拔节—开花期采取淡水灌溉并于灌浆期转换为3 g/L微咸水灌溉,可保证较高产量并实现微咸水资源的合理利用。 相似文献
9.
暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤水盐运移特征的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探索高效节水控盐灌排技术,通过田间试验,以玉米为试材,研究了不同微咸水矿化度及暗管埋深对土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明,微咸水矿化度和暗管埋深对土壤含水率和盐分均有影响,高矿化度处理灌后土壤含水率比低矿化度高,1.3m暗管埋深灌后土壤含水率要高于0.8m暗管埋深;微咸水灌后1d作物主要根系层(0~40cm)脱盐率受矿化度影响较大,矿化度越高,脱盐效果越差;灌后25d,淡水灌溉及暗管埋深0.8m、3g/L微咸水的处理土壤无积盐,其余各处理均发生积盐现象,灌溉水矿化度越大,0~80cm土层积盐越强烈,1.3m暗管埋深较0.8m埋深土壤积盐更加明显。建议同类型区种植玉米时暗管埋深为0.8m,灌溉使用微咸水矿化度不超过3g/L为宜。 相似文献
10.
咸水灌溉对土壤水热盐变化及棉花产量和品质的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了充分利用咸水资源,采用田间对比试验,研究了1、3、5、7 g/L等4个矿化度咸水(分别用S1、S2、S3、S4表示)灌溉对棉田土壤水热盐变化特征及棉花长势、产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,棉花生育期内各处理0~40 cm土层土壤含水率及地下5 cm处土壤温度总体上都随着灌溉水矿化度的增加而增大,但差异不大;处理间土壤电导率差异明显,灌溉水矿化度愈高,土壤电导率愈大,棉花生育期结束后,降雨对各处理盐分的淋洗率介于29.40%~40.40%。土壤水分和盐分剖面分布受制于土壤质地、降雨和棉花蒸发蒸腾耗水;干旱时期,土壤干燥,盐分表聚,湿润时期与之相反。棉花成苗率、株高、单株最大叶面积和霜前花率均随着灌溉水矿化度的增加而降低,籽棉产量从大到小依次为S2、S1、S3和S4,其中,S4与S1处理间的差异达显著水平。咸水灌溉通过改变马克隆值对纤维品质产生了负面影响,尤其是S4处理。研究结果可为丰富棉花咸水灌溉技术体系提供理论支撑。 相似文献
11.
《Agricultural Water Management》2001,46(3):231-239
A field lysimeter study was conducted to investigate the effect of initial soil salinity and salinity level of brackish subirrigation water on tuber weight and tuber size of three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (Kennebec, Norland and Russet Burbank) under simulated arid conditions. Both saline and non-saline initial soil conditions were simulated in a total of 36 lysimeters. Eighteen lysimeters were flushed with fresh water (0.2 dS/m), while the remaining 18 lysimeters were flushed with brackish water (2 dS/m). For each soil condition, two subirrigation water concentrations, 1 and 9 dS/m, were used in nine lysimeters each. For each subirrigation water treatment, three potato cultivars were grown. In all lysimeters, water table was maintained at 0.4 m from the soil surface. Arid conditions were simulated by covering the lysimeter top with plastic mulch, allowing the potato shoots to grow through a cut in the mulch. The average root zone salinities (ECw) were found to be 1.2 and 1.5 dS/m in non-saline lysimeters subirrigated with 1 and 9 dS/m waters, respectively. The corresponding salinities were 3.2 and 3.7 dS/m in the saline lysimeters. Across cultivars, there was no significant effect of either initial soil salinity or subirrigation water salinity on total tuber weight. However, the weight of Grade A tubers was higher in non-saline soil than in saline soil. Kennebec and Russet Burbank Grade A tuber weights were not affected by the initial soil salinity. On the contrary, a significant reduction in Grade A and total tuber weight under initially saline soil was evident for the Norland cultivar. 相似文献
12.
The need for a better understanding of the interaction between irrigation practices and the elevation and quality of the water table is of paramount importance for developing irrigation management strategies to ameliorate the regional problems of elevated saline water tables in the San Joaquin Valley, California. An area of approximately 3000 ha which includes portions of the Diener Ranch and the adjacent University of California, Westside Research and Extension Center, located south of Five Points in the Westlands Water District on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley was chosen for extensive field measurements. Field work consisted of four main activities namely, field instrumentation, collection of records of field activities, periodic data collection, and analyses of field data. Field measurements of water table carried out during 1994 indicated that the water table elevation was sensitive to the irrigation practices. There was a general increase in the area with a water table close to the surface during the irrigation season, and a return to water table elevations similar to the starting conditions at the end of the season. During the study period, the surface water quality deteriorated more in areas irrigated with reuse water and persisted through the end of the season. Depth averaged electrical conductivity for the study area over 6.5 m decreased between December 1993 and December 1994. Vertical hydraulic gradients in the saturated zone, were found to be an order of magnitude larger than horizontal gradients. The direction of vertical gradients changed, with downward gradients following pre-irrigations and upward gradients later in the season, when crop water requirements increased. Based on the results of the field study, it can be concluded that the irrigation management practices have a direct effect on local water table response as well as on water quality. Therefore, irrigation practices that promote less deep percolation losses may be helpful in controlling the water table rise. 相似文献
13.
L. K. Smedema 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1990,4(4):367-374
This paper describes the processes by which irrigation development may induce waterlogging and salination of land. The harm done by this type of waterlogging and salination is briefly discussed as well as the available remedial measures. Three illustrative cases are also described. Finally, some specific suggestions are made on the coverage of irrigation induced waterlogging and salination in an irrigation performance assessment. 相似文献
14.
《Agricultural Water Management》1997,34(1):47-55
Over a period of 6 years, various crops were grown in tanks, filled with loam and clay, and were irrigated with water of three different levels of salinity. A combination of soil water sampling, salt balance and salt model was used to study the change in the composition of the soil water and the development of soil salinity. After 3 years an equilibrium was attained in the exchange between soil water and adsorption complex. Precipitation of a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonate occurred during the whole experimental period. During the last two cropping periods the average chloride concentration of the soil profile obtained from soil water sampling was about twice as low as that obtained from the salt balance, due to preferential flow through macropores attaining the porous cups. Model calculation indicated a bypass fraction of a about 0.15. The steady-state leaching model of USSL could be used to estimate the long-term chloride concentration of the soil profile. 相似文献
15.
J. Letey 《Irrigation Science》1993,14(2):75-84
The relationship between salinity and water use efficiency is highly dependent upon which definition of water use efficiency is used. The two common definitions, yield per unit evapotranspiration and yield per unit applied water, both have significant deficiencies and can lead to erroneous conclusions. Thus, the analysis of efficient use of saline waters invokes a broader analysis than merely computing water use efficiency. An array of models is available to simulate the effects of various irrigation management strategies with saline waters. Based on results computed from these models, which consider the osmotic and matric potential effects on plant growth, strategies can be developed to effectively use saline waters in crop production. The cyclic strategy of using waters of different salinities can effectively be used in maintaining crop rotations which include both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant crops. The major deficiency of the models is that they do not account for the effects of water quality on soil physical conditions with consequent effects on crop production. Indeed, the most limiting factor in use of saline waters on soils may be deterioration of soil physical conditions. The deterioration of soil physical conditions does not result from using the high-salinity waters per se but from subsequent rainfall or low salinity waters. Thus far the emphasis on using saline waters on crop production has centered on yields and less attention has been given to the long-term consequences on soil physical conditions. This factor requires further research and should be a focus of attention in future experiments. Relatively high saline water tables can be maintained without drainage if a non-saline source of water is available, and irrigation amounts can be controlled. This strategy might invoke the necessity for shifting irrigation systems from surface to pressurized systems. Eventually, some salt must be removed from the system. It is probably more efficient to allow it to become very concentrated and remove small volumes to be disposed of in some manner rather than apply it to productive land. 相似文献
16.
Evaluation of soil salinity leaching requirement guidelines 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. Letey G.J. HoffmanJ.W. Hopmans S.R. GrattanD. Suarez D.L. CorwinJ.D. Oster L. WuC. Amrhein 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):502-506
Water for irrigation is a major limitation to agricultural production in many parts of the world. Use of waters with elevated levels of salinity is one likely option to meet the supply of increased demands. The sources of these waters include drainage water generated by irrigated agriculture, municipal wastewater, and poor quality groundwater. Soil salinity leaching requirements that were established several decades ago were based on steady-state conditions. Recently transient-state models have been developed that potentially can more correctly predict the dynamics of the chemical-physical-biological interactions in an agricultural system. The University of California Center for Water Resources appointed a workgroup to review the development of steady-state analyses and transient-state models, and to determine whether the current recommended guidelines for leaching requirement based on steady-state analyses need to be revised. The workgroup concludes that the present guidelines overestimate the leaching requirement and the negative consequences of irrigating with saline waters. This error is particularly large at low leaching fractions. This is a fortuitous finding because irrigating to achieve low leaching fractions provides a more efficient use of limited water supplies. 相似文献
17.
Deciduous fruit trees are known to be salt sensitive but the degradation may be delayed for a number of years depending on salinity level and tree size. A field experiment was conducted in the San Joaquin Valley of California on mature plum trees. The objectives were to quantify salt tolerance with time and to document the development and impact of salt stress over a 6-year period. After three years, the salt tolerance threshold, measured as the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extracts, for fruit yield was 2.6 dS/m. At salinity levels in excess of the threshold, yield was reduced at the rate of 31% for each 1 dS/m increase in soil salinity. The continuation of this experiment for an additional three years did not alter the salt tolerance as measured by fruit yield. Attempts to revive trees that had been severely damaged by excess salinity were successful but recovery, depending on the severity of damage, requires several years. 相似文献
18.
J.C. Melgar Y. Mohamed P.A. García-Galavís M.A. Parra R. Fernández-Escobar 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(7):1105-1113
Water demand for irrigation is increasing in olive orchards due to enhanced yields and profits. Because olive trees are considered moderately tolerant to salinity, irrigation water with salt concentrations that can be harmful for many of fruit tree crops is often used without considering the possible negative effects on olive tree growth and yield. We studied salt effects in mature olive trees in a long term field experiment (1998-2006). Eighteen-year-old olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cv. Picual were cultivated under drip irrigation with saline water composed of a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2. Three irrigation regimes (i. no irrigation; ii. water application considering soil water reserves, short irrigation; iii. water application without considering soil water reserves and adding a 20% more as a leaching fraction, long irrigation) and three salt concentrations (0.5, 5 or 10 dS m−1) were applied. Treatments were the result of the combination of three salt concentrations with two irrigation regimes, plus the non-irrigated treatment. Growth parameters, leaf and fruit nutrition, yield, oil content and fruit characteristics were annually studied. Annual leaf nutrient analyses indicate that all nutrients were within the adequate levels. After 8 years of treatment, salinity did not affect any growth measurement and leaf Na+ and Cl− concentration were always below the toxicity threshold of 0.2 and 0.5%, respectively. Annual and accumulated yield, fruit size and pulp:stone ratio were also not affected by salts. However, oil content increased linearly with salinity, in most of the years studied. Soil salinity measurements showed that there was no accumulation of salts in the upper 30 cm of the soil (where most of the roots are present) because of leaching by rainfall at the end of the irrigation period. Results suggest that a proper management of saline water, supplying Ca2+ to the irrigation water, using drip irrigation until winter rest and seasonal rainfall typical of the Mediterranean climate leach the salts from the first 0-60 cm depth, and growing a tolerant cultivar, can allow using high saline irrigation water (up to 10 dS m−1) for a long time without affecting growth and yield in olive trees. 相似文献
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The increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for growing populations with limited water supply suggests re-thinking
the use of non-conventional water resources. The latter includes saline drainage water, brackish groundwater and treated waste
water. The effects of using saline drainage water (electrical conductivity of 4.2–4.8 dS m−1) to irrigate field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Floradade) using drip and furrow irrigation systems were evaluated, together with the distribution of soil moisture
and salt. The saline water was either diluted to different salinity levels using fresh water (blended) or used cyclically
with fresh water. The results of two seasons of study (2001 and 2002) showed that increasing salinity resulted in decreased
leaf area index, plant dry weight, fruit total yield and individual fruit weight. In all cases, the growth parameters and
yield as well as the water use efficiency were greater for drip irrigated tomato plants than furrow-irrigated plants. However,
furrow irrigation produced higher individual fruit weight. The electrical conductivity of the soil solution (extracted 48 h
after irrigation) showed greater fluctuations when cyclic water management was used compared to those plots irrigated with
blended water. In both drip and furrow irrigation, measurements of soil moisture one day after irrigation, showed that soil
moisture was higher at the top 20 cm layer and at the location of the irrigation water source; soil moisture was at a minimum
in the root zone (20–40 cm layer), but showed a gradual increase at 40–60 and 60–90 cm and was stable at 90–120 cm depth.
Soil water content decreased gradually as the distance from the irrigation water source increased. In addition, a few days
after irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased, but the deficit was most pronounced in the surface layer. Soil salinity
at the irrigation source was lower at a depth of 15 cm (surface layer) than that at 30 and 60 cm, and was minimal in deeper
layers (i.e. 90 cm). Salinity increased as the distance from the irrigation source increased particularly in the surface layer.
The results indicated that the salinity followed the water front. We concluded that the careful and efficient management of
irrigation with saline water can leave the groundwater salinity levels unaffected and recommended the use of drip irrigation
as the fruit yield per unit of water used was on average one-third higher than when using furrow irrigation. 相似文献